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-
-Programming Languages mini-HOWTO
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!!Programming Languages mini-HOWTO
-
-!!Risto S
. Varanka Jul 22nd 2000
-
-
-----
-''A brief comparison of major programming languages for
-Linux and major libraries for creating graphical user interfaces
-(GUIs) under Linux''
-----
-
-
-
-
-!!1. Introduction
-
-
-*1.1 Latest Version of the Document
-
-*1.2 Copyright
-
-*1.3 License
-
-*1.4 Disclaimer
-
-*1.5 Author
-
-*1.6 Credits
-
-*1.7 Links
-
-
-
-
-
-!!2. Programming Languages
-
-
-*2.1 Concepts in the Table
-
-*2.2 Major Languages
-
-*2.3 Shell Programming
-
-*2.4 Other Languages
-
-*2.5 Links
-
-
-
-
-
-!!3. GUI Toolkits
-
-
-*3.1 Concepts in the Table
-
-*3.2 Major GUI Toolkits
-
-*3.3 Links
-
-----
-
-!!1. Introduction
-
-
-Linux is a fascinating operating system because it lets any
-user participate in its development. The variety of available
-languages, however, can be confusing to beginning Linux
-developers. This document lists the most common options for
-everyday development and states some key facts about them. (Well,
-``most common'' and ``key'' as I perceive them.)
-
-
-My aim is neither to review the languages nor to determine
-which one is the best. Each language is a tool that fits some
-jobs and some tastes. You can get further (often conflicting)
-information easily, if you ask around or keep your ears open. The
-Links sections in this document will give you some pointers for
-your own research.
-
-
-There is a plethora of languages and libraries for Linux, so
-this document only covers the most common languages and GUI
-(Graphical User Interface) toolkits at the moment. This document
-is intended to be fairly neutral, but I haven't included all
-languages available. Since my judgment is undoubtedly biased in
-many ways, I advise serious developers to check out the sites that
-do a better job in listing all languages and libraries. Also note
-that only the Linux implementations of the languages and GUI
-toolkits are covered, their features on other platforms are not
-discussed or implied.
-
-
-This document is a recent addition to the LDP, so there has not
-been opportunity for much community feedback. However, it is
-released in hopes that it will prove useful for people interested
-in programming under Linux, especially beginners. A question mark
-in the tables indicates lack of information. If you can fill it
-in, please contact the author.
-
-!!1.1 Latest Version of the Document
-
-
-
-You can find the latest modifications at
-http://www.helsinki.fi/~rvaranka/Computer/Linux/HOWTO/
-!!1.2 Copyright
-
-
-
-Copyright (c) 2000 Risto Varanka.
-
-!!1.3 License
-
-
-
-The following license terms apply to all LDP documents, unless
-otherwise stated in the document. The LDP documents may be
-reproduced and distributed in whole or in part, in any medium
-physical or electronic, provided that this license notice is
-displayed in the reproduction. Commercial redistribution is
-permitted and encouraged. Thirty days advance notice via email to
-the author(s) of redistribution is appreciated, to give the
-authors time to provide updated documents.
-
-!Requirements of Modified Works
-
-
-All modified documents, including translations, anthologies,
-and partial documents, must meet the following requirements:
-
-
-
-
-
-#The modified version must be labeled as such.
-#
-
-#The person making the modifications must be identified.
-#
-
-#Acknowledgement of the original author must be retained.
-#
-
-#The location of the original unmodified document be identified.
-#
-
-#The original author's (or authors') name(s) may not be used to
-assert or imply endorsement of the resulting document without
-the original author's (or authors') permission.
-#
-
-
-
-In addition it is requested that:
-
-
-
-
-
-#The modifications (including deletions) be noted.
-#
-
-#The author be notified by email of the modification in
-advance of redistribution, if an email address is provided
-in the document.
-#
-
-
-
-As a special exception, anthologies of LDP documents may
-include a single copy of these license terms in a conspicuous
-location within the anthology and replace other copies of this
-license with a reference to the single copy of the license without
-the document being considered ``modified'' for the purposes of
-this section.
-
-
-Mere aggregation of LDP documents with other documents or
-programs on the same media shall not cause this license to apply
-to those other works.
-
-
-All translations, derivative documents, or modified documents
-that incorporate any LDP document may not have more restrictive
-license terms than these, except that you may require distributors
-to make the resulting document available in source format.
-
-!!1.4 Disclaimer
-
-
-
-THIS DOCUMENT COVERS A LARGE AND CONSTANTLY CHANGING
-DOMAIN. THEREFORE, THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT MAY
-BE INCORRECT OR OUTDATED. ALL USE OF THIS DOCUMENT AND ALL
-INFORMATION CONTAINED IN IT IS AT YOUR OWN RISK. THE AUTHOR DOES
-NOT GIVE ANY WARRANTY OR GUARANTEE, EITHER EXPLICIT OR
-IMPLIED.
-
-!!1.5 Author
-
-
-
-You are welcome to send feedback to the author at:
-risto.varanka@helsinki.fi.
-
-
-Author's web site can be found at
-http://www.helsinki.fi/~rvaranka/.
-
-!!1.6 Credits
-
-
-
-I am thankful to several people who commented on language
-issues. These conversations have given me a better view of the
-different languages, and I hope future conversations will allow
-this mini-HOWTO to mature over time. Especially I would like to
-thank the people at the IRCNet channel #linux: Morphy, Bluesmurf,
-Vadim, Zonk^, Rikkus and others whose names I have
-forgotten. Thanks go also to Stig Erik Sandoe for helpful
-comments.
-
-!!1.7 Links
-
-
-
-Exhaustive lists of Linux development libraries and tools:
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-Freshmeat
-*
-
-*
-Linux Development Tools
-*
-
-*
-linuxprogramming.com
-*
-
-
-
-The
-Hacker FAQ by Eric S. Raymond is another interesting text
-for novice Linux developers. It concentrates on some cultural and
-psychological aspects of open source development.
-
-
-Other
-LDP documents
-covering general programming subjects include the Reading List
-HOWTO and the Linux Programmer's Guide - several more have been
-written on specific subjects.
-----
-
-!!2. Programming Languages
-
-
-C, Lisp and Perl are traditional hacking languages in the
-GNU/Linux culture; Python, PHP, Java and C++ have gained new
-ground recently.
-
-!!2.1 Concepts in the Table
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-; __Language__:
-
-A common name of the language.
-
-
-
-; __Beginner__:
-
-Indicates how well suited the language is for
-people with little programming experience. A language marked with
-``yes'' should be viable for a beginner's first programming
-language.
-
-
-
-; __Performance__:
-
-How fast your applications are likely to
-run when you put them into production use. Performance depends
-more on your algorithmic programming skills than the actual
-language. As a rule of thumb, C, C++ and Fortran are sometimes
-necessary because they can offer better performance than other
-languages - at other times they might be unwieldy for the desired
-purpose. (One idea for unscientific ``benchmarking'' of the
-languages would be to implement a simple sorting algorithm in all
-of them and compare running times. This of course does not measure
-the performance of the actual language - since that concept does
-not make sense - but only the implementation. Of course it's also
-not a very reliable or thorough method, but it would give an
-example how running times in different languages can
-differ. Anybody want to help me with this?)
-
-
-
-; __OOP, Object-Oriented Programming vs. other paradigms__:
-
-Object-oriented programming is an important programming paradigm
-that is gaining popularity. In object oriented programming, data
-structures and algorithms are integrated into units, often called
-classes. OOP is often contrasted with procedural programming
-(which uses separate algorithms and data structures). It is not
-strictly dependent on language: you can do OOP in languages not
-listed as such (C for example), and program in the procedural
-style in languages that are listed as OOP. I've listed as OOP
-languages that have special features or add-ons to facilitate OOP.
-Functional languages (Lisp for example) are a bit different breed
-- among other things, functional programming is a superset of
-OOP. Logic programming (Prolog), also called declarative
-programming, on the other hand, is not related to the other types
-of programming in a similar sense.
-
-
-
-; __RAD, Rapid Application Development__:
-
-More dependent on
-the tools you are using than the actual language. There is a
-HOWTO on GUI development tools for Linux, although it's out of
-date. With a good graphical tool you can do RAD. RAD can be
-powerful when based on code reuse as well, so free software could
-provide a good starting point.
-
-
-
-; __Examples__:
-
-Mentions fields of programming the language is
-most often used in. Other good (and bad) uses exist, but they are
-less typical.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-; __Comments__:
-
-Additional information on the language, like
-capacities and dialects.
-
-
-
-
-
-!!2.2 Major Languages
-
-
-
-
-
-Perl
-Beginner: Yes - OOP: Yes
-Examples: Scripting, sysadmin, www
-Comments: Powerful for handling text and strings
-Python
-Beginner: Yes - OOP: Yes
-Examples: Scripting, application scripting, www
-Comments:
-TCL
-Beginner: Yes - OOP: No
-Examples: Scripting, sysadmin, applications
-Comments:
-PHP
-Beginner: Yes - OOP: Yes
-Examples: Www
-Comments: Popular for web databases
-Java
-Beginner: Yes - OOP: Yes
-Examples: Cross-platform applications, www
-Comments: Spreading to new areas, eg. e-commerce infrastructure
-Lisp
-Beginner: Yes - OOP: Functional
-Examples: Emacs modes (for Elisp), AI
-Comments: Variants Elisp, Clisp and Scheme
-Fortran
-Beginner: No - OOP: No
-Examples: Mathematical (scientific) applications
-Comments: Variants f77 and f90/95
-C
-Beginner: No - OOP: No
-Examples: System programming, applications
-Comments:
-C++
-Beginner: No - OOP: Yes
-Examples: Applications
-Comments:
-
-
-!!2.3 Shell Programming
-
-
-
-Shells are an important programming environment, too. I haven't
-covered them because I don't understand the field very thoroughly
-yet. Knowledge of shells is important for anyone who works on
-Linux regularly, more so for system administrators. There are
-similarities between shell programming and other kinds of
-scripting - often they can achieve the same goals, and you have
-the option of choosing between native shell and a separate
-scripting language. Among the most popular shells are bash, tcsh,
-csh, ksh and zsh. You can get basic information on your shell with
-the ''man'' command, ''man bash'' for example.
-
-!!2.4 Other Languages
-
-
-
-Other languages of note: AWK, SED, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada,
-Prolog, assembler, Objective C, Logo, Pascal (p2c converter)
-
-!!2.5 Links
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-A general info site on programming languages, lots of info
-and opinions
-*
-
-*
-TCL
-*
-
-*
-Perl
-*
-
-*
-Python
-*
-
-*
-PHP
-*
-
-*
-Java
-*
-
-*
-clisp
-*
-
-----
-
-!!3. GUI Toolkits
-
-
-The standard graphical subsystem for UNIX and Linux, called X,
-has its own libraries for GUI development. They provide a
-low-level programming interface to X, but tend to be hard to
-use. Old end-user applications and other toolkits of course make
-good use of them. Nowadays the Linux GUI scene is dominated by
-GTK+ and Qt, since two popular, complete user environments - GNOME
-and KDE - are based on them.
-
-!!3.1 Concepts in the Table
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-; __Library__:
-
-Common name or abbreviation of the toolkit.
-
-
-
-; __Beginner__:
-
-Whether the toolkit is suitable for a newbie programmer.
-
-
-
-; __License__:
-
-Different licenses for different GUI toolkits have practical
-significance. GTK+, TK and GNUstep licenses allow you to develop both open
-source and closed source applications without paying for a
-license. Motif license requires payment, while the QT license
-requires payment only if you write closed source programs.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-; __Language__:
-
-The language that is most often used with the toolkit.
-
-
-
-; __Bindings__:
-
-Other languages which can use the toolkit.
-
-
-
-; __Examples__:
-
-Applications that use the toolkit.
-
-
-
-; __Comments__:
-
-Additional information on the toolkit.
-
-
-
-
-
-!!3.2 Major GUI Toolkits
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-!LibraryBeginnerLicenseLanguageBindingsExamplesComments
-TKYesFreeTCLPerl, Python, othersmake xconfig, TKDesk
-GTK+!NoFree (LGPL)CPerl, C++, Python, many othersGNOME, !GimpVery popular
-QTNoFree for open sourceC++Python, Perl, C, others?KDEVery popular
-!MotifNoNon-freeC/C++Python, others?Netscape, Wordperfect
-Lesstif isa free replacement
-GNUstepNoFree (LGPL)Objective CGuile, Java?None widely known, but see the
-application listGNUstep is still under development
-
-
-
-
-
-!!3.3 Links
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-TK
-*
-
-*
-GTK+
-*
-
-*
-QT
-*
-
-*
-Motif
-*
-
-*
-GNUstep
-*
-
-----
+Describe [HowToProgrammingLanguages] here
.
