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@@ -1,990 +1 @@
-FTP mini-HOWTO
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!!FTP mini-HOWTO
-
-!!Matthew Borowski (
-mkb@yahoo.com ) (
-http://tarp.worldserve.net/ )v0.2, 9 January 2000
-
-
-----
-''How to use ftp clients and servers''
-----
-
-
-
-
-!!1. Preamble
-
-
-*1.1 Contacting Me
-
-*1.2 Legalities and Distribution
-
-*1.3 History of this document
-
-
-
-
-
-!!2. About FTP
-
-
-
-
-!!3. Beginner's guide to using ftp
-
-
-*3.1 Running the ftp program
-
-*3.2 Logging into an FTP server
-
-*3.3 File transfer types
-
-*3.4 Navigating and listing directories
-
-*3.5 Downloading and uploading files
-
-*3.6 Running shell commands
-
-*3.7 Hash marks and tick
-
-*3.8 Other ftp commands
-
-
-
-
-
-!!4. Console FTP clients
-
-
-*4.1 NcFTP
-
-*4.2 lukemftp
-
-*4.3 lftp
-
-*4.4 cftp
-
-*4.5 yafc
-
-
-
-
-
-!!5. X Window FTP clients
-
-
-*5.1 gFTP
-
-*5.2 WXftp
-
-*5.3 LLNL XDIR and XFTP
-
-*5.4 guiftp
-
-
-
-
-
-!!6. FTP Servers
-
-
-*6.1 How an FTP Server works
-
-*6.2 Help with FTP Servers
-
-----
-
-!!1. Preamble
-
-
-This document was written by Matthew Borowski for the Linux Documentation
-Project. I have not yet finished adding everything I want to add. There will
-be a section with information on operating an FTP server.
-
-
-
-
-!!1.1 Contacting Me
-
-
-
-Please contact me if you have any additions or changes for this document.
-Please do not ask for technical support -- you may purchase Unix consulting
-and support through my company, __
-!WorldServe__, or you can ask for help on newsgroups such as
-__comp.os.linux.*__. Please also keep in mind that I can only understand English and Farsi.
-
-
-
-
-!!1.2 Legalities and Distribution
-
-
-
-This document is Copyright 1999 by Matthew Borowski. You may freely
-distribute this document as long as the copyright notice remains unaltered.
-If you distribute this HOWTO as part of a commercial product, I would like
-to recieve a copy, but this is not required. If you wish to distribute a
-modified or translated version of this document, please contact me first for
-permission.
-
-
-
-
-!!1.3 History of this document
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*991203: FTP HOWTO first written. Still a work-in-progress.
-*
-
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!2. About FTP
-
-
-FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a client/server protocol that allows a
-user to transfer files to and from a remote network site. It works with TCP
-and is most commonly used on the Internet, although it can also be used on a
-LAN.
-
-
-
-
-
-An FTP site is a computer that is running FTP server software (also known
-an FTP daemon, or ftpd). A public ftp site can usually be accessed
-by anybody by logging in as anonymous or ftp. There are
-many excellent public ftp sites that make repositories of free Unix software
-available. By learning how to use FTP, you give yourself access to an
-indespensible resource.
-
-
-
-
-
-Private FTP sites require a user name or password. If you have a shell
-account with your ISP, you may be able to access your files via FTP (contact
-your system administrator to check on this).
-
-
-
-
-
-An FTP client is the userland application that provides access to FTP
-servers. There are many FTP clients available. Some are graphical, and some
-are text-based.
-
-
-
-
-
-FTP was first developed by the University of California, Berkeley for
-inclusion in 4.2BSD (Berkeley Unix). The RFC (Request for Comments) is
-available at
-ftp://nic.merit.edu/documents/rfc/rfc0959.txt.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!3. Beginner's guide to using ftp
-
-
-__A quick guide to using ftp.__
-
-
-
-
-
-The standard ftp program is the original ftp client. It comes standard with
-most Linux distributions. It first appeared in 4.2BSD, which was developed
-by the University of California, Berkeley.
-
-
-
-
-!!3.1 Running the ftp program
-
-
-
-It's easy to use ftp. Let's say you want to connect to the anonymous ftp
-site metalab.unc.edu, to download the latest Linux kernel source.
-
-
-
-
-
-At the command line, type:
-
-
-
-
-
-$ ftp metalab.unc.edu
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-The ftp program will attempt to connect to metalab.unc.edu. Another way
-to do this is to run ftp from the command line with no parameters, and use
-the open command, with the site name as an argument:
-
-
-
-
-
-$ ftp
-ftp> open metalab.unc.edu
-
-
-
-
-
-
-!!3.2 Logging into an FTP server
-
-
-
-When you connect to an FTP site, it will ask you for a login (pressing enter
-will log in as your local user name, in this case, foo: We log in as anonymous or ftp, to get to the public archive.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-220 helios.oit.unc.edu FTP server (Version wu-2.6.(2) Wed Nov 17 14:44:12
-EST 1999) ready.
-Name (metalab.unc.edu:foo):
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Now, we enter a complete e-mail address as the password (this is what most
-public FTP sites request).
-
-
-
-
-
-331 Guest login ok, send your complete e-mail address as password.
-Password:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-After a successful login, the following information is given to us:
-
-
-
-
-
-Remote system type is UNIX.
-Using binary mode to transfer files.
-ftp>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-!!3.3 File transfer types
-
-
-
-After you log in to an ftp site, ftp will print out the file
-transfer type. In our case, it is binary. Binary mode transfers the files,
-bit by bit, as they are on the FTP server. Ascii mode, however, will download
-the text directly. You can type ascii or binary to switch
-between the types.
-
-
-
-
-
-You want to download the kernel source, so you leave the file transfer type
-at binary. The binary type is also what you would use for any non-text files
--- such as graphic images, zip/gzip archives, executable programs, etc. If
-in doubt, use binary mode.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-!!3.4 Navigating and listing directories
-
-
-
-You do an ls to see a list of the files. The ls command on ftp servers is
-executed on the remote server, so the command line options that you can use
-with it vary from server to server. The most common options are generally
-available, check the manpage for ls for details.
-
-
-
-
-
-ftp> ls
-200 PORT command successful.
-150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls.
-total 33590
--r--r--r-- 1 root other 34348506 Dec 03 03:53 IAFA-LISTINGS
-lrwxrwxrwx 1 root other 7 Jul 15 1997 README -> WELCOME
--rw-r--r-- 1 root other 890 Nov 15 13:11 WELCOME
-dr-xr-xr-x 2 root other 512 Jul 15 1997 bin
-dr-xr-xr-x 2 root other 512 Jul 15 1997 dev
-dr-xr-xr-x 2 root other 512 Jul 18 1997 etc
-drwxrwxrwx 11 ftp 20 4608 Nov 28 16:00 incoming
-lrwxrwxrwx 1 root other 13 Jun 04 1998 ls-lR -> IAFA-LISTINGS
-dr-xr-xr-x 17 root root 512 Jun 08 11:43 pub
-dr-xr-xr-x 3 root other 512 Jul 15 1997 unc
-dr-xr-xr-x 5 root other 512 Jul 15 1997 usr
-226 Transfer complete.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-If the ls command lists so many files that they scroll off the top of the
-screen, you can use Shift-!PageUp to scroll up. This works in Linux console
-mode as well as in xterm or rxvt.
-
-
-
-
-
-On public FTP archives, the downloadable resources are usually held in the
-/pub directory. In this example, you already know that the kernel sources
-are in the directory /pub/Linux/kernel, so you type the following to get
-into that directory:
-
-
-
-
-
-ftp> cd pub/Linux/kernel
-250-README for kernel
-250-
-250-What you'll find
here: kernel sources and patches
-250-
-250-
-250 CWD command successful.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-The messages you see, which begin with "250", are information messages sent
-by the server. In this case, the ftp server is configured to automatically
-send you the README file when you cd into the directory.
-
-
-
-
-!!3.5 Downloading and uploading files
-
-
-
-Now, after doing another ls, you see that you want to cd into the v2.2
-directory. You do yet another ls, and find the file you want to download. It
-is linux-2.2.13.tar.gz. So you type this:
-
-
-
-
-
-ftp> get linux-2.2.13.tar.gz
-local: linux-2.2.13.tar.gz remote: linux-2.2.13.tar.gz
-200 PORT command successful.
-150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for linux-2.2.13.tar.gz (15079540
-bytes).
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-The ftp program has started saving the remote file
-linux-2.2.13.tar.gz as the local file linux-2.2.13.tar.gz.
-
-
-
-
-
-If you wanted to save it as the local file foo.tar.gz, you could have
-specified it like this:
-
-
-
-
-
-ftp> get linux-2.2.13.tar.gz foo.tar.gz
-local: foo.tar.gz remote: linux-2.2.13.tar.gz
-200 PORT command successful.
-150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for linux-2.2.13.tar.gz (15079540
-bytes).
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-If you want to download more than one file at a time, you'll have to use the
-mget (multiple get) command. You can use mget together with a
-space-delimited list of filenames you want to download, or you can use wildcards
-with the mget command. For example:
-
-
-
-
-
-ftp> mget linux*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Would get all files starting with the string "linux". Normally,
-mget will prompt you for each file before it downloads it. You can
-toggle this by using the prompt command.
-
-
-
-
-
-Now let's say you've written a piece of software, and you want to upload it
-to !MetaLab to be included in their Linux software archive. First, you'd
-change to the /incoming directory (most public FTP servers have a directory,
-usually called incoming or uploads, where files can be uploaded), then you'd
-use the put command:
-
-
-
-
-
-ftp> cd /incoming
-ftp> put foo.tar.gz
-local: foo.tar.gz remote: foo.tar.gz
-200 PORT command successful.
-150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for foo.tar.gz.
-226 Transfer complete.
-10257 bytes sent in .00316 secs (3.2e+03 Kbytes/sec)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-The put command works the same way as the get command,
-so you can use mput to upload multiple files at the same time. You
-can also upload a local file with a different filename on the server by
-specifying the remote filename and/or pathname as an argument.
-
-
-
-
-
-What if the file foo.tar.gz is not in your current local directory when you
-try to upload it? You can switch local directories by using the lcd (local
-change directory) command:
-
-
-
-
-
-ftp> lcd /home/foo/
-Local directory now /home/foo
-
-
-
-
-
-
-!!3.6 Running shell commands
-
-
-
-The ftp client supports using the bang (!) to run local commands. For
-example, to get a listing of files in your current local directory, do this:
-
-
-
-
-
-ftp> !ls
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-The way this works is that ftp calls the shell (specified in the
-$SHELL environment variable), and it is the shell which runs
-ls. Thus, you can run any command-line which works with your shell
-simply by prepending "!" to it (the default shell in most Linux
-distributions is bash, the Bourne Again SHell). Please note that !cd does
-not work as you would expect, this is why the lcd command exists.
-
-
-
-
-!!3.7 Hash marks and tick
-
-
-
-Wouldn't it be nice if you could watch the progress while you're
-downloading a file with ftp? You can use the hash command to print out hash
-marks as you download a file:
-
-
-
-
-
-ftp> hash
-Hash mark printing on (1024 bytes/hash mark).
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-As you can tell, ftp will print a hash mark for every 1024 bytes of data
-you download.
-
-
-
-
-
-There is also a tick option.
-
-
-
-
-
-ftp> tick
-Tick counter printing on (10240 bytes/tick increment).
-This will print something to this effect as you download a file:
-Bytes transferred: 11680
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-!!3.8 Other ftp commands
-
-
-
-There are many other ftp commands. If you have the permissions to do so
-(which you should, if you are connected to your own private shell account),
-you can make a directory on the remote server using the mkdir command. You
-can remove a file on the remote server using the delete command, or
-rmdir to remove a directory. You can also change file permissions
-using the chmod command.
-
-
-
-
-
-For more elaborate information on using ftp, please see the online help in
-the ftp program (accessible by typing help with no arguments for a list of
-commands, or help <commandname> for specific help on a command). You can
-also read the Unix man page for ftp by typing man ftp at your
-command prompt.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!4. Console FTP clients
-
-
-The original ftp program was the original ftp client, and it is a good
-investment to learn it. It's the only ftp client that you can be certain is
-available on most systems (even Win32 comes with the ftp command, albeit an
-archaic, braindead version of it).
-
-
-
-
-
-There are many other console-mode (text-only) ftp clients available. The
-listing here is by no means comprehensive, but includes the most popular
-ones. Search at
-!FreshMeat to find more.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-!!4.1 NcFTP
-
-
-
-NcFTP is the all-time favorite ftp client of many Unix users. It comes
-bundled with most Linux distributions, and offers many advanced features
-such as tab completion and bookmarks. Version 2 of NcFTP had a curses based
-full-screen mode. This was done away with in Version 3 (now in beta).
-
-
-
-
-
-It's not 100% compatible with the commands that standard ftp uses. For
-example, get and put in NcFTP act like mget and mput do in standard ftp. So
-if you want to save a remote file as a different local filename, you'd have
-to do get -z remotename localname. Thankfully, NcFTP has a nice online help
-system to assist you in learning the commands.
-
-
-
-
-
-You can get the latest version of NcFTP at
-http://www.ncftp.com.
-
-
-
-
-!!4.2 lukemftp
-
-
-
-A port of the NetBSD FTP client to other systems, lukemftp derives its name
-from the author of most of the enhanced features, which include:
-command-line editing, command-line fetches of FTP and HTTP URLs (including
-via proxies), context-sensitive word completion, dynamic progress bar, IPv6
-support, modification time preservation, paging of local and remote files,
-passive mode support (with fallback to active mode), SOCKS support, TIS FWTK
-gate-ftp server support, and transfer rate throttling.
-
-
-
-
-
-I highly recommend lukemftp to users who don't want to change to anything
-drastically different from the standard ftp client, but want more advanced
-features.
-
-
-
-
-
-You can get the latest version of lukemftp at
-ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/misc/lukemftp/.
-
-
-
-
-!!4.3 lftp
-
-
-
-lftp is a sophisticated command line based FTP client. Like bash, it has job
-control. It uses the GNU readline library for input, so you have command
-line completion and editing. lftp also has bookmarks, mirroring support, and
-can transfer several files in parellel.
-
-
-
-
-
-You can get the latest version of lftp at
-http://ftp.yars.free.net/projects/lftp/.
-
-
-
-
-
-Debian packages are available at
-ftp://ftp.freshmeat.net/pub/debs/lftp/.
-
-
-
-
-!!4.4 cftp
-
-
-
-Comfortable FTP (cftp) is a full screen mode client. What it lacks in
-features, it makes up for in ease of use. You browse through the directories
-using the arrow keys and enter.
-
-
-
-
-
-You should be able to get the latest version of cftp at
-http://ftp.giga.or.at/pub/nih/cftp/.
-
-
-
-
-!!4.5 yafc
-
-
-
-Yafc is a very nice ftp client, with features including directory cache,
-remote filename completion, aliases, colorized ls, recursive get/put/ls/rm,
-nohup mode transfers, tagging (queueing), multiple connections, proxy
-support and more. It has support for Kerberos4 authentication.
-
-
-
-
-
-You can get the latest version of yafc from
-http://www.stacken.kth.se/~mhe/yafc/.
-
-
-
-
-
-Debian packages are available at
-http://members.home.com/decklin/experimental/.
-
-
-
-
-
-Redhat packages are available at
-http://lz.freeservers.com/linux/yafc.html.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!5. X Window FTP clients
-
-
-There are several graphical FTP clients designed to run on the X Window
-system. These clients offer ease of use for users who are used to graphical
-environments, and sometimes offer versatile options that would be hard to
-implement in a text-based ftp client.
-
-
-
-
-!!5.1 gFTP
-
-
-
-gFTP is an FTP client for X Windows written using Gtk. The interface has
-some similarities to the popular WS_FTP software commonly used on a certain
-unstable operating system.
-
-
-
-
-
-gFTP features simultaneous downloads, resuming of interrupted file transfers,
-file transfer queues, downloading of entire directories, ftp proxy support,
-remote directory caching, passive and non-passive file transfers,
-drag-n-drop support, a very nice connection manager and more.
-
-
-
-
-
-If you are running Red Hat Linux and have the GNOME desktop installed, then
-you probably already have gFTP. If not, you can download gFTP from its
-homepage at
-http://gftp.seul.org/.
-
-
-
-
-!!5.2 WXftp
-
-
-
-WXftp is an FTP client for the X Window System designed to be used mainly on
-Linux workstations. It is written using the WXWindows toolkit, so it
-can be compiled to use either Motif or GTK+
-
-
-
-
-
-It includes an intuitive user interface (much like WS_FTP), a session
-manager, on-line help, a progress bar, and more
-
-
-
-
-
-Check out WXftp's homepage at
-http://www.wxftp.seul.org.
-
-
-
-
-!!5.3 LLNL XDIR and XFTP
-
-
-
-LLNL XFTP was one of the first graphical FTP clients for Linux. It supports
-FXP (file transfer between two remote hosts), and has a Motif based
-interface.
-
-
-
-
-
-More information is available at
-http://www.llnl.gov/ia/xdir_xftp/.
-
-
-
-
-!!5.4 guiftp
-
-
-
-Guiftp is a simple ftp client written with the GTK+ toolkit. It's good if
-you don't need many features and want a simple, clean look.
-
-
-
-
-
-Guiftp's homepage is at
-http://www.altern.org/ldufresne/guiftp/.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!6. FTP Servers
-
-!!6.1 How an FTP Server works
-
-
-
-A traditional FTP server is executed from inetd (the internet superserver
-daemon). The standard FTP port is port 21. When a user tries to log in, the
-FTP server uses a standard system call to check the user name and password
-against the entries in the system password file, or the NIS tables if you
-are using NIS. If the login is correct, the user is given access to the
-system.
-
-
-
-
-
-Anonymous FTP works differently. The user logs in with either the anonymous
-or the ftp username (this can be defined in the config file). He is then
-given access to a directory tree that has been chroot()'ed. This ensures
-that the user can not gain access to directory trees he is not authorized
-for. The chrooted directory tree usually contains a mock filesystem, with
-bin/, etc/, and lib/ directories. The files for download are usually put in
-the pub/ directory.
-
-
-
-
-
-The reason for a mock filesystem in an anonymous FTP tree is that the FTP
-daemon runs external commands for ls requests. You can also place additional
-programs in the bin directory, and a user can run them with the SITE command
-in his ftp client. For example, Red Hat's FTP includes the RPM command (for
-users to query RPM packages on the site).
-
-
-
-
-
-Some FTP servers work differently. For example, some will allow user
-accounts to be set up independant of the system-wide password file (FTP-only
-accounts). Some servers (ProFTPD and NcFTPd for instance) have built-in ls commands and
-do not need a special directory tree within the chroot structure. Other ftp
-servers stray altogether from the standard ftp concept. FTP4ALL, for
-example, does not use system passwords at all. It uses it's own user and
-group file, and has features such as upload/download ratio and customizable
-server messages.
-
-
-
-
-!!6.2 Help with FTP Servers
-
-
-!WU-FTPD
-
-WU-FTPD is the ftp daemon included with many Linux distributions,
-including Red Hat and Caldera. You can learn more about WU-FTPD at
-http://www.wu-ftpd.org.
-
-The WU-FTPD FAQ can be found on the web at
-http://www.cetis.hvu.nl/~koos/wu-ftpd-faq.html.
-
-
-!ProFTPD
-
-ProFTPD is a powerful FTP server that includes Apache-style
-configuration, extensive support for virtual hosts, and internal ls.
-
-A complete command reference and downloads can be found at
-http://www.proftpd.org
-
-
-!AnomicFTPD
-AnomicFTPD is a small, fast, free/GPL, "full" (RFC959 compliant) terminal-based ftpd server in Java with own user account management. Since it's written in Java it runs on many Operation Systems.
-
-The home page of the AnomicFTPD Software, documentation and download can be found at
-http://www.anomic
.de/AnomicFTPServer/
-
-
-
-----
+Describe [HowToFTP]
here.
