ROFF
NAME DESCRIPTION FORMATTING LANGUAGE FORMATTERS PREPROCESSORS MACRO PACKAGES FILE NAME EXTENSIONS EDITING ENVIRONMENT FILES BUGS AUTHOR SEE ALSO
roff - a survey of the roff typesetting system
roff is the general name for a set of type-setting programs, known under names like troff, nroff, groff, etc.
The roff type-setting system consists of a formatting language, macro packages, preprocessors, postprocessors for output devices, user front-end programs, and conversion tools.
The most common roff system today is the free software implementation groff (from `GNU roff'). The pre-groff implementations are referred to as `classical' (dating back as long as 1973).
groff is backward-compatible to its classical ancestors, but has many extensions, and is still evolving. As it is available for almost every computer system it is the de-facto roff standard today.
In spite of its age, roff is in wide use today, e.g., the manual pages on UNIX systems (man-pages) are written in roff. The roff output for text devices is still unmatched, and its graphical output has the same quality as the other free type-setting programs and is better than some of the commercial systems.
This document gives only an overview and provides pointers to further documentation.
This document is not maintained and might be out of date. For the real documentation refer to the groff info file that contains the detailed, actual and concise reference information.
There are three terms that refer to the language of the roff system. The term troff language is used when the classical aspects of roff are stressed, the term groff language includes the GNU extensions, whereas roff language is the general term.
The main source of documentation for all aspects of the groff language is the groff info file. The manual page groff(7) gives a short description of all predefined language elements.
Documents using roff are normal text files decorated by formatting elements. It is very easy to write high-quality documents by using one of the macro packages. These are like high-level programming languages, while the bare roff language compares to a low-level language like C or assembler.
The roff language is a full programming language providing low-level requests, definition of macros, escape sequences, string variables, number or size registers, and C-like flow controls.
Some clarification on the language elements seems to be wanted. Requests are basic formatting commands defined by programming languages like C, C++, etc., whereas macros are formatting commands that are written in the roff language. A document writer will not note any difference in usage for requests or macros, both are written on a line on their own starting with a dot `.'. But the user may define her own macros if desired.
Escape sequences are in-line elements starting with a backslash `'. They are used to implement various features, including the insertion of non-ASCII characters with , the content of strings with * and register variables with n, font changes with f, in-line comments with \(
Formatters are the front-end programs that analyze a groff document and translate it into a form that is suitable for a special device. The traditional roff had two formatters, nroff for text devices and troff for graphical devices.
These programs still exist in the groff implementation, but usually they are accessed through a program called groff. This combined and extended the old functionality into a single program. It has many command-line options, most of them herited from troff. To ease the option jungle, the user-friendly utility grog (from `groff guess') was created. It tries to guess from the document which arguments should be used and displays a suitable command line. Though not being perfect, it is a good starting point.
The classical preprocessors that are still available in groff.
eqn
for including mathematical equations.
grap
for constructing graphical elements (this preprocessor doesn't come with groff; it is an extra package).
grn
for including gremlin pictures.
pic
for creating diagrams.
refer
for bibliographic references.
soelim
for including other roff files.
tbl
for rectangular tables.
Each of these preprocessors defines its own language that is translated into roff code when run through the preprocessor program. So parts written in these languages may be included within a roff document. Such an enhanced document is run through one or more corresponding preprocessors before it is fed into the actual formatter.
The preprocessor programs extract and transform the document parts determined for them. They can be called either in a UNIX pipeline with their program name or automatically with a groff option.
Macro packages are collections of macros that are suitable to format a special kind of documents in a convenient way. This greatly eases the usage of roff. The macro definitions of a package are kept in a file called name.tmac (or tmac.name) where name is the internal roff name for this package. All tmac files are stored in a single or few directories at standard positions.
A macro package that is used in a document is specified by the command line option -m for the formatter like troff -m name or groff -m name. General details on the naming of macro packages and their placement is found in groff_tmac(5).
Famous classical macro packages are man, mandoc, and mdoc for manual pages and me, ms, and mm for books, articles, and letters. Besides these collections, groff provides an increasing number of new macro packages for various applications, for example integration of or conversion into other file formats.
Manual pages (man-pages) take the section number as a file name extension, e.g., the filename for this document is roff.7, i.e., it is kept in section 7 of the man-pages.
The classical macro packages take the package name as an extension, e.g. file.me for a document using the me macro package, file.mm for mm, file.ms for ms, file.pic for pic files, etc.
Most text editors provide support for editing documents using roff. Especially useful is the nroff-mode in all flavors of the Emacs editor.
GROFF_TMAC_PATH
A colon separated list of directories in which to search for macro files, see groff_tmac(5).
GROFF_TYPESETTER
Default device.
GROFF_FONT_PATH
A colon separated list of directories in which to search for the devname directory. troff will first search in directories given with the -F command line option, then in GROFF_FONT_PATH, and finally in the standard directories (/usr/share/groff/1.17.2/font:/usr/lib/font).
By default, groff installs all of its data files in subdirectories of /usr/share/groff/1.17.2/font and in /usr/share/groff/1.17.2/tmac (except wrapper files for system-specific macro packages which will be in /usr/lib/groff/site-tmac). These locations might vary for different systems. In the following, the former is referred to as , the latter as .
/troffrc
Initialization file for troff.
/name.tmac
/tmac.name
Macro files.
/devname/DESC
Device description file for device name.
/devname/F
Font file for font F of device name.
Finally, a local macro directory /usr/share/groff/site-tmac is provided for site-specific macros and packages; by default, it will be searched before the main macro directory.
The groff documentation is in evolution at the moment. It is possible that small inconsistencies between different documents exist temporarily.
This document is part of groff, the GNU roff distribution. It was written by Bernd Warken
It is distributed under the terms of the FDL (GNU Free Documentation License) version 1.1 or later. You should have received a copy of the FDL on your system, it is also available on-line under
.
The main source of information is the groff info(1) file.
The predefined elements of the groff language are also documented in the manual page groff(7).
Formatters and their wrappers: groff(1), grog(1), nroff(1), and troff(1).
Postprocessors for the output devices: grodvi(1), grohtml(1), grolbp(1), grolj4(1), grops(1), and grotty(1).
Standard preprocessors: eqn(1), grn(1), grap(1)?, pic(1), refer(1), soelim(1), and tbl(1).
The man pages for macro packages include groff_tmac(5), __groff_man__(7)?, groff_markup(7)?, __groff_mdoc__(7)?, groff_mdoc.samples(7)?, __groff_me__(7)?, groff_mm(7), __groff_mmroff__(7)?, and groff_ms(7).
The following utilities are available: addftinfo(1), afmtodif(1)?, hpftodit(1), indxbib(1), lookbib(1), pfbtops(1), tfmtodit(1), and gxditview(1)?.
For details on the GNU implementation of the roff system see groff_char(7), __groff_font__(7)?, groff_out(7)?, and the file README in the main directory of the groff source distribution. These also give details on how to contact or join the groff developer group.
Many classical documents are still available on-line.
Especially informative are the original Bell Labs
proceedings for the old, free UNIX 7 found at
http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/cstr.html and the
collection of the late Richard S. Stevens at
http://www.kohala.com/start/troff/.
3 pages link to roff(7):
