Name

hosts - The static table lookup for host names

Synopsis

/etc/hosts

Description

This manual page describes the format of the /etc/hosts file. This file is a simple text file that associates IP addresses with hostnames, one line per IP address. For each host a single line should be present with the following information

IP_address canonical_hostname aliases

Fields of the entry are separated by any number of blanks and/or tab characters. Text from a "#" character until the end of the line is a comment, and is ignored. Host names may contain any printable character other than a field delimiter, newline, or comment character. Aliases provide for name changes, alternate spellings, shorter hostnames, or generic hostnames (for example, localhost). The format of the host table is described in RFC:952.

The Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) Server implements the Internet name server for UNIX systems. It replaces the /etc/hosts file or host name lookup, and frees a host from relying on /etc/hosts being up to date and complete.

In modern systems, even though the host table has been superseded by DNS, it is still widely used for:

bootstrapping

Most systems have a small host table containing the name and address information for important hosts on the local network. This is useful when DNS is not running, for example during system bootup. (See TroubleshootingStartUp)

NIS

Sites that use NIS use the host table as input to the NIS host database. Even though NIS can be used with DNS, most NIS sites still use the host table with an entry for all local hosts as a backup.

isolated nodes

Very small sites that are isolated from the network use the host table instead of DNS. If the local information rarely changes, and the network is not connected to the internet, DNS offers little advantage.

Example

127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.10 foo.mydomain.org foo 192.168.1.13 bar.mydomain.org bar 216.234.231.5 master.debian.org master 205.230.163.103 www.opensource.org

Historical Note

Before the advent of DNS, the host table was the only way of resolving hostnames on the fledgling internet. Indeed, this file could be created from the official host data base maintained at the Network Information Control Center (NIC), though local changes were often required to bring it up todate regarding unofficial aliases and/or unknown hosts. The NIC no longer maintains the hosts.txt files, though looking around at the time of writing (circa 2000), there are historical hosts.txt files on the WWW. I just found three, from 92, 94, and 95.

Files

/etc/hosts

See Also

hostname(1) resolver(3), resolver(5), hosts(5), hostname(7), named(8), Internet RFC:952, host.conf(5)

Author

This manual page was written by Manoj Srivastava (srivasta@debian.org), for the Debian GNU/Linux system.

Notes

Always put the FQDN first

Always put the FQDN first, if you don't do so hostname -f and other programs fail.

Avoid putting hostname on the same line as localhost

Avoid putting the FQDN of this machine with an IP address of localhost, it will confuse programs. If you must (because this host doesn't have any other IP addresses), good luck.