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-
-
-
-The Linux+FreeBSD mini-HOWTO
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!!The Linux+FreeBSD mini-HOWTO
-
-!!Niels Kristian Bech Jensen nkbj@image.dkv1.11, 30 March 2000
-
-
-----
-''
-
-
-
-This document describes how to use Linux and FreeBSD on the same system. It
-introduces FreeBSD and discusses how the two operating systems can cooperate,
-e.g. by sharing swap space. You should probably have some experience with
-Linux or FreeBSD and hard drive partitioning (fdisk) before you read this
-document. The tips herein are tested using FreeBSD 2.2.2, but they should be
-valid for newer versions as well. Do not hesitate to mail me if you have
-comments, questions or suggestions about this document. I would also like to
-hear from people who have experience using Linux together with NetBSD or
-OpenBSD.''
-----
-
-
-
-
-!!1. What is FreeBSD?
-
-
-
-
-!!2. The FreeBSD way of labelling hard drives
-
-
-*2.1 FreeBSD ``slices'' and ``partitions''
-
-*2.2 Drive and partition labelling in Linux and FreeBSD
-
-
-
-
-
-!!3. Sharing swap space between Linux and FreeBSD
-
-
-*3.1 Installing and preparing Linux
-
-*3.2 Installing FreeBSD
-
-*3.3 Setting up the FreeBSD swap partition in Linux
-
-
-
-
-
-!!4. Booting FreeBSD using LILO
-
-
-
-
-!!5. Mounting filesystems
-
-
-*5.1 Mounting UFS filesystems under Linux
-
-*5.2 Mounting ext2fs filesystems under FreeBSD
-
-
-
-
-
-!!6. Running foreign binaries
-
-
-*6.1 Running FreeBSD binaries under Linux
-
-*6.2 Running Linux binaries under FreeBSD
-
-
-
-
-
-!!7. Information resources
-
-
-
-
-!!8. Credits and legal stuff
-
-
-*8.1 Legal stuff
-
-----
-
-!!1. What is FreeBSD?
-
-
-
-FreeBSD is a free Unix-like
-operating system much like Linux. The main difference is that, while the
-Linux kernel has been written from scratch, FreeBSD is based on the freely
-redistributable parts of 4.4BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) known as
-4.4BSD-lite. This fact might lead some people to suggest that FreeBSD is
-closer to being ``real'' UNIXreg than Linux. FreeBSD runs only on the
-Intel PC platform (i386 and higher); ports to the DEC Alpha and Sun Sparc
-platforms are being worked on at the moment.
-NetBSD and
-OpenBSD are
-similar to FreeBSD, and both run on several platforms. Hardware requirements
-for all these *BSD systems are similar to those for Linux.
-
-
-The development of FreeBSD is managed in a different way than the Linux
-development. A core team of developers serve as arbitrators and provide
-leadership for the project. Big changes are discussed in advance on the
-mailing lists. The FreeBSD project has two development trees (just like
-Linux): __``-CURRENT''__ and __``-STABLE''__. The ``-CURRENT'' development
-tree is where the development of new features happens. Development to the
-``-STABLE'' tree are restricted to bug fixes and some thoroughly tested new
-features.
-
-
-FreeBSD can be used and (re-)distributed freely just as Linux. Most parts of
-the system are released under the BSD copyright; the rest is under the GNU GPL
-or other
-open-source licences.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!2. The FreeBSD way of labelling hard drives
-
-
-Linux and FreeBSD label hard drives and partitions after two differents
-schemes. This section explains the main differences between the two schemes.
-In fact the FreeBSD labelling scheme is an adaption of the traditional BSD
-labelling style ported to live within the PC's fdisk partitions. Thus it is
-very similar to other BSD-based Unix systems such as NetBSD, OpenBSD, Ultrix,
-Digital Unix, SunOS, and Solaris.
-
-
-
-
-!!2.1 FreeBSD ``slices'' and ``partitions''
-
-
-
-FreeBSD needs one of the four entries in the partition table on your PC's
-hard drive. This primary partition is called a __``slice''__ in FreeBSD
-terminology. It then uses the disklabel program to make up to eight
-partitions in this primary partition. These logical partitions are called
-__``partitions''__ in FreeBSD terminology. This concept is similar to the way
-Linux (and DOS) handles logical partitions in an extended partition. You
-cannot install FreeBSD in an extended partition made by Linux (or DOS). Note
-that the Linux fdisk program doesn't display the BSD partitions in a
-FreeBSD slice from the main menu, but it can display BSD disklabel information
-if you give the command `b'. The output is something like this
-(/dev/hda4 is the FreeBSD slice):
-
-bash# fdisk /dev/hda
-Command (m for help): p
-Disk /dev/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders
-Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes
-Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System
-/dev/hda1 * 1 1 27 54400+ 83 Linux native
-/dev/hda2 28 28 55 56448 83 Linux native
-/dev/hda3 56 56 403 701568 83 Linux native
-/dev/hda4 404 404 621 439488 a5 BSD/386
-Command (m for help): b
-Reading disklabel of /dev/hda4 at sector 1624897.
-BSD disklabel command (m for help): p
-8 partitions:
-# size offset fstype
[[fsize bsize cpg
]
-a: 64512 1624896 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 404 - 419)
-b: 104832 1689408 swap # (Cyl. 420 - 445)
-c: 878976 1624896 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 404 - 621)
-e: 64512 1794240 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 446 - 461)
-f: 645120 1858752 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 462 - 621)
-BSD disklabel command (m for help): q
-bash#
-
-
-
-The letters `a'...`f' in the first column are the same labels as shown below
-in the example for a FreeBSD slice. There are three special partitions in BSD
-parlace. The letter `a' designates the root partition, `b' designates the swap
-partition, while `c' designates the whole slice. See the FreeBSD documentation
-for more information on the ``standard'' way of assigning these letters to
-different partition types.
-
-
-
-
-!!2.2 Drive and partition labelling in Linux and FreeBSD
-
-
-
-The hard drives are labelled in the following way in Linux and FreeBSD:
-
-Linux FreeBSD
-First IDE drive /dev/hda /dev/wd0
-Second IDE drive /dev/hdb /dev/wd1
-First SCSI drive /dev/sda /dev/sd0
-Second SCSI drive /dev/sdb /dev/sd1
-
-
-
-The partitions (FreeBSD slices) on an IDE drive are labelled in the following
-way (/dev/hda is used as an example):
-
-Linux FreeBSD
-First primary partition /dev/hda1 /dev/wd0s1
-Second primary partition /dev/hda2 /dev/wd0s2
-Third primary partition /dev/hda3 /dev/wd0s3
-Fourth primary partition /dev/hda4 /dev/wd0s4
-
-
-
-The partitions in my FreeBSD slice is labelled in the following way. It is the
-labelling you get by default. It is possible to change the labelling if you do
-a custom installation of FreeBSD (/dev/hda4 is the FreeBSD slice in
-the example):
-
-Linux label FreeBSD label FreeBSD mount point
-/dev/hda5 /dev/wd0s4a /
-/dev/hda6 /dev/wd0s4b swap
-/dev/hda7 /dev/wd0s4e /var
-/dev/hda8 /dev/wd0s4f /usr
-
-
-
-If you run dmesg in Linux you will see this as (The linux kernel must be
-build with __UFS filesystem support__ for this to work. See section
-Installing and preparing Linux):
-
-Partition check:
-hda: hda1 hda2 hda3 hda4 < hda5 hda6 hda7 hda8 >
-
-
-
-If you have installed FreeBSD in the /dev/sd1s3 slice
-(/dev/sdb3 in Linux parlace), and /dev/sdb2 is a Linux
-extended partition containing two logical partitions (/dev/sdb5 and
-/dev/sdb6), the previous example would look like this:
-
-Linux label FreeBSD label FreeBSD mount point
-/dev/sdb7 /dev/sd1s3a /
-/dev/sdb8 /dev/sd1s3b swap
-/dev/sdb9 /dev/sd1s3e /var
-/dev/sdb10 /dev/sd1s3f /usr
-
-
-
-This will be shown as
-
-Partition check:
-sdb: sdb1 sdb2 < sdb5 sdb6 > sdb3 < sdb7 sdb8 sdb9 sdb10 >
-
-in the output from dmesg.
-
-
-If you have a Linux extended partition ''after'' your FreeBSD slice you're in
-for trouble, because most Linux kernels installation floppies are build
-without UFS support, they will not recognise the FreeBSD partitions inside the
-slice. What should have have been seen as (/dev/hda3 is the FreeBSD
-slice and /dev/hda4 is the Linux extended partition)
-
-Partition check:
-hda: hda1 hda2 hda3 < hda5 hda6 hda7 hda8 > hda4 < hda9 hda10 >
-
-is seen as:
-
-Partition check:
-hda: hda1 hda2 hda3 hda4 < hda5 hda6 >
-
-
-
-This can give you the wrong device assignment and cause the loss of data. My
-advice is to ''always put your FreeBSD slice after any Linux extended
-partitions, and do not change any logical partitions in your Linux extended
-partitions after installing FreeBSD!''
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!3. Sharing swap space between Linux and FreeBSD
-
-
-This section describes how I got Linux and FreeBSD to share a swap partition.
-There may be other ways to get the same result. You can install FreeBSD before
-Linux if you want to, just pay attention to the order of the partitions in the
-FreeBSD slice.
-
-
-
-
-!! 3.1 Installing and preparing Linux
-
-
-
-The first step is to install Linux as normal. You have to leave space for the
-FreeBSD slice at your hard drive. You don't have to make a Linux swap
-partition, but if you want one, put it in the space you want to allocate for
-FreeBSD. That way you can delete the Linux swap partition later and use the
-space for FreeBSD.
-
-
-When you have installed Linux you have to build a new kernel. Read __The
-Linux Kernel HOWTO__ if this is new to you. You ''have'' to include both
-__UFS filesystem support (read only)__ and __BSD disklabel (FreeBSD
-partition tables) support__:
-
-UFS filesystem support (read only) (CONFIG_UFS_FS) [[N/y/m/?] y
-BSD disklabel (FreeBSD partition tables) support (CONFIG_BSD_DISKLABEL) [[N/y/?]
-(NEW) y
-
-
-
-Install the new kernel and reboot. Remove any line including the word ''swap''
-from your /etc/fstab file if you have made a Linux swap partition.
-''Make sure you have a working Linux boot floppy with the new kernel.'' Now
-you are ready to install FreeBSD.
-
-
-
-
-!!3.2 Installing FreeBSD
-
-
-
-Install FreeBSD as described in the FreeBSD documentation. Remove the Linux
-swap partition if you have made one (you can use the FreeBSD fdisk
-program.) Pay attention to the order of the partitions in the FreeBSD
-slice. If you use the default labelling the second partition will be the swap
-partition. Complete the installation of FreeBSD and reboot into Linux
-''using the new Linux boot floppy''.
-
-
-
-
-!!3.3 Setting up the FreeBSD swap partition in Linux
-
-
-
-Run dmesg when you have booted into Linux. In the output you should see
-something like this:
-
-Partition check:
-hda: hda1 hda2 hda3 hda4 < hda5 hda6 hda7 hda8 >
-
-
-
-This means that /dev/hda4 is your FreeBSD slice, while
-/dev/hda5, /dev/hda6, /dev/hda7 and
-/dev/hda8 are the FreeBSD partitions. If your swap partition is
-the second partition in the slice, it will be /dev/hda6.
-
-
-You have to put the following line into your Linux /etc/fstab file to
-enable the swap partition:
-
-/dev/hda6 none swap sw 0
-
-
-
-While FreeBSD can use any type of partition as swap space, Linux needs a
-special signature in the swap partition. This signature is made by mkswap.
-FreeBSD ruins this signature when it uses the shared swap partition, so you
-will have to run mkswap each time you boot into Linux. To do this
-automagically you have to find the script that runs swapon at boot time.
-In Red Hat Linux it is /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit. Put the following line
-into that file just ''before'' swapon -a:
-
-awk -- '/swap/ && ($1 !~ /#/) { system("mkswap "$1"") }' /etc/fstab
-
-
-
-This will run mkswap on any swap partitions in /etc/fstab every
-time you boot except if they are commented out (having ``#'' as the first
-character in the line.)
-
-
-Run free to check out the size of the swap space when you have rebooted
-into Linux. You should also reboot into FreeBSD to make sure everything works
-as expected. If it does not, you have probably used the wrong partition
-as swap partition. The only solution to that problem is to reinstall FreeBSD
-and try again. Experience is a great teacher. :-)
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!4. Booting FreeBSD using LILO
-
-
-You can easily boot FreeBSD with LILO. Do not install the FreeBSD boot selector
-(Booteasy) if you want to use LILO. Append the following lines to your
-/etc/lilo.conf file and run lilo (assuming the FreeBSD slice is
-/dev/hda4):
-
-other=/dev/hda4
-table=/dev/hda
-label=FreeBSD
-
-
-
-If you have installed FreeBSD on the second SCSI drive, use something like
-this (the FreeBSD slice being /dev/sdb2):
-
-other=/dev/sdb2
-table=/dev/sdb
-loader=/boot/chain.b
-label=FreeBSD
-
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!5. Mounting filesystems
-
-!!5.1 Mounting UFS filesystems under Linux
-
-
-
-Unfortunately the UFS driver in the Linux 2..xx kernels do not include
-support for FreeBSD. When you try to mount a FreeBSD filesystem, you just
-get some error messages (the filesystem actually gets mounted, but you
-cannot do anything with it.) This problem has been solved in the newer
-Linux kernels (version 2.1.87 and higher.)
-
-
-There is another version of the UFS driver for Linux 2..xx kernels (xx <= 30)
-on
-metalab.unc.edu (the former sunsite.unc.edu). It is called __U2FS__
-and the current version is u2fs-.4.3.tar.gz. A version of U2FS
-(ufs-.4.4.tar.gz) for Linux 2..31 and higher (2..xx; not 2.1.xx) can
-be found at
-this site along with further information about U2FS (and UFS.)
-
-
-Now you have to build a new kernel with support for the U2FS filesystem
-and BSD disklabels. See section
-Installing and preparing Linux for more information on this. You can
-leave out __UFS filesystem support__ from the kernel when you use U2FS.
-
-
-When you have installed the new kernel, you can mount your UFS filesystems
-(all the partitions in the FreeBSD slice except the swap partition) with a
-command like this:
-
-mount -t u2fs /dev/hda8 /mnt
-
-
-
-You should use a command like
-
-mount -t ufs /dev/hda8 /mnt
-
-if you use a Linux kernel version 2.1.87 or higher. From Linux kernel
-version 2.1.112 you must add -o ufstype=44bsd to the command like this:
-
-mount -t ufs -o ufstype=44bsd /dev/hda8 /mnt
-
-
-
-The UFS (and U2FS) driver is read-only. That is; you can read from the UFS
-filesystems but you cannot write to them. An experimental read-write UFS
-driver has replaced the read-only driver in Linux kernels version 2.1.112 and
-higher; writing to FreeBSD partitions is supported from version 2.1.127.
-
-
-
-
-!! 5.2 Mounting ext2fs filesystems under FreeBSD
-
-
-
-To mount ext2fs filesystems under FreeBSD, you first have to build a new
-kernel with ext2fs support. Read
-the FreeBSD handbook to learn how to do that. Put the line
-
-options "EXT2FS"
-
-in your kernel configuration file for the new kernel.
-
-
-When you have booted with the new kernel, you can mount an ext2fs filesystem
-by giving a command like:
-
-mount -t ext2fs /dev/wd0s3 /mnt
-
-
-
-Due to a bug in FreeBSD 2.2.8 and earlier you will have to unmount all ext2fs
-filesystems ''before'' you shut down FreeBSD if you are using these any of
-these versions. If you shut down FreeBSD with an ext2fs filesystem mounted,
-FreeBSD cannot sync the UFS filesystems. This results in fsck being run
-the next time FreeBSD is booted. You can work around this bug by putting the
-line:
-
-umount -a -t ext2fs
-
-in the /etc/rc.shutdown file. The bug has been fixed in FreeBSD 3.x.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!6. Running foreign binaries
-
-!!6.1 Running FreeBSD binaries under Linux
-
-
-
-The iBCS package has support for running FreeBSD binaries under Linux;
-but it's old and unmaintained. I cannot get it to work. Please let me know if
-you have had better luck with this.
-
-
-
-
-!!6.2 Running Linux binaries under FreeBSD
-
-
-
-FreeBSD has the ability to run Linux binaries, both in a.out and ELF formats.
-To do this you have to take the following three steps:
-
-
-
-
-
-#You have to enable Linux compatibility. To do this (in FreeBSD 2.2.2 ---
-details may vary in other versions) you have to edit your /etc/rc.conf
-file and change
-
-linux_enable="NO"
-
-to
-
-linux_enable="YES"
-
-and reboot. Another way to load the Linux binary support is to execute the
-command /usr/bin/linux. This way you don't have to reboot, and you
-don't always have the Linux binary support loaded (i.e. you save memory.)
-Remember to add the line
-
-options COMPAT_LINUX
-
-to the FreeBSD kernel config file if you build a new FreeBSD kernel.
-
-#
-
-#You have to install the Linux shared libraries if your Linux binaries are
-dynamically linked. The libraries are included in FreeBSD 2.2.{2,5,6}
-as the package linux_lib-2.4.tgz (newer versions might be
-available.)
-Run the following command to install the package:
-
-pkg_add <path_to_package>/linux_lib-2.4.tgz
-
-<path_to_package> is the directory where the package
-is stored. You may also load it off the net by:
-
-pkg_add ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/packages-stable/All/linux_lib-2.4.tgz
-
-or by re-running /stand/sysinstall. Enter ``Configure'', ``Packages''
-and use the menus. You should execute the following command if you are running
-statically linked Linux binaries:
-
-brandelf -t Linux <name_of_statically_linked_linux_binary>
-
-
-#
-
-#Install the Linux program(s) you want to run. The program(s) can be
-installed on either UFS or ext2fs filesystems. See section
-Mounting ext2fs filesystems under FreeBSD for more information about
-using ext2fs filesystems under FreeBSD.
-
-#
-
-
-
-I have successfully run the Linux versions of Applixware 4.3 and Netscape 3.01
-(both ELF format) under FreeBSD 2.2.2 using this method (yes, I know there is
-a native FreeBSD version of Netscape 4.) The Linux versions of acroread and
-!StarOffice 3 and 4 also work well under FreeBSD. !StarOffice 5 depends on
-native Linux threads and currently do not work under FreeBSD. Read the FreeBSD
-documentation for more information on this topic.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!7. Information resources
-
-
-The latest version of this mini-HOWTO can be downloaded from
-this site in several formats
-(including SGML and !PostScript.) The document has been translated into
-Japanese by Mr. Teruyoshi Fujiwara as part of
-the JF project.
-
-
-You can find some articles about the difference between Linux and FreeBSD
-
-
-
-You can find more informations about FreeBSD (and download the whole system)
-at
-this site. You can also buy
-the system on CDROMs from
-Walnut Creek CDROM (their servers are running FreeBSD.)
-
-
-The Linux Kernel HOWTO (and this mini-HOWTO) is released as part of
-The Linux Documentation Project.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!8. Credits and legal stuff
-
-
-Thanks to the members of the
-*BSD user group in Denmark for answering the questions of a
-FreeBSD newbie, to Mr. Takeshi Okazaki for bringing the existence of U2FS
-to my attention, and to Mr. David O'Brien for valuable suggestions.
-
-
-
-
-!!8.1 Legal stuff
-
-
-
-Trademarks are owned by their owners.
-
-
-Although the information given in this document is believed to be correct,
-the author will accept no liability for the content of this document. Use
-the tips and examples given herein at your own risk.
-
-
-Copyright (c) 1997-2000 by Niels Kristian Bech Jensen. This document
-may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the
-LDP License at
-http://www.linuxdoc.org/COPYRIGHT.html.
-
-
-
-----
+Describe
[HowToLinuxFreeBSD
] here.
