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-
-
-
-The teTeX HOWTO: The Linux-teTeX Local Guide
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!!The teTeX HOWTO: The Linux-teTeX Local Guide
-
-!!Robert Kiesling v3.7, 9 November 1998
-
-
-----
-''This document covers the basic installation and usage of the teTeX TeX
-and LaTeX implementation under the major U.S. Linux distributions, and
-auxiliary packages like Ghostscript. Contents of the teTeX HOWTO: The
-Linux-teTeX Local Guide are Copyright (C) 1997, 1998 by Robert A. Kiesling.
-The exact terms of copying are given in the introduction and the
-appendices. Registered trademarks are the property of their
-respective owners. Please send all complaints, suggestions, errata,
-and any miscellany to
-kiesling@ix.netcom.com, so I can keep this document as
-complete and up to date as possible.''
-----
-
-
-
-
-!!1. Introduction.
-
-
-****1.1 Copyright.
-
-****1.2 Software described in this document.
-
-
-
-
-
-!!2. Using teTeX.
-
-
-****2.1 Printing the documentation.
-
-
-
-
-
-!!3. TeX commands.
-
-
-****3.1 Command overview.
-
-****3.2 Font commands.
-
-****3.3 Paragraph styles and dimensions.
-
-****3.4 Page layout.
-
-****3.5 Page numbers, headers, and footers.
-
-****3.6 Titles and macros.
-
-
-
-
-
-!!4. LaTeX commands.
-
-
-****4.1 Document structure.
-
-****4.2 Characters and type styles.
-
-****4.3 Margins and line spacing.
-
-****4.4 Document classes.
-
-
-
-
-
-!!5. LaTeX extension packages and other resources.
-
-
-
-
-!!6. Mixing text and graphics with dvips.
-
-
-****6.1 What if my printer isn't supported?
-
-
-
-
-
-!!7. Using Postscript fonts.
-
-
-
-
-!!8. Appendix A: CTAN site list.
-
-
-
-
-!!9. Appendix B: Installing the CTAN teTeX distribution.
-
-
-****9.1 Installing the binary distribution.
-
-****9.2 Base system configuration.
-
-****9.3 Installing the CTAN source distribution.
-
-****9.4 Post-installation configuration details.
-
-
-
-
-
-!!10. Appendix C: Distribution and Copyright.
-
-
-****10.1 Distribution.
-
-****10.2 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
-
-****10.3 How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
-
-----
-
-!!1. Introduction.
-
-
-
-
-!!1.1 Copyright.
-
-
-
-The teTeX-HOWTO is copyright (C) 1997, 1998 by Robert Kiesling.
-Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
-manual provided that the copyright notice and this permission notice
-are preserved on all copies.
-
-
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
-manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that
-the sections entitled, ``Distribution,'' and, ``GNU General Public
-License,'' are included exactly as in the original, and provided that
-the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
-permission notice identical to this one.
-
-
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
-manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
-versions. except that the sections entitled, ``Distribution,'' and,
-``GNU General Public License,'' may be included in a translation
-approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original
-English. Please refer to Section
-Distribution and Copyright for terms of copying.
-
-
-
-
-!!1.2 Software described in this document.
-
-
-
-TeX handles only the formatting part of the document preparation.
-Generating output from TeX is like compiling source code into object
-code, which still needs to be linked. You prepare an input file with
-a text editor----what most people think of as ``word processing''---
-and format the input file document with TeX to produce a
-device-independent output file, called a .dvi file.
-
-
-You also need a program or two to translate TeX's .dvi output
-for your screen and printer. These programs are collectively known as
-``dviware.'' For example, TeX itself only makes requests for fonts.
-It is up to the .dvi output translator to provide the actual
-font for the output regardless of whether the medium is a video screen
-or paper. This extra step may seem overly complicated, but the
-abstraction allows documents to display the same on different devices
-with little or no change to the original document.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-!teTeX.
-
-
-TeX is implemented for practically every serious computer system in
-the world---and quite a few ``non-serious'' ones---so implementors
-must provide the installation facilities for all of them. This
-accounts in part for teTeX's complexity, in addition to the inherent
-complexity of any TeX installation. It also accounts for the fact
-that installing the system yourself is a significant task, and unless
-you are already familiar with TeX, it is easy to get lost in the
-numerous executable programs, TeX files, documentation, and fonts.
-
-
-Fortunately, teTeX is part of the GNU/Linux distribution. You can
-install the package much more easily using GNU/Linux installation
-tools. You may already have teTeX installed on your system. If so,
-you can skip ahead to Section
-Using teTeX.
-
-
-However, if you want to install the package, the archives necessary
-for a workable teTeX installation are on the CTAN archive network.
-There is a list of these sites in Section
-CTAN site list.
-
-
-CTAN is the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, a series of anonymous
-FTP sites that archive TeX programs, macros, fonts, and documentation.
-In the course of using TeX you'll probably become familiar with at
-least one CTAN site. In this document, a pathname like
-~CTAN/contrib/pstricks means ``look in the directory
-contrib/pstricks of your nearest CTAN site.''
-
-
-The installation of the generic teTeX distribution described in
-Section
-Installing the CTAN teTeX distribution concentrates on the Intel versions of Linux.
-Installing teTeX on other hardware should require only substituting
-the appropriate executable program archive in the installation
-process.
-
-
-In addition to the executable programs, the distribution includes all
-of the TeX and LaTeX package, metafont and its sources,
-bibtex, makeindex, and ''all'' of the
-documentation... more than 4 megabytes' worth. The documentation
-covers everything you will forseeably need to know to get started.
-So, you should install all of the documents. Not only will you
-eventually read them, the documents themselves provide many examples
-of ``live'' TeX and LaTeX code.
-
-
-TeX was written by Professor Donald Knuth of Stanford University. It
-is a lower-level typesetting language for all of the higher-level
-packages like LaTeX. Essentially, LaTeX is a set of TeX macros that
-provide convenient, predefined document formats for end users. If you
-like the formats provided by LaTeX, you may never need to learn
-bare-bones TeX programming. The difference between the two languages
-is like the difference between assembly language and C. You can have
-the speed and flexibility of TeX, or the convenience of LaTeX.
-
-
-By the way, the letters of the word ``TeX'' are Greek,
-tau-epsilon-chi. It is not a fraternity, but the root of the Greek
-word, ''techne,'' which means art and/or science. ``TeX'' is not
-pronounced like the first syllable in ``Texas.'' The ''chi'' has
-no English equivalent, but TeX is generally pronounced so that it
-rhymes with ``yecch,'' to use Professor Knuth's example from ''The
-TeXBook,'' which is one of the standard TeX references. When
-writing, ``TeX,'' on character devices, always use the standard
-capitalization, or the \TeX{} macro in typesetting.
-
-
-
-
-!Text editors.
-
-
-Any of the editors that work under Linux---jed, joe, jove,
-vi, vim, stevie, Emacs, and microemacs---will work to prepare a
-TeX input file, as long as the editor reads and writes plain-vanilla
-ASCII text. My preference is GNU Emacs. There are several reasons
-for this:
-
-
-****You can format, preview and print documents with Emacs's
-TeX and LaTeX modes.
-****
-
-****Emacs can automatically insert TeX-style, ``curly
-quotes,'' as you type, rather than the "ASCII-vanilla"
-kind.
-****
-
-****Emacs has integrated support for Texinfo, a hypertext
-documentation system.
-****
-
-****Emacs is widely supported. Versions 19.34 and later, for example,
-are included in the major U.S. Linux distributions. The most recent
-version from the GNU archives is 20.3.
-****
-
-****Emacs does everything except butter the
-toast in the morning.
-****
-
-****Emacs is free.
-****
-
-
-
-
-
-!dvips.
-
-
-Tomas Rokicki's dvips generates Postscript from a
-.dvi file. In addition, it runs Metafont if necessary to
-generate the bit mapped fonts it needs or uses Postscript fonts for
-the output. It can also crop and resize pages and perform graphics
-translations from instructions in a TeX or LaTeX file,
-
-
-The dvips program is part of the teTeX distribution. It is
-discussed fully in Section
-Mixing text and graphics with <tt>dvips</tt>
-
-
-
-!Fonts.
-
-
-Much of TeX's, and therefore LaTeX's, complexity, arises from its
-implementation of various font systems, and the way these fonts are
-specified. A major improvement of LaTeX 2e over its predecessor was
-the way users specify fonts, the former New Font Selection Scheme.
-They're discussed in Section
-Characters and type styles, Section
-TeX Font Commands, and Section
-Using Postscript fonts.)
-
-
-teTeX comes distributed with about a dozen standard fonts preloaded,
-which is enough to get you started. Also provided are the font
-metrics descriptions, in .tfm (TeX font metric) files. To
-generate the other fonts that you need, it is simply a matter of
-installing the metafont sources. teTeX's .dvi
-utilities will invoke metafont automatically and generate the
-Computer Modern fonts you need.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!! 2. Using teTeX.
-
-
-Theoretically, at least, everything is installed correctly and is
-ready to run. teTeX is a very large software package. As with any
-complex software package, you'll want to start by learning teTeX
-slowly, instead of being overwhelmed by its complexity.
-
-
-At the same time, we want the software to do something useful. So
-instead of watching TeX typeset
-
-``Hello, World!''
-
-as Professor Knuth suggests, we'll produce a couple of teTeX's own
-documents in order to test it.
-
-
-
-
-!! 2.1 Printing the documentation.
-
-
-
-You should be logged in as root the first few times you run
-teTeX. If you aren't, Metafont may not be able to create the
-necessary directories for its fonts. The texconfig program
-includes an option to make the font directories world-writable, but if
-you're working on a multi-user system, security considerations may
-make this option impractical or undesirable.
-
-
-In either instance, if you don't have the appropriate permissions to
-write to the directories where the fonts are stored, Metafont will
-complain loudly because it can't make the directories. You won't see
-any output because you have a bunch of zero-length font characters.
-This is no problem. Simply log out, re-login as root, and
-repeat the offending operation.
-
-
-The nice thing about teTeX is that, if you blow it, no real harm is
-done. It's not like a compiler, where, say, you will trash the root
-partition if a pointer goes astray. What, you haven't read the teTeX
-manual yet? Of course you haven't. It's still in the distribution,
-in source code form, waiting to be output.
-
-
-So, without further delay, you will want to read the teTeX manual.
-It's located in the directory
-
-/usr/lib/teTeX/texmf/doc/tetex.
-
-
-
-The LaTeX source for the manual is called TETEXDOC.tex. (The
-.tex extension is used for both TeX and LaTeX files. Some
-editors, like Emacs, can tell the difference.) There is also a file
-TETEXDOC.dvi included with the distribution, which you might
-want to keep in a safe place---say, another directory ---in case you
-want to test your .dvi drivers later. With that out of the
-way, type
-
-latex TETEXDOC.tex
-
-LaTeX will print several warnings. The first,
-
-LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get the
-cross-references right.
-
-is standard. It's common to build a document's Table of Contents by
-!LaTeXing the document twice. So, repeat the command. The other
-warnings can be safely ignored. They simply are informing you that
-some of the FTP paths mentioned in the documentation are too wide for
-their alloted spaces. Sections
-Paragraph styles and dimensions and
-Tolerances
-describe horizontal spacing in more detail.
-
-
-teTeX will have generated several files from TETEXDOC.tex.
-The one that we're interested in is TETEXDOC.dvi. This is the
-device-independent output which you can send either to the screen or
-the printer. If you're running teTeX under the X Windows System, you
-can preview the document with xdvi.
-
-
-For the present, let's assume that you have a HP !LaserJet II. You
-would give the command
-
-dvilj2 TETEXDOC.dvi
-
-which writes a PCL output file from TETEXDOC.dvi, including
-soft fonts which will be downloaded to the !LaserJet. This is
-''not'' a feature of TeX or LaTeX, but a feature provided by
-dvilj2. Other .dvi drivers provide features that
-are relevant to the devices they support. dvilj2 tries to
-fill the font requests which were made in the original LaTeX document
-with the the closest equivalents available on the system. In the case
-of a plain text document like TETEXDOC.tex, there isn't much
-difficulty. All of the fonts requested by TETEXDOC.tex will
-be generated by metafont, which is automatically invoked by
-dvilj2, if the fonts aren't already present. (If you're
-running dvilj2 for the first time, the program may need to
-generate all of the fonts.) There are several options that control
-font generation via dvilj2. They're outlined in the manual
-page. At this point, you shouldn't need to operate metafont
-directly. If you do, then something has gone awry with your
-installation. All of the .dvi drivers will invoke
-metafont directly via the kpathsea path-searching
-library---the discussion of which is beyond the scope of this
-document---and you don't need to do any more work with
-metafont for the present---all of the metafont
-sources for the Computer Modern font library are provided.
-
-
-You can print TETEXDOC.lj with the command
-
-lpr TETEXDOC.lj
-
-You may also need to install a printer filter that understands PCL.
-
-
-The nine-page ''teTeX Guide'' provides some useful information
-for further configuring your system, some of which I have mentioned,
-much that this document doesn't cover.
-
-
-Some of the information in the next section I haven't been able to
-test, because I have a non-Postscript HP Deskjet 400 color ink jet
-printer connected to the computer's parallel port. However, not
-owning a Postscript printer is no barrier to printing text and
-graphics from your text documents. Ghostscript is available in most
-Linux distributions and it could already be installed on your system.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!3. TeX commands.
-
-
-Preparing documents for TeX typesetting is easy. Make sure there's a
-blank line between the paragraphs of a plain text file, and run file
-through the TeX program with the command
-
-tex your_text_file
-
-The result will be a file of the same base name and the extension
-.dvi. TeX formats the text in 10-point, Computer Modern
-Roman, single-spaced, with justified left and right margins. If you
-receive error messages from special characters like dollar signs,
-escape them with a backslash character, \, and run TeX
-on the file again. You should be able to process the resulting file
-with the .dvi file translator of your choice (see above) to
-get printed output.
-
-
-One peculiarity of TeX input is that you must use opening and closing
-quotes, which are denoted in the input file with the grave accent and
-single quote characters. Emacs' TeX mode does this for you
-automatically.
-
-"These are ASCII-type quotes."
-``These are `TeX-style' quotes.''
-
-
-
-
-
-!!3.1 Command overview.
-
-
-
-Commands in TeX start with a backslash (``\''). For example, the
-command to change the spacing between lines is
-
-\baselineskip=24pt
-
-
-
-The baseline is the bottom of the characters on a line, not counting
-descenders. The distance between the baseline of one line and the
-next is the \baselineskip, and is assigned a value of 24
-points.
-
-
-Measurements or dimensions in TeX are often given in the following
-units:
-
-pt % Point 1/72 in.
-pc % Pica: 12 pt.
-in % Inch: 72.27 pt.
-cm % Centimeter: 2.54 cm = 1 in.
-mm % Millimeter: 10 mm = 1 cm.
-
-
-
-Some commands do not take assignments. For example:
-
-\smallskip % Approximately 3 pt.
-\medskip % Two \smallskips.
-\bigskip % Two \medskips.
-
-
-
-A \smallskip inserts a 3 pt. vertical space in the
-document. The measurements are approximate because TeX needs to
-adjust the dimensions for page breaks, section headings, and other
-units of vertical space. This is true for horizontal spacing as well.
-
-\hsize=6.5in
-
-This command sets the line length to a width of 6.5 inches. TeX tries
-to fill the line by adjusting the spacing between words, and some
-letters. If TeX cannot fill a line to within its tolerances, it
-produces a warning message, and adjusts the horizontal spacing within
-the line as best it can. Formatting tolerances are discussed in
-Section
-Tolerances.
-
-
-There are many other commands that specify horizontal and vertical
-dimensions and tolerances, and the most commonly use commands are
-described below.
-
-
-
-
-!! 3.2 Font commands.
-
-
-
-In TeX, the default font is 10 pt. Computer Modern Roman. To specify
-a typeface, like italic, bold, or monospaced, use the following
-commands.
-
-\rm % Roman (the default).
-\it % Italics.
-\bf % Bold.
-\tt % Monospaced (teletype).
-\sl % Oblique (slanted).
-
-The commands change the typeface where they appear in the text, as in
-this example.
-
-This text is Roman, \it and this text is italic. \bf This text is
-bold, and \rm this text is in Roman again.
-
-
-
-To specify a font for your document, use the\font
-command.
-
-\font\romantwelve=cmr12
-
-This creates the font command \romantwelve, which, when
-used in the text, changes the font to Computer Modern Roman, 12 point.
-
-\romantwelve
-This is the Computer Modern Roman font at 12 points.
-
-For information about the fonts in the teTeX distribution
-look at the file:
-
-/usr/lib/teTeX/texmf/doc/fonts/fontname/fontname.dvi
-
-
-
-If you want to print a sample of a font, TeX the file
-
-/usr/lib/teTeX/texmf/tex/plain/base/fontchart.tex
-
-and fill in the name of the font you want to print at the prompt.
-
-
-You can also change the size of a font to get different effects.
-Font magnification is exponential, and specified with the
-scaled \magstep command, which is placed after the font
-specification.
-
-\font\sfmedium=cmss12 scaled \magstep 1
-
-This command will give you a sans serif font that is 120 percent the
-size of the 12-point Computer Modern sans serif font. Fonts can be
-magnified in steps from 0 to 5. Each step provides and additional
-120 percent magnification.
-
-
-
-
-!! 3.3 Paragraph styles and dimensions.
-
-
-
-As mentioned above, TeX typesets text in 10-point Computer Modern
-Roman by default. The length of a line is the value of
-\hsize, which defaults to 6.5 in. If you want to change
-the value of \hsize to 5.5 in. for example, use this
-command.
-
-\hsize=5.5in
-
-
-
-In TeX a ''dimension'' is an adjustable unit of length, either
-horizontal or vertical. The amount by which a dimension can be
-increased or decreased can be specified in its definition. Closely
-related to a dimension is a ''skip,'' which is a dimension that
-is placed in one of TeX's internal registers. Skips are defined with
-the \newskip command. The \smallskip
-dimension, as defined by TeX is:
-
-\newskip\smallskipamount \smallskipamount=3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt
-
-The \smallskip command is shorthand for:
-
-\vskip\smallskipamount
-
-
-
-There are a number of dimensions that control the page layout. They
-are summarized in Section
-Page layout.
-
-
-TeX formats paragraphs with justified left and right margins. If you
-want the text to be left justified only, use this command:
-
-\raggedright
-
-
-
-To typeset a line that is justified to the right margin, use the
-\rightline command:
-
-\rightline{This is the line to be typeset.}
-
-
-
-The \line command typesets the text of its argument to
-fill the entire line.
-
-\line{This text will be spaced to fit the entire line.}
-
-
-
-The \hfil command adds space to fill out the line where
-it occurs. So, for example, the \rightline command is
-equivalent to:
-
-\line{\hfilThis line will be right justified.}
-
-
-
-To typeset a line that is centered, use the \centerline
-command.
-
-\centerline{This is the line to be centered.}
-
-
-
-To change the left margin, set the value of \hoffset, as
-in this example:
-
-\hoffset=1.5in
-
-
-
-The \parindent command specifies the amount that the
-first line of every paragraph is indented.
-
-\parindent=.5in
-
-
-
-Two other dimensions, \leftskip and
-\rightskip, will indent the right and left margins,
-respectively, of the paragraphs that come after them.
-
-\leftskip=.5in
-\rightskip=.5in
-
-The control word \narrower is equivalent to:
-
-\leftskip=\parindent
-\rightskip=\parindent
-
-That is, \narrower narrows the paragraph margins by the
-value of \parindent
-
-
-As mentioned in the previous section, the \baselineskip
-specifies the distance between lines. The default is 12 pt. To
-approximate double-spaced text, use the following command.
-
-\baselineskip=\baselineskip*1.6
-
-
-
-The \parskip command specifies the distance in addition
-to \baselineskip between paragraphs. By default, no
-extra space is added, but the distance between paragraphs can stretch
-as much as 1 pt. to fill the page correctly. To put a blank line
-between paragraphs, use this command:
-
-\parskip=\baselineskip
-
-
-
-
-
-! Tolerances. (What are those black rectangles after every line?)
-
-
-TeX normally formats text to strict tolerances. If, for some reason,
-text cannot be formatted to within those tolerances, TeX produces a
-warning message and formats the text the best it can. If the text
-must be stretched too much to fit the line, TeX warns you that the
-\hbox is underfull. Text that must be squeezed to fit
-in the line produces an overfull \hbox warning.
-
-
-For each overfull \hbox, TeX places a ''slug'', a
-black rectangle, after the line. The slug indicates that the line
-could not be formatted to within the specifications set by the
-\hbadness parameter.
-
-
-The fit of the text within its specified dimensions is measured by its
-''badness'', which is a number between 0 and 10000. A badness of
-0 is a perfect fit, and a badness of 10000 means that the line
-probably will never fit. The default value of \hbadness
-is 1000. If you set \hbadness to 10000, TeX does not
-report underfull lines.
-
-
-Sometimes TeX allows a line to extend past the right margin. This is
-an aesthetic decision on the part of TeX's author. The amount is
-determined by the \hfuzz parameter, which defaults to
-.1 pt. If the text does not fit within the line, the
-\tolerance parameter determines how TeX will handle the
-overfull \hbox. The default value of
-\tolerance is 200. Setting \tolerance to
-1000 suppresses overfull \hbox warnings and the printing
-of slugs.
-
-
-
-
-!! 3.4 Page layout.
-
-
-
-In addition to the left margin and line length dimensions that are
-described in the previous section, TeX also lets you specify top and
-bottom margins, and vertical spacing.
-
-
-Like the \hsize and \hoffset dimensions
-described in the previous section, TeX also provides the
-\vsize and \voffset commands. The default
-for \vsize is 8.9 in., and \voffset defaults
-to .
-
-
-Normally, teTeX places the beginning of the first line of text 1
-in. below the top of the paper and 1 in. from the left edge. You can
-start the text closer to the top of the page with the command:
-
-\voffset=-.5in
-
-
-
-If you want to add vertical space in a document, the commands
-\smallskip, \medskip, and
-\bigskip will add approximately 3, 6, and 12 points of
-blank vertical space. These measurements are approximate; TeX will
-adjust them by as much as 1 pt. so the page is filled correctly.
-
-
-The \vfill command adds an adjustable vertical space
-between paragraphs on a page. It is infinitely stretchable, so it
-will add vertical space to fill as much of the rest of the page as
-possible. If you want to specify a dimension, use
-\vskip as in:
-
-\vskip 10pt
-
-
-
-The commands \hss and \vss are similar to
-\hfil and \vfill, but they provide
-dimensions that are infinitely shrinkable as well as infinitely
-stretchable.
-
-
-The \vskip and \vfill commands produce
-flexible lengths. They do not add space where no text exists; for
-example, at the top of a page. Use \vglue if you want
-to add an absolute space.
-
-
-TeX fills the \vsize dimension with as much text as
-possible before it starts a new page. To force a page break, use the
-\vfill \eject sequence. If \vfill is
-not used, the text before the \break will be spaced to
-fill the page.
-
-
-If you want TeX to be more flexible about its vertical page sizing,
-place the \raggedbottom command in your document. TeX
-will then adjust the bottom margin of each page slightly to make
-vertical spacing more consistent.
-
-
-
-
-!!3.5 Page numbers, headers, and footers.
-
-
-
-teTeX by default places the page number at the bottom center of the
-page. If you want to change the location and style of the page
-number, you can specify alternate headers and footers by changing
-definitions of \headline and \footline.
-The default value for \footline contains the
-\folio command, which prints the page number. The
-default value for \headline is \hfil, so
-a blank line is printed.
-
-
-The \pageno command is a synonym for TeX's internal page
-counter. You can change the page number by changing the value of
-\pageno. If \pageno is negative, the
-numbers are printed as Roman numerals.
-
-\pageno=10
-\pageno=-1
-
-
-
-The command \nopagenumbers is shorthand for:
-
-\headline={\hfil}
-\footline={\hfil}
-
-
-
-The default footline also contains the font command
-\tenrm, which sets the page number's font to 10-point
-Roman. If you want to print the page number in 12-point Roman, for
-example, you would first define a 12-point Roman font, and use that in
-the definition of \footline. Font commands are
-discussed in Section
-Font commands.
-
-\font\twelvrm=cmr12
-\footline={\hss\twelvrm\folio\hss}
-
-
-
-You can put a ''rule'', a horizontal line, at the top of each
-page by redefining \headline as:
-
-\headline={\hrulefill}
-
-
-
-To specify different headers for even and odd pages use the
-\ifoddcommand, which has the form:
-
-\ifodd
[[condition
][[true-action]\else[[false-action
-
-An example \headline that uses different headers for
-even and odd pages would be:
-
-\headline={\ifodd\pageno odd-page-header \else even-page-header}
-
-The \ifodd statement uses the first argument if the page
-number is odd, and the second argument otherwise.
-
-
-
-
-!!3.6 Titles and macros.
-
-
-
-TeX provides only the \beginsection macro for section
-headings. It leaves a space above its argument, prints the text of
-the heading in bold type, adds a \smallskip after the
-text of the heading, and starts the next paragraph with no indent.
-
-
-The LaTeX chapter and section commands described below add section
-numbering, and will print the section names and numbers in the page
-headings, and automatically add the sections to the Table of Contents.
-
-
-In plain TeX, you must write these functions yourself. The
-\def command allows you to define new commands. Suppose
-you want to print a chapter title. First you define the font that you
-want to use. A large, sans serif font for chapter titles would be
-defined like this:
-
-\font\chapterfontsans=cmss12 scaled \magstep 4
-
-You can use the \chapterfontsans command anywhere you want
-to switch to this font, which is approximately 24 points in height.
-However, in this example, it will be used primarily in the command
-\chaptertitlesans. Here is its definition:
-
-\def\chaptertitlesans#1{\hbox{}\bigskip\bigskip
-\noindent{\leftline{\chapterfontsans#1}}
-\par\bigskip\bigskip\noindent}
-
-The first line, \hbox{}\bigskip, anchors a 12-point
-space at the top of the page by placing an empty \hbox{}
-there. The line with the chapter title is not indented, nor is the
-paragraph which immediately follows it. If you place a blank line
-between the \sschaptertitle macro and the next
-paragraph, the final \noindent applies to the blank
-line, not the text of the following paragraph. To format correctly,
-use the \sschaptertitle as in this example:
-
-
-The #1 statement in the definition is replaced by the first
-argument to \chaptertitlesans; that is, the title of the
-chapter. Parameters TeX definitions are declared with #1,
-#2, #3, and so on. An example usage of
-\chaptertitlesans would be:
-
-\chaptertitlesans{Chapter 1}
-This is the starting text of the first paragraph of the chapter.
-The paragraph will not be indented. The chapter's title is
-"Chapter 1."
-
-
-
-
-----
-
-!! 4. LaTeX commands.
-
-
-
-
-!!4.1 Document structure.
-
-
-
-Documents formatted for LaTeX have a few more rules, but with complex
-documents, LaTeX can greatly simplify the formatting process.
-
-
-Essentially, LaTeX is a document markup language which tries to
-separate the output style from the document's logical content. For
-example, formatting a section heading with TeX would require
-specifying 36 points of white space above the heading, then the
-heading itself set in bold, 24-point type, then copying the heading
-text and page number to the Table of Contents, then leaving 24 points
-of white space after the heading. By contrast, LaTeX has the
-\section{} command, which does all of the work for you.
-If you need to change the format of the section headings throughout
-your document, you can change the definition of
-\section{} instead of the text in the document. You can
-see where this would save hours of reformatting for documents of more
-than a dozen pages in length.
-
-
-All LaTeX documents have three sections: a ''preamble,'' the
-''body'' text, and a ''postamble''. These terms are
-standard jargon and are widely used by !TeXperts.
-
-
-The preamble, at a minimum, specifies the type of document to be
-produced---the ''document class''---and a statement which signals
-the beginning of the document's body text. For example:
-
-\documentclass{article}
-\begin{document}
-
-The document's postamble is usually very simple. Except in
-specialized cases, it contains only the statement:
-
-\end{document}
-
-Note the \begin{document} and
-\end{document} pairing. In LaTeX, this is called an
-''environment''. All text must appear within an environment, and
-many commands are effective only in the environments in which they're
-called. The document environment is the only instance where
-LaTeX enforces this convention, however. That is, it's the only
-environment that is required in a document. (An exception is
-letter class, which also requires you to declare
-\begin{letter} and \end{letter}. See the
-section
-Letters.) However, many
-formatting features are specified as environments. They're described
-in the following sections.
-
-
-The document classes can be called with arguments. For example,
-instead of the default, 10-point type used as the base point size, as
-in the previous example, we could have specified
-
-\documentclass[[12pt]{article}
-
-to produce the document using 12 points as the base point size. The
-document class, ''article,'' makes the necessary adjustments.
-
-
-There are a few document classes which are commonly used. They're
-described below. The ''report'' class is similar to
-''article'' class, but produces a title page and starts each
-section on a new page. The ''letter'' class includes special
-definitions for addresses, salutations, and closings, a few of which
-are described below.
-
-
-You can include canned LaTeX code, commonly known as a
-''package,'' with the \usepackage{} command.
-
-\usepackage{fancyhdr}
-
-The command above would include the LaTeX style file
-fancyhdr.sty from one of the TEXINPUTS directories,
-which you and teTeX specified during installation and setup processes.
-
-
-
-
-\documentclass{article}
-\usepackage{fancyhdr}
-\begin{document}
-
-
-
-Note that the \usepackage{} declarations are given
-before the \begin{document} statement; that is, in the
-document preamble.
-
-
-fancyhdr.sty extends the \pagestyle{} command
-so that you can create custom headers and footers. Most LaTeX
-document classes provide headers and footers of the following standard
-page styles:
-
-\pagestyle{plain} % default pages style -- page number centered at
-% the bottom of the page.
-\pagestyle{empty} % no headers or footers
-\pagestyle{headings} % print section number and page number at the
-% top of the page.
-\pagestyle{myheadings} % print custom information in the page heading.
-
-Everything on a line to the right of the percent sign is a comment.
-
-
-The \pagestyle{} command doesn't take effect until the
-following page. To change the headers and footers on the current page, use
-the command
-
-\thispagestyle{the_pagestyle}
-
-
-!! 4.2 Characters and type styles.
-
-
-
-Character styles are partially a function of the fonts specified in
-the document. However, bold and italic character emphasis should be
-available for every font present on the system. Underlining, too, can
-be used, though its formatting presents special problems. See section
-LaTeX extension packages and other resources, below.
-
-
-You can specify text to be emphasized in several ways. The most
-portable is the \em command. All text within its scope
-is italicized by default. For example:
-
-This word will be {\em emphasized.}
-
-If you have italicized text that runs into text which is not
-italicized, you can specify an italic correction factor to be used.
-The command for this is \/; that is, a backslash and a
-forward slash.
-
-This example {\em will\/} print correctly.
-This example will {\em not} print correctly.
-
-Slightly less portable, but still acceptable in situations where
-they're used singly, are the commands \it,
-\bf, and \tt, which specify that the
-characters within their scope be printed using italic, bold, and
-monospaced (teletype) typefaces, respectively.
-
-{\tt This text will be printed monospaced,}
-{\it this text will be italic,} and
-{\bf this text will be bold\dots} all in one paragraph.
-
-The command \dots prints a series of three periods for
-ellipses, which will not break across a line.
-
-
-The most recent version of LaTeX, which is what you have, includes
-commands which account for instances where one emphasis command would
-supersede another.
-
-This is {\it not {\bf bold italic!}}
-
-What happens is that teTeX formats the text with the italic typeface
-until it encounters the \bf command, at which point it
-switches to boldface type.
-
-
-To get around this, the NFSS scheme of selecting font shapes requires
-three parameters for each typeface: shape, series, and family. Not all
-font sets will include all of these styles. LaTeX will print a
-warning, however, if it needs to substitute another font.
-
-
-You can specify the following font shapes:
-
-\textup{text} % upright shape (the default)
-\textit{text} % italic
-\textsl{text} % slanted
-\textsc{text} % small caps
-
-These are the two series that most fonts have:
-
-\textmd{text} % medium series (the default)
-\textbf{text} % boldface series.
-
-There are generally three families of type available.
-
-\textrm{text} % Roman (the default)
-\textsf{text} % sans serif
-\texttt{text} % typewriter (monospaced, Courier-like)
-
-Setting font styles using these parameters, you can combine effects.
-
-\texttt{\textit{This example likely will result in a font
-substitution, because many fonts don't include a typewriter italic
-typeface.}}
-
-The font family defaults to Computer Modern, which is a bit-mapped
-font. Other font families are usually Postscript-format Type 1 fonts.
-See section
-Using !PostScript fonts
-for details on how to specify them.
-
-
-There are also many forms of accents and special characters which are
-available for typesetting. This is only a few of them. (Try
-typesetting these on your own printer.)
-
-\'{o} \`{e} \^{o} \"{u} \={o} \c{c} `? `!
-\copyright \pounds \dag
-
-Finally, there are characters which are used as meta- or escape
-characters in TeX and LaTeX. One of them, the dollar sign, is
-mentioned above. The complete set of meta characters, which need to be
-escaped with a backslash to be used literally, is:
-
-# $ % & _ { }
-
-
-
-There are also different alphabets available, like Greek and Cyrillic.
-LaTeX provides many facilities for setting non-English text, which are
-covered by some of the other references mentioned
here
-
-
-
-
-!!4.3 Margins and line spacing.
-
-
-
-
-Changing margins in a TeX or LaTeX document is not a straightforward
-task. A lot depends on the relative indent of the text you're trying
-to adjust the margin for. The placement of the margin-changing
-command is also significant.
-
-
-For document-wide changes to LaTeX documents, the
-\evensidemargin and \oddsidemargin
-commands are available. They affect the left-hand margins of the
-even-numbered and odd-numbered pages, respectively. For example,
-
-\evensidemargin=1in
-\oddsidemargin=1in
-
-adds on inch to the left-hand margin of the even and odd pages ''in
-addition'' to the standard one-inch, left-hand margin. These
-commands affect the entire document and will shift the entire body of
-the text right and left across a page, regardless of any local indent,
-so they're safe to use with LaTeX environments like
-verse and list.
-
-
-Below is a set of margin-changing macros which I wrote. They have a
-different effect than the commands mentioned above. Because they use
-plain TeX commands, they're not guaranteed to honor the margins of any
-LaTeX environments which may be in effect, but you can place them
-anywhere in a document and change the margins from that point on.
-
-%% margins.sty -- v. .1 by Robert Kiesling
-%% Copies of this code may be freely distributed in verbatim form.
-%%
-%% Some elementary plain TeX margin-changing commands. Lengths are
-%% in inches:
-%% \leftmargin{1} %% sets the document's left margin in 1 inch.
-%% \leftindent{1} %% sets the following paragraphs' indent in
-%% 1 inch.
-%% \rightindent{1} %% sets the following paragraphs' right margins
-%% %% in 1 inch.
-%% \llength{3} %% sets the following lines' lengths to 3 inches.
-%%
-\message{Margins macros...}
-\def\lmargin#1{\hoffset = #1 in}
-\def\lindent#1{\leftskip = #1 in}
-\def\rindent#1{\rightskip = #1 in}
-\def\llength#1{\hsize = #1 in}
-%%
-%% (End of margins macros.}
-
-Place this code in a file called margins.sty in your local
-$TEXINPUTS directory. The commands are explained in
-the commented section of the file. To include them in a document, use
-the command
-
-\usepackage{margins}
-
-in the document preamble.
-
-
-While we're on the subject, if you don't want the right margin to be
-justified, which is the default, you can tell LaTeX to use ragged
-right margins by giving the command:
-
-\raggedright
-
-
-
-Setting line spacing also has its complexities.
-
-
-The ''baselineskip'' measurement is the distance between lines of
-text. It is given as an absolute measurement. For example,
-
-\baselineskip=24pt
-
-or even better:
-
-\setlength{\baselineskip}{24pt}
-
-The difference between the two forms is that ''setlength'' will
-respect any scoping rules that may be in effect when you use the
-command.
-
-
-The problem with using baselineskip is that it also affects the
-distance between section headings, footnotes, and the like. You need
-to take care that baselineskip is correct for whatever text elements
-you're formatting. There are, however, LaTeX macro packages, like
-setspace.sty, which will help you in these circumstances.
-See section
-LaTeX extension packages and other resources.
-
-
-
-
-!!4.4 Document classes.
-
-
-
-LaTeX provides document classes which provide standardized formats for
-documents. They provide environments to format lists, quotations,
-footnotes, and other text elements. Commonly used document classes
-are covered in the following sections.
-
-
-
-
-!Articles and reports.
-
-
-As mentioned above, the article class and the report
-class are similar. The main differences are that the report class
-creates a title page by default and begins each section on a new page.
-Mostly, though, the two document classes are similar.
-
-
-To create titles, abstracts, and bylines in these document classes,
-you can type, for example,
-
-\title{The Breeding Habits of Cacti}
-\author{John Q. Public}
-\abstract{Description of how common desert cacti search
-for appropriate watering holes to perform their breeding
-rituals.}
-
-in the document preamble. Then, the command
-
-\maketitle
-
-given at the start of the text, will generate either a title page in
-the report class, or the title and abstract at the top of the first
-page, in the article class.
-
-
-Sections can be defined with commands that include the following:
-
-\section
-\subsection
-\subsubsection
-
-These commands will produce the standard, numbered sections used in
-technical documents. For unnumbered sections, use
-
-\section*
-\subsection*
-\subsubsection*
-
-and so on.
-
-
-LaTeX provides many environments for formatting displayed material.
-You can include quoted text with the quotation environment.
-
-\begin{quotation}
-Start of paragraph to be quoted...
-... end of paragraph.
-\end{quotation}
-
-For shorter quotes, you can use the quote environment.
-
-
-To format verse, use the verse environment.
-
-\begin{verse}
-Because I could not stop for death\\
-He kindly stopped for me
-\end{verse}
-
-Notice that you must use the double backslashes to break lines in the
-correct places. Otherwise, LaTeX fills the lines in a verse
-environment, just like any other environment.
-
-
-Lists come in several flavors. To format a bulleted list, the
-list environment is used:
-
-\begin{list}
-\item
-This is the first item of the list.
-\item
-This is the second item of the list...
-\item
-... and so on.
-\end{list}
-
-
-
-A numbered list uses the enumerate environment:
-
-\begin{enumerate}
-\item
-Item No. 1.
-\item
-Item No. 2.
-\item
-\dots
-\end{enumerate}
-
-
-
-A descriptive list uses the description environment.
-
-\begin{description}
-\item{Oven} Dirty, needs new burner.
-\item{Refrigerator} Dirty. Sorry.
-\item{Sink and drainboard} Stained, drippy, cold water faucet.
-\end{description}
-
-
-
-
-
-! Letters.
-
-
-The letter class uses special definitions to format business
-letters.
-
-
-The letter environment takes one argument, the address of the
-letter's addressee. The address command, which must appear
-in the document preamble, defines the return address. The
-signature command defines the sender's name as it appears
-after the closing.
-
-
-The LaTeX source of a simple business letter might look like this.
-
-\documentclass[[12pt]{letter}
-\signature{John Q. Public}
-\address{123 Main St.\\Los Angeles, CA. 96005\\Tel: 123/456-7890}
-\begin{document}
-\begin{letter}{ACME Brick Co.\\100 Ash St.\\San Diego, CA 96403}
-\opening{Dear Sir/Madam:}
-With regard to one of your bricks that I found on my living room
-carpet surrounded by shards of my broken front window...
-(Remainder of the body of the letter.)
-\closing{Sincerely,}
-\end{letter}
-\end{document}
-
-Note that the addresses include double backslashes, which specify
-where the line breaks should occur.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!! 5. LaTeX extension packages and other resources.
-
-
-We mentioned above that using underlining as a form of text emphasis
-presents special problems. Actually, TeX has no problem underlining
-text, because it is a convention of mathematical typesetting. In
-LaTeX, you can underline words with the command:
-
-\underline{text to be underlined}
-
-The problem is that underlining will not break across lines, and, in
-some circumstances, underlining can be uneven. However, there is a
-LaTeX macro package, ready-made, that makes underlining the default
-mode of text emphasis. It's called ulem.sty, and is one of
-the many contributed LaTeX packages that are freely available via the
-Internet.
-
-
-To use ulem.sty, include the command:
-
-\usepackage{ulem}
-
-in the document preamble.
-
-
-The packages which are available for LaTeX include:
-
-; __ifthen __:
-
-Include conditional statements in your documents.
-; __initials __:
-
-Defines a font for initial dropped capitals.
-; __sanskrit __:
-
-Font and preprocessor for producing documents in Sanskrit.
-; __recipe __:
-
-A LaTeX2e class to typeset recipes.
-; __refman __:
-
-Variant report and article styles.
-
-
-
-To make the path given in the Catalogue into a fully-qualified URL,
-concatenate the path to the host name URL and top-level path of the CTAN
-archive you wish to contact. For example, the top-level CTAN
-directory of the site
-ftp.tex.ac.uk is ctan/tex-archive. The complete
-URL of the directory of the __refman__ package would be:
-
-ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/ctan/tex-archive/ +
-macros/latex/contrib/supported/refman =
-ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/ctan/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/refman/
-
-Some packages have more than one file, so only the path to the
-package's directory is given.
-
-
-When you have the URL in hand, you can retrieve the package from one
-of the CTAN archive sites listed in section
-Appendix A. You can download a complete list of the archive's
-contents as the file FILES.byname, in the archive's top-level
-directory. You can also search the archive on line for a keyword with
-the ftp command
-
-quote site index <keyword>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-----
-
-!! 6. Mixing text and graphics with dvips.
-
-
-In general, this section applies to any TeX or LaTeX document which
-mixes text and graphics. teTeX, like most other TeX distributions, is
-configured to request Computer Modern fonts by default. When printing
-documents with Type 1 scalable fonts or graphics, font and graphics
-imaging is the job of dvips. dvips can use either
-Computer Modern bit mapped fonts or Type 1 scalable fonts, or any
-combination of the two. First, let's concentrate on printing and
-previewing some graphics.
-
-
-You will probably want to follow this procedure any time a LaTeX
-source document has the statement
-
-\includepackage{graphics}
-
-in the document preamble. This statement tells LaTeX to include the
-text of the graphics.sty package in the source document.
-There are other commands to perform graphics operations, and the
-statements in plain-TeX documents may not clue you in whether you need
-to use dvips. The difference will be apparent in the
-output, though, when the document is printed with missing figures and
-other graphics.
-
-
-So, for now, we'll concentrate on printing documents which use the
-LaTeX graphics.sty package. You might want to take a look at
-the original TeX input. It isn't included in the teTeX distribution,
-but it is available at
-
-~CTAN/macros/latex/packages/graphics/grfguide.tex.
-
-What the teTeX distribution does include is the .dvi output
-file, and it is already !TeXed for you. There is a reason for this,
-and it has to do with the necessity of including Type 1 fonts in the
-output in order for the document to print properly. If you want to
-LaTeX grfguide.tex, see the next section. For now, however,
-we'll work on getting usable output using dvips.
-
-
-The file grfguide.dvi is located in the directory
-
-texmf/doc/latex/graphics
-
-The first step in outputting grfguide.dvi is to translate it
-to Postscript. The program dvips is used for this. It
-does just exactly what its name implies. There are many options
-available for invoking dvips, but the simplest (nearly)
-form is
-
-dvips -f -r <grfguide.dvi >grfguide.ps
-
-The -f command switch tells dvips to operate as a
-filter, reading from standard input and writing to standard output.
-dvips output can be configured so its output defaults to
-lpr.
-
-
-If you can print Postscript directly to your printer via
-lpr, you can simply type
-
-dvips -r grfguide.dvi
-
-The -r option tells dvips to output the pages in reverse
-order so they stack correctly when they exit a printer. Use it or
-not, as appropriate for your output device.
-
-
-Depending on whether you still have the fonts that dvilj2
-generated from the last document, dvips and metafont may
-or may not need to create new fonts needed by grfguide.dvi.
-Eventually, though, dvips will output a list of the pages
-translated to Postscript, and you will have your Postscript output
-ready to be rendered on whatever output device you have available.
-
-
-If you're lucky (and rich), then you have a Postscript-capable printer
-already and will be able to print grfguide.ps directly. You
-can either spool the output to the printer using lpr. If
-for some reason your printer software doesn't work right with
-Postscript files, you can, in a pinch, simply dump the file to
-printer, with
-
-cat grfguide.ps >/dev/lp0
-
-or whichever port your printer is attached to, though this is not
-recommended for everyday use.
-
-
-If you want or need to invoke Ghostscript manually, this is the
-standard procedure for its operation. The first thing you want to do
-is invoke Ghostscript to view its command line arguments, like this:
-
-gs -help | less
-
-You'll see a list of supported output devices and sundry other
-commands. Pick the output device which most nearly matches your
-printer. I generally produce black-and-white text and use the
-cdjmono driver, which drives a color Deskjet in monochrome
-(black and white) mode.
-
-
-The command line I would use is:
-
-gs -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=cdjmono -sOutputFile=/tmp/gs.out grfguide.ps -c quit
-
-This will produce my HP-compatible output in the /tmp
-directory. It's a good idea to use a directory like /tmp,
-because gs can be particular about access permissions, and
-you can't (and shouldn't) always count on being logged in as
-root to perform these steps. Now you can print the file:
-
-lpr /tmp/gs.out
-
-Obviously, this can all go into a shell script. On my system, I have
-two simple scripts written, pv and pr, which simply
-outputs the Postscript file either to the display or the printer.
-Screen previewing is possible without X, but it's far from ideal. So,
-it's definitely worth the effort to install XFree86 to view the output
-on the screen..
-
-
-The order of commands in a gs command line is significant,
-because some of the options tell Ghostscript to look for pieces of
-Postscript code from its library.
-
-
-The important thing to remember is that grfguide.dvi makes
-requests for both Computer Modern bit mapped and Type 1 scaled fonts.
-If you can mix scalable and bit mapped fonts in a document, you're
-well on the way to becoming a !TeXpert.
-
-
-
-
-!!6.1 What if my printer isn't supported?
-
-
-
-The teTeX distribution comes with only a limited selection of DVI
-output drivers: dvips, drivers for Hewlett Packard
-!LaserJets, and nothing else. You have two options if you have a
-printer which isn't !LaserJet-compatible: You can use dvips
-and Ghostscript, which I would recommend anyway, for reasons already
-mentioned, or you can investigate other dviware sources.
-
-
-A limited number of DVI drivers have been ported to Linux and are
-available as pre-built binaries. They are located in the Linux
-archives at
-ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/tex/dvi/.
-
-
-The master dviware libraries are maintained at the University of Utah
-archives. If you can't find a DVI driver there that supports your
-printer, chances are that it doesn't exist. You can also write your
-''own'' DVI driver using the templates available there. The
-library's URL is
-ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/dvi/.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!! 7. Using Postscript fonts.
-
-
-
-
-
-It used to be that public domain, Type 1 fonts were much poorer
-quality than Computer Modern bit mapped fonts. This situation has
-improved in the last several years, though, but matching the fonts is
-up to you. Having several different font systems on one machine can
-seem redundant and an unnecessary waste of disk space. And the
-Computer Modern fonts can seem, well, a little too ''formal'' to
-be suitable for everyday use. It reminds me sometimes of bringing out
-the good China to feed the dog. At least you don't need to spend a
-bundle on professional quality fonts any longer.
-
-
-One of the major improvements of LaTeX2e over its predecessor was the
-inclusion of the New Font Selection Scheme. (It's now called PSNFSS.)
-Formerly, TeX authors would specify fonts with commands like
-
-\font=bodyroman = cmr10 scaled \magstep 1
-
-
-
-which provides precision but requires the skills of a type designer
-and mathematician to make good use of. Also, it's not very portable.
-If another system didn't have the font cmr10 (this is TeX
-nomenclature for Computer Modern Roman, 10 point, with the default
-medium stroke weight), somebody would have to re-code the fonts
-specifications for the entire document. PSNFSS, however, allows you
-specify fonts by family (Computer Modern, URW Nimbus, Helvetica,
-Utopia, and so forth), weight (light, medium, bold), orientation
-(upright or oblique), face (Roman, Italic), and base point size. (See
-the section
-Characters and type styles for a
-description of the commands to specify typefaces.) Many fonts are
-packaged as families. For example, a Roman-type font may come
-packaged with a sans serif font, like Helvetica, and a monospaced
-font, like Courier. You, as the author of a LaTeX document, can
-specify an entire font family with one command.
-
-
-There are, as I said, several high-quality font sets available in the
-public domain. One of them is Adobe Utopia. Another is Bitstream
-Charter. Both are commercial quality fonts which have been donated to
-the public domain.
-
-
-These happen to be two of my favorites. If you look around one of the
-CTAN sites, you will find these and other fonts archived there. There
-are enough fonts around that you'll be able to design documents the
-way you want them to look, and not just English text, either. TeX was
-originally designed for mathematical typesetting, so there is a full
-range of mathematical fonts available, as well as Cyrillic, Greek,
-Kana, and other alphabets too numerous to mention.
-
-
-The important thing to look for is files which have either the
-.pfa or .pfb extension. They indicate that these
-are the scalable fonts themselves, not simply the metrics files. Type
-1 fonts use .pfm metric files, as opposed to the
-.tfm metric files which bit mapped fonts use. The two font
-sets I mentioned above are included in teTeX distributions, as well as
-separately.
-
-
-What I said above, concerning the ease of font selection under PSNFSS,
-is true in this instance. If we want to use the Charter fonts in our
-document instead of Computer Modern bit mapped, all that is necessary
-is include the LaTeX statement
-
-\renewcommand{\familydefault}{bch}
-
-in the document preamble, where ``bch'' is the common designation for
-Bitstream Charter. The Charter fonts reside in the directory
-
-/usr/lib/teTeX/texmf/fonts/type1/bitstrea/charter
-
-
-
-There you'll see the .pfb files of the Charter fonts:
-bchb8a.pfb for Charter Bold, bchr8a.pfb for Charter
-Roman, bchbi8a.pfb for Charter Bold Italic. The ``8a'' in
-the font names indicates the character encoding. At this point you
-shouldn't need to worry much about them, because the encodings mostly
-differ for 8-bit characters, which have numeric values above 128
-decimal. They mostly define accents and non-English characters. The
-Type 1 font encodings generally work well for Western alphabets
-because they conform to the ISO 8859 standards for international
-character sets, so this is an added benefit of using them.
-
-
-To typeset a document which has Charter fonts selected, you would give
-the command
-
-pslatex document.tex
-
-pslatex is a variant of teTeX's standard latex
-command which defines the directories where the Type 1 fonts are, as
-well as some additional LaTeX code to load. You'll see the notice
-screen for pslatex followed by the status output of the TeX
-job itself. In a moment, you'll have a .dvi file which
-includes the Charter font requests. You can then print the file with
-dvips, and gs if necessary.
-
-
-Installing a Type 1 font set is not difficult, as long as you follow a
-few basic steps. You should unpack the fonts in a subdirectory of the
-/usr/lib/teTeX/texmf/fonts/type1 directory, where your other
-Type 1 fonts are located, and then run texhash to let the
-directory search routines know that the fonts have been added. Then
-you need to add the font descriptions to the file psfonts.map
-so dvips knows they're on the system. The format of the
-psfonts.map file is covered in a couple different places in
-the references mentioned above. Again, remember to run the
-texhash program to update the teTeX directory database.
-
-
-It is definitely an advantage to use the X Windows System with teTeX---
-XFree86 under Linux---because it allows for superior document
-previewing. It's not required, but in general, anything that allows
-for easier screen previewing is going to benefit your work, in terms
-of the quality of the output. However, there is a tradeoff with speed
-of editing, which is much quicker on character-mode displays.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!! 8. Appendix A: CTAN site list.
-
-
-This is the text of the file CTAN.sites, which is available
-in the top-level directory of each CTAN archive or mirror site.
-
-In order to reduce network load, it is recommended that you use the
-Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) host which is located in the
-closest network proximity to your site. Alternatively, you may wish to
-obtain a copy of the CTAN via CD-ROM (see help/CTAN.cdrom for details).
-Known mirrors of the CTAN reside on (alphabetically):
-cis.utovrm.it (Italia) /TeX
-ctan.unsw.edu.au (NSW, Australia) /tex-archive
-dongpo.math.ncu.edu.tw (Taiwan) /tex-archive
-ftp.belnet.be (Belgium) /packages/TeX
-ftp.ccu.edu.tw (Taiwan) /pub/tex
-ftp.cdrom.com (West coast, USA) /pub/tex/ctan
-ftp.comp.hkbu.edu.hk (Hong Kong) /pub/TeX/CTAN
-ftp.cs.rmit.edu.au (Australia) /tex-archive
-ftp.cs.ruu.nl (The Netherlands) /pub/tex-archive
-ftp.cstug.cz (The Czech Republic) /pub/tex/CTAN
-ftp.duke.edu (North Carolina, USA) /tex-archive
-ftp.funet.fi (Finland) /pub/TeX/CTAN
-ftp.gwdg.de (Deutschland) /pub/dante
-ftp.jussieu.fr (France) /pub4/TeX/CTAN
-ftp.kreonet.re.kr (Korea) /pub/CTAN
-ftp.loria.fr (France) /pub/unix/tex/ctan
-ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de (Deutschland) /pub/tex/mirror/ftp.dante.de
-ftp.nada.kth.se (Sweden) /pub/tex/ctan-mirror
-ftp.oleane.net (France) /pub/mirrors/CTAN/
-ftp.rediris.es (Espa\~na) /mirror/tex-archive
-ftp.rge.com (New York, USA) /pub/tex
-ftp.riken.go.jp (Japan) /pub/tex-archive
-ftp.tu-chemnitz.de (Deutschland) /pub/tex
-ftp.u-aizu.ac.jp (Japan) /pub/tex/CTAN
-ftp.uni-augsburg.de (Deutschland) /tex-archive
-ftp.uni-bielefeld.de (Deutschland) /pub/tex
-ftp.unina.it (Italia) /pub/TeX
-ftp.uni-stuttgart.de (Deutschland) /tex-archive (/pub/tex)
-ftp.univie.ac.at (\"Osterreich) /packages/tex
-ftp.ut.ee (Estonia) /tex-archive
-ftpserver.nus.sg (Singapore) /pub/zi/TeX
-src.doc.ic.ac.uk (England) /packages/tex/uk-tex
-sunsite.auc.dk (Denmark) /pub/tex/ctan
-sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch (Switzerland) /mirror/tex
-sunsite.icm.edu.pl (Poland) /pub/CTAN
-sunsite.unc.edu (North Carolina, USA) /pub/packages/TeX
-wuarchive.wustl.edu (Missouri, USA) /packages/TeX
-Known partial mirrors of the CTAN reside on (alphabetically):
-ftp.adfa.oz.au (Australia) /pub/tex/ctan
-ftp.fcu.edu.tw (Taiwan) /pub2/tex
-ftp.germany.eu.net (Deutschland) /pub/packages/TeX
-ftp.gust.org.pl (Poland) /pub/TeX
-ftp.jaist.ac.jp (Japan) /pub/TeX/tex-archive
-ftp.uu.net (Virginia, USA) /pub/text-processing/TeX
-nic.switch.ch (Switzerland) /mirror/tex
-sunsite.dsi.unimi.it (Italia) /pub/TeX
-sunsite.snu.ac.kr (Korea) /shortcut/CTAN
-Please send updates to this list to <ctan@urz.uni-heidelberg.de>.
-The participating hosts in the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network are:
-ftp.dante.de (Deutschland)
--- anonymous ftp /tex-archive (/pub/tex /pub/archive)
--- gopher on node gopher.dante.de
--- e-mail via ftpmail@dante.de
--- World Wide Web access on www.dante.de
--- Administrator: <ftpmaint@dante.de>
-ftp.tex.ac.uk (England)
--- anonymous ftp /tex-archive (/pub/tex /pub/archive)
--- gopher on node gopher.tex.ac.uk
--- NFS mountable from nfs.tex.ac.uk:/public/ctan/tex-archive
--- World Wide Web access on www.tex.ac.uk
--- Administrator: <ctan-uk@tex.ac.uk>
-
-
-
-
-----
-
-!! 9. Appendix B: Installing the CTAN teTeX distribution.
-
-
-The generic, teTeX distribution isn't any harder to install than the
-Linux packages. See section
-Generic CTAN distribution, below.
-
-
-You should consider installing the generic teTeX distribution from the
-CTAN archives if:
-
-
-****Your system isn't based on one of the standard Linux
-distributions.
-****
-
-****You don't have root privileges on your system.
-****
-
-****You want or need to have the very latest version of teTeX, or LaTeX.
-****
-
-****You don't have enough disk space available for a full
-installation.
-****
-
-****You want to install teTeX somewhere instead of the /usr file
-system.
-****
-
-****You would like to share your teTeX installation with other UNIX
-variants or platforms on a network. In this case, you should
-strongly consider installing from the ''source'' distribution.
-See section
-Installing the source distribution, below.
-****
-
-****You want the latest versions of teTeX's public domain Type 1
-fonts, which are significantly better than the fonts included in
-earlier releases.
-****
-
-
-
-A complete installation of the binary distribution requires 40-50 Mb
-of disk space, and building the distribution from the source code takes
-about 75 Mb, so you should make sure that the disk space is available
-before you start. You don't need to have the GCC compiler
-or the X Windows System installed (although X certainly helps because
-it is much easier to preview documents on-screen). All you need is an
-editor that is capable of producing plain ASCII, text (see section
-2). What could be simpler?
-
-
-You can retrieve the files from one of the CTAN archives listed in
-section
-Appendix A. In the examples
-below, the files were retrieved from the CTAN archive at
-ftp.tex.ac.uk.
-
-
-
-
-!!9.1 Installing the binary distribution.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-! Minimal installation.
-
-
-
-
-
-First, FTP to
-ftp.tex.ac.uk and cd to the directory
-
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/
-
-Retrieve the files
-
-INSTALL.bin
-install.sh
-
-and place them in the top-level directory where you want to install
-teTeX, for example, /var/teTeX if you plan to install teTeX
-in the /var file system.
-
-
-Print out the INSTALL.bin file. Keep this file handy,
-because it describes how to install a minimal teTeX installation. The
-minimal installation requires only 10-15 MB of disk space, but it is
-recommended that you install the complete teTeX package if at all
-possible. For a minimum installation, you'll need the files
-
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/base/latex-base.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/base/tetex-base.tar.gz
-
-You'll also need one of two archives which contain the executable
-teTeX programs. Retrieve the archive file
-
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/binaries/i386-linux.tar.gz
-
-if your system uses the Linux ELF shared libraries, ld.so
-of at least version 1.73, and clibs of at least version 5.09. If it
-doesn't, retrieve the archive
-
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/binaries/i386-linuxaout.tar.gz
-
-which is compiled for systems that use the older, a.out-format static
-libraries.
-
-
-Then, following the instructions in the file INSTALL.bin,
-execute the command
-
-sh ./install.sh
-
-while in the top-level teTeX installation directory. (Make sure that
-the teTeX archives are located there, too.) After a few moments, the
-installation program will warn you that you are missing some of the
-teTeX packages. However, if you're planning only a minimal teTeX
-installation, you should ignore the warnings and proceed. To
-configure the basic teTeX system, see section
-Base system configuration, below.
-
-
-To install the remaining packages, see the next section.
-
-
-
-
-! Complete installation.
-
-
-To perform a complete teTeX installation, retrieve the archive files
-listed in the previous section, as well as the following files:
-
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/ams-doc.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/bibtex-doc.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/eplain-doc.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/fonts-doc.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/general-doc.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/generic-doc.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/latex-doc.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/makeindex-doc.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/metapost-doc.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/programs-doc.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/fonts/ams-fonts.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/fonts/dc-fonts.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/fonts/ec-fonts.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/fonts/misc-fonts.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/fonts/postscript-fonts.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/fonts/sauter-fonts.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/amstex.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/bibtex.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/eplain.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/latex-extra.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/metapost.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/pictex.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/pstricks.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/texdraw.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/xypic.tar.gz
-
-All of these files should be placed in the top-level directory where
-you want teTeX to reside. As with the minimal installation, execute
-the command
-
-sh ./install.sh
-
-
-!! 9.2 Base system configuration.
-
-
-
-The install.sh script, after determining which teTeX archive
-series are present, will present you with a menu of options. The only
-setting you need to make at this point is to set the top-level
-directory where you want teTeX installed, by selecting the ``D'' option.
-You must, of course, choose a directory in whose parent directory you
-have write permissions. For example, if you are installing teTeX in
-your home directory, you would specify the teTeX installation
-directory as
-
-/home/john.q.public/teTeX
-
-and, after returning to the main menu, select ``I'' to proceed with the
-installation. Note that the directory must not exist already: the
-install.sh script must be able to create it.
-
-
-An option which you should consider enabling, is setting an
-alternative directory for generated fonts. Even if you plan to use
-only Postscript-format, Type 1 scalable fonts, occasionally you'll
-process a file that requires the Computer Modern fonts. Enabling this
-option requires that you enter the directory to use. You must have
-write permissions for the parent directory. Following the example
-above, you could specify
-
-/home/john.q.public/texfonts
-
-or, if you want the generated fonts to be accessible by all users on
-the system, specify a directory like
-
-/var/texfonts
-
-I would recommend that you ''not,'' however, use the default
-/var/tmp/texfonts directory for this option, because the
-generated fonts could be deleted after the next reboot, and the fonts
-will need to be generated again the next time they're needed.
-
-
-After you've selected the option ``I'', and install.sh has
-installed the archives, set various permissions, and generated its
-links and format files, the program will exit with a message telling
-you to add the teTeX binary directory to your $PATH
-environment variable, and the directories where the man pages and info
-files reside to your $MANPATH and
-$INFOPATH environment variables. For example, add the
-statements
-
-export PATH=$PATH:"/home/john.q.public/teTeX/bin"
-export MANPATH=$MANPATH":/home/john.q.public/teTeX/man"
-export INFOPATH$=INFOPATH":/home/john.q.public/teTeX/info"
-
-to your ~/.bash_profile if you use bash as
-your shell, or to your ~/.profile if you use another
-shell for logins.
-
-
-Log out, and then log in again, so the environment variables are
-registered. Then, run the command
-
-texconfig confall
-
-to insure that the installation is correct.
-
-
-Next, you can configure teTeX for you specific hardware. See section
-Post-installation configuration details, below.
-
-
-
-
-!! 9.3 Installing the CTAN source distribution.
-
-
-
-To install teTeX V. .4 from the source code, ftp to a CTAN
-site like
-ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk and retrieve the files
-
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/INSTALL.src
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/sources/README.texmf-src
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/sources/teTeX-lib-.4pl8.tar.gz
-ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/sources/teTeX-src-.4pl7.tar.gz
-
-
-
-Read over the instructions in INSTALL.src, then su
-to root and unpack the files in a directory for which you have
-read-write-execute permissions.
-
-
-Remember to use the p argument to tar, and also
-remember to unset the noclobber option of bash.
-You can do this with the counterintuitive command
-
-set +o noclobber
-
-Note that the argument +o to set ''un''sets a
-variable, just exactly backwards from what you might expect.
-
-
-The file teTeX-lib-.4pl8.tar.gz will create the directory
-./teTeX. The file teTeX-src-.4pl7.tar.gz will
-create the directory teTeX-src-.4 Print out the file
-INSTALL.src and keep it nearby for the following
-steps. cd to the ./teTeX-src-.4 directory, and, per
-the instructions in the INSTALL.src file, edit
-./Makefile. You need to set the TETEXDIR variable
-to the absolute path of the parent teTeX directory. This will be the
-subdirectory teTeX of the directory where you unpacked the
-source and library archives. For example, if you unpacked the
-archives in your home directory, you would set TETEXDIR to
-
-/home/john.q.public/teTeX
-
-The rest of the Makefile options are pretty generic. With
-GCC version 2.7.2 and later, you should not need to make
-any further adjustments unless you have a non-standard compiler and
-library setup, or want the compiler to perform some further
-optimizations, or for some other reason. Check that the
-USE_DIALOG, USE_NCURSES, and HAVE_NCURSES
-variables are set correctly for your system, because the
-dialog program needs the ncurses library to be installed. A
-ncurses library is included in the source distribution,
-so the default values in the Makefile should work fine. If
-you can't get ncurses to compile or link,
-texconfig can also be run from the command line.
-
-
-If you've done everything correctly up to this point, you should be
-able to type make world in the top-level source directory,
-and relax until the teTeX executables are built. This can take a few
-hours.
-
-
-After the build has completed, set the environment variables
-$PATH, $MANPATH, and $INFOPATH
-to include the teTeX directories. The statements which would be added
-to the file ~/.bash_profile, in the example, above,
-would be
-
-export PATH=$PATH":/home/john.q.public/teTeX/bin/i386-linux"
-export MANPATH=$MANPATH":/home/john.q.public/teTeX/man"
-export INFOPATH=$INFOPATH":/home/john.q.public/teTeX/info"
-
-The $PATH variable is different in the source
-distribution than in the binary distribution. Note that here the path
-to the binaries is teTeX/bin/i386-linux instead of simply
-teTeX/bin as in the binary distribution.
-
-
-At this point you can run texconfig confall to ensure that
-the paths have been set correctly, and then proceed to configure teTeX
-as in the binary distribution. See the
-section
-Post-installation configuration details, below.
-
-
-
-
-!! 9.4 Post-installation configuration details.
-
-
-
-The first thing you want to do is look at Thomas Esser's
-README file. It contains a lot of hints on how to configure
-teTeX for your output device (i.e., printer). The README
-file is located in the directory
-
-/usr/lib/teTeX/texmf/doc/tetex
-
-Read the file over with the command (the path in the following
-examples is that of the Slackware distribution):
-
-less /usr/lib/teTeX/texmf/doc/tetex/README
-
-or, print it out with the command
-
-cat /usr/lib/teTeX/texmf/doc/tetex/README >/dev/lp0
-
-assuming that your printer is connected to /dev/lp0.
-Substitute the device driver file that your printer is connected to,
-as appropriate.
-
-
-Or, better still, print it using the lpr
-command:
-
-lpr /usr/lib/teTeX/texmf/doc/tetex/README
-
-You should have installed the printer daemon that is included with
-your distribution of Linux. If not, do that now, per the instructions
-that come with the package.
-
-
-Print out the teTeX-FAQ. Keep the FAQ handy because it
-contains useful hints for configuring teTeX's output drivers for your
-printer. We'll get to that in a moment. In more recent releases of
-teTeX, the teTeX-FAQ is viewable via the texconfig
-utility.
-
-
-Next, you want to define a directory to store your own TeX
-format files. teTeX searches the directories listed by the
-$TEXINPUTS environment variable for local TeX input
-files:
-
-export TEXINPUTS=".:~/texinputs:"
-
-to the system-wide /etc/profile file. Individual users can
-set their own local $TEXINPUTS directory, by adding
-the line in their ~/.profile or
-~/.bash_profile if bash is the default
-shell. The $TEXINPUTS environment variable tells
-teTeX to look for users' individual TeX style files in the
-~/texinputs directories under each user's home
-directory. It is ''critical'' that a colon appear before and
-after this directory. teTeX is going to append its own directory
-searches to your own. You want to have teTeX search the local format
-files first, so it uses the local versions of any of the standard
-files you have edited.
-
-
-Add the /usr/lib/teTeX/bin directory to the system-wide path
-if you're installing teTeX as root. Again, if you're installing a
-personal copy of teTeX, add the directory where the teTeX binaries are
-located to ''the front'' your $PATH with the
-following line in your ~/.profile or
-~/.bash_profile:
-
-export PATH="~/tetex/bin:"$PATH
-
-Now, log in as root and run texconfig per the
-instructions in the teTeX-FAQ and choose the printer that is
-attached to your system. Make sure that you configure teTeX for both
-the correct printer and printer resolution.
-
-
-Finally, run the texhash program. This ensures that teTeX's
-internal database is up to date. The database is actually a
-ls-lR file. You ''must'' run texhash every
-time you change the system configuration, or teTeX will not be able to
-locate your changes.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!! 10. Appendix C: Distribution and Copyright.
-
-
-
-
-!!10.1 Distribution.
-
-
-
-teTeX is ''free software;'' this means everyone is free to use
-the software and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. The
-package is not in the public domain. It is copyrighted and there are
-restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed
-to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do.
-What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing
-any version of free software that they might get from you. The
-precise conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that
-comes with many of the software packages and also appears following
-this section.
-
-
-One way to get a copy of the package is from someone else who has
-it. You need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one
-else; just copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get
-the latest distribution versions by anonymous FTP. See the chapter
-``Sources'' for more information.
-
-
-You may also receive the software when you buy a computer. Computer
-manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply
-to everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full
-sources, including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit
-you to redistribute these packages received from them under the usual
-terms of the General Public License. In other words, the program must
-be free for you when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer.
-
-
-You can also order copies of GNU software from the Free Software
-Foundation on CD-ROM. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a
-copy; it is also a good way to help fund our work. (The Foundation has
-always received most of its funds in this way.) An order form is
-included many distribution, and on our web site in
-http://www.gnu.ai.mit.edu/order/order.html. For further
-information, write to
-
-
-
-
-Free Software Foundation
-59 Temple Place, Suite 330
-Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
-USA
-
-
-
-The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's
-purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our
-existing programs.
-
-
-If you use GNU software at your workplace, please suggest that the
-company make a donation. If company policy is unsympathetic to the idea
-of donating to charity, you might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from
-the Foundation occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates.
-
-
-
-
-!!10.2 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Version 2, June 1991
-
-
-Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
-
-
-Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
-of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
-
-
-__Preamble.__
-
-
-The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
-freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
-License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
-software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
-General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
-Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
-using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
-the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
-your programs, too.
-
-
-When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
-price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
-have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
-this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
-if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
-in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
-
-
-To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
-anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
-These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
-distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
-
-
-For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
-gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
-you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
-source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
-rights.
-
-
-We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
-(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
-distribute and/or modify the software.
-
-
-Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
-that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
-software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
-want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
-that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
-authors' reputations.
-
-
-Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
-patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
-program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
-program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
-patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
-
-
-The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
-modification follow.
-
-
-__TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION__
-
-
-
-
-
-****This License applies to any program or other work which contains
-a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
-under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program'' below,
-refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program''
-means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
-that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
-either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
-language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
-the term,``modification.'') Each licensee is addressed as ``you.''
-Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
-covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
-running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
-is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
-Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
-Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
-
-****
-
-****You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
-source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
-conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
-copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
-notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
-and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
-along with the Program.
-You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
-you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
-
-****
-
-****You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
-of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
-distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
-above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
-1. You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
-stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
-2. You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
-whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
-part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
-parties under the terms of this License.
-3. If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
-when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
-interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
-announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
-notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
-a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
-these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
-License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
-does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
-the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
-These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
-identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
-and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
-themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
-sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
-distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
-on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
-this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
-entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
-Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
-your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
-exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
-collective works based on the Program.
-In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
-with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
-a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
-the scope of this License.
-
-****
-
-****You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
-under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
-Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
-1. Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
-source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
-1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
-2. Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
-years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
-cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
-machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
-distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
-customarily used for software interchange; or,
-3. Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
-to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
-allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
-received the program in object code or executable form with such
-an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
-The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
-making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
-code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
-associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
-control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
-special exception, the source code distributed need not include
-anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
-form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
-operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
-itself accompanies the executable.
-If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
-access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
-access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
-distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
-compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
-
-****
-
-****You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
-except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
-otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
-void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
-However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
-this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
-parties remain in full compliance.
-
-****
-
-****You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
-signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
-distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
-prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
-modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
-Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
-all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
-the Program or works based on it.
-
-****
-
-****Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
-Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
-original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
-these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
-restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
-You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
-this License.
-
-****
-
-****If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
-infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
-conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
-otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
-excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
-distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
-License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
-may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
-license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
-all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
-the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
-refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
-If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
-any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
-apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
-circumstances.
-It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
-patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
-such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
-integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
-implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
-generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
-through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
-system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
-to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
-impose that choice.
-This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
-be a consequence of the rest of this License.
-
-****
-
-****If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
-certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
-original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
-may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
-those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
-countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
-the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
-
-****
-
-****The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
-of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
-be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
-address new problems or concerns.
-Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
-specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any
-later version,'' you have the option of following the terms and conditions
-either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
-Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
-this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
-Foundation.
-
-****
-
-****If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
-programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
-to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
-Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
-make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
-of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
-of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
-__NO WARRANTY__
-
-****
-
-****BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
-FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
-OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
-PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
-OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
-MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
-TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
-PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
-REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
-
-****
-
-****IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
-WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
-REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
-INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
-OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
-TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
-YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
-PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
-POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
-****
-
-
-
-__END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS__
-
-
-
-
-!!10.3 How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
-
-
-
-If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
-possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
-free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
-
-
-To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
-to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
-convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
-the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
-
-
-
-
-[[one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.
-Copyright (C) 19[[yy] [[name of author]
-This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
-modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
-as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
-of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
-This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-GNU General Public License for more details.
-You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
-with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
-59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
-
-
-
-Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
-
-
-If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
-when it starts in an interactive mode:
-
-
-
-
-Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19[[yy] [[name of author]
-Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
-type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome
-to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
-for details.
-
-
-
-The hypothetical commands ``show w'' and ``show c''
-should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of
-course, the commands you use may be called something other than
-``show w'' and ``show c''; they could even be
-mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever suits your program.
-
-
-You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
-school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if
-necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
-
-
-
-
-Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
-interest in the program `Gnomovision'
-(which makes passes at compilers) written
-by James Hacker.
-[[signature of Ty Coon] 1 April 1989
-Ty Coon, President of Vice
-
-
-
-This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
-proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
-consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
-library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
-Public License instead of this License
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-----
+Describe
[HowToTeTeXHOWTO
] here.
