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Annotated edit history of ls(1) version 3, including all changes. View license author blame.
Rev Author # Line
3 IanMcDonald 1 <verbatim>
1 perry 2 NAME
3 IanMcDonald 3 ls - list directory contents
4
1 perry 5 SYNOPSIS
3 IanMcDonald 6 ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
7
1 perry 8 DESCRIPTION
3 IanMcDonald 9 List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
10 Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
1 perry 11
3 IanMcDonald 12 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options
13 too.
1 perry 14
3 IanMcDonald 15 -a, --all
16 do not ignore entries starting with .
1 perry 17
3 IanMcDonald 18 -A, --almost-all
19 do not list implied . and ..
1 perry 20
3 IanMcDonald 21 --author
22 with -l, print the author of each file
1 perry 23
3 IanMcDonald 24 -b, --escape
25 print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
1 perry 26
3 IanMcDonald 27 --block-size=SIZE
28 use SIZE-byte blocks
1 perry 29
3 IanMcDonald 30 -B, --ignore-backups
31 do not list implied entries ending with ~
1 perry 32
3 IanMcDonald 33 -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of
34 file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name
35 otherwise: sort by ctime
1 perry 36
3 IanMcDonald 37 -C list entries by columns
1 perry 38
3 IanMcDonald 39 --color[=WHEN]
40 control whether color is used to distinguish file types. WHEN
41 may be ‘never’, ‘always’, or ‘auto’
1 perry 42
3 IanMcDonald 43 -d, --directory
44 list directory entries instead of contents, and do not derefer‐
45 ence symbolic links
1 perry 46
3 IanMcDonald 47 -D, --dired
48 generate output designed for Emacs’ dired mode
1 perry 49
3 IanMcDonald 50 -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -lst
1 perry 51
3 IanMcDonald 52 -F, --classify
53 append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
1 perry 54
3 IanMcDonald 55 --file-type
56 likewise, except do not append ‘*’
1 perry 57
3 IanMcDonald 58 --format=WORD
59 across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1,
60 verbose -l, vertical -C
1 perry 61
3 IanMcDonald 62 --full-time
63 like -l --time-style=full-iso
1 perry 64
3 IanMcDonald 65 -g like -l, but do not list owner
1 perry 66
3 IanMcDonald 67 -G, --no-group
68 like -l, but do not list group
1 perry 69
3 IanMcDonald 70 -h, --human-readable
71 with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
1 perry 72
3 IanMcDonald 73 --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
1 perry 74
3 IanMcDonald 75 -H, --dereference-command-line
76 follow symbolic links listed on the command line
1 perry 77
3 IanMcDonald 78 --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
79 follow each command line symbolic link that points to a direc‐
80 tory
1 perry 81
3 IanMcDonald 82 --hide=PATTERN
83 do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden
84 by -a or -A)
1 perry 85
3 IanMcDonald 86 --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
87 none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify
88 (-F)
1 perry 89
3 IanMcDonald 90 -i, --inode
91 with -l, print the index number of each file
1 perry 92
3 IanMcDonald 93 -I, --ignore=PATTERN
94 do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
1 perry 95
3 IanMcDonald 96 -k like --block-size=1K
1 perry 97
3 IanMcDonald 98 -l use a long listing format
1 perry 99
3 IanMcDonald 100 -L, --dereference
101 when showing file information for a symbolic link, show informa‐
102 tion for the file the link references rather than for the link
103 itself
1 perry 104
3 IanMcDonald 105 -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
1 perry 106
3 IanMcDonald 107 -n, --numeric-uid-gid
108 like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
1 perry 109
3 IanMcDonald 110 -N, --literal
111 print raw entry names (don’t treat e.g. control characters spe‐
112 cially)
1 perry 113
3 IanMcDonald 114 -o like -l, but do not list group information
1 perry 115
3 IanMcDonald 116 -p, --indicator-style=slash
117 append / indicator to directories
1 perry 118
3 IanMcDonald 119 -q, --hide-control-chars
120 print ? instead of non graphic characters
1 perry 121
3 IanMcDonald 122 --show-control-chars
123 show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is
124 ‘ls’ and output is a terminal)
1 perry 125
3 IanMcDonald 126 -Q, --quote-name
127 enclose entry names in double quotes
1 perry 128
3 IanMcDonald 129 --quoting-style=WORD
130 use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell,
131 shell-always, c, escape
1 perry 132
3 IanMcDonald 133 -r, --reverse
134 reverse order while sorting
1 perry 135
3 IanMcDonald 136 -R, --recursive
137 list subdirectories recursively
1 perry 138
3 IanMcDonald 139 -s, --size
140 with -l, print size of each file, in blocks
1 perry 141
3 IanMcDonald 142 -S sort by file size
1 perry 143
3 IanMcDonald 144 --sort=WORD
145 extension -X, none -U, size -S, time -t, version -v, status -c,
146 time -t, atime -u, access -u, use -u
1 perry 147
3 IanMcDonald 148 --time=WORD
149 with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime,
150 access, use, ctime or status; use specified time as sort key if
151 --sort=time
1 perry 152
3 IanMcDonald 153 --time-style=STYLE
154 with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso,
155 locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like ‘date’; if FORMAT
156 is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files
157 and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with ‘posix-’,
158 STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
1 perry 159
3 IanMcDonald 160 -t sort by modification time
1 perry 161
3 IanMcDonald 162 -T, --tabsize=COLS
163 assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
1 perry 164
3 IanMcDonald 165 -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access
166 time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time
1 perry 167
3 IanMcDonald 168 -U do not sort; list entries in directory order
1 perry 169
3 IanMcDonald 170 -v sort by version
1 perry 171
3 IanMcDonald 172 -w, --width=COLS
173 assume screen width instead of current value
1 perry 174
3 IanMcDonald 175 -x list entries by lines instead of by columns
1 perry 176
3 IanMcDonald 177 -X sort alphabetically by entry extension
1 perry 178
3 IanMcDonald 179 -1 list one file per line
1 perry 180
3 IanMcDonald 181 SELinux options:
1 perry 182
3 IanMcDonald 183 --lcontext
184 Display security context. Enable -l. Lines will probably be
185 too wide for most displays.
1 perry 186
3 IanMcDonald 187 -Z, --context
188 Display security context so it fits on most displays. Displays
189 only mode, user, group, security context and file name.
1 perry 190
3 IanMcDonald 191 --scontext
192 Display only security context and file name.
1 perry 193
3 IanMcDonald 194 --help display this help and exit
1 perry 195
3 IanMcDonald 196 --version
197 output version information and exit
1 perry 198
3 IanMcDonald 199 SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of fol‐
200 lowing: kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T,
201 P, E, Z, Y.
1 perry 202
3 IanMcDonald 203 By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is
204 equivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without the
205 optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With
206 --color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is con‐
207 nected to a terminal (tty). The environment variable LS_COLORS can
208 influence the colors, and can be set easily by the dircolors command.
1 perry 209
3 IanMcDonald 210 Exit status is 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems, 2 if serious trouble.
1 perry 211
3 IanMcDonald 212 AUTHOR
213 Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie.
1 perry 214
3 IanMcDonald 215 REPORTING BUGS
216 Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>.
1 perry 217
3 IanMcDonald 218 COPYRIGHT
219 Copyright © 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
220 This is free software. You may redistribute copies of it under the
221 terms of the GNU General Public License
222 <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. There is NO WARRANTY, to the
223 extent permitted by law.
1 perry 224
3 IanMcDonald 225 SEE ALSO
226 The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If
227 the info and ls programs are properly installed at your site, the com‐
228 mand
1 perry 229
3 IanMcDonald 230 info ls
1 perry 231
3 IanMcDonald 232 should give you access to the complete manual.
1 perry 233
3 IanMcDonald 234 </verbatim>
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