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@@ -1,3423 +1 @@
-Ingres II HOWTO
-!!!Ingres II HOWTO
-!Pal Domokos
-
-pal@palslib.com
-
-
-
-__Revision History__Revision V1.1.12001/09/05Revised by: pdE-mail changed; links to further Ingres resources.Revision V1.12000/06/20Revised by: pdExtended with material on the full version of Ingres II 2.0Revision V1.011999/12/23Revised by: pdMinor fixesRevision V1.01999/11/07Revised by: pdOriginal version
-
-
-
-
-
-This document helps install the Ingres II Relational
-Database Management System on Linux.
-It covers the setup of both the free Software Development Kit and the
-full version of Ingres.
-Further sections try to make it easier to start working with
-Ingres.
-
-
-
-
-
-----; __Table of Contents__; 1. Introduction: ; 1.1. Copyright; 1.2. Disclaimer; 1.3. New Versions of the HOWTO; 1.4. Credits; 1.5. Audience; 2. Ingres: ; 2.1. University Ingres and Commercial Ingres; 2.2. The Software Development Kit; 2.3. The Beta Version; 2.4. The Ingres II Full Edition; 2.5. The Unicenter TNG Framework; 3. System Requirements: ; 3.1. Hardware; 3.2. Software; 3.3. Kernel Parameters; 3.4. The ingres User and II_SYSTEM; 4. Preparing for the Installation: ; 4.1. Ingres Environment Variables; 4.2. II_LOG_FILE and II_DUAL_LOG; 4.3. Database Locations; 4.4. The iidbdb Database; 4.5. II_DATABASE; 4.6. II_CHECKPOINT; 4.7. II_DUMP; 4.8. II_JOURNAL; 4.9. II_WORK; 4.10. Other Ingres Environment Variables; 5. The Installation Process: ; 5.1. Starting the Installation Program; 5.2. Express Install; 5.3. Manual Install; 5.4. Completing the Initial Configuration; 5.5. Re-installation; 5.6. Command Line Install (SDK); 5.7. Client Installation (Full Version); 5.8. The Installer's Log; 5.9. Checking the Installation; 6. Basic System and Database Administration: ; 6.1. Starting and Stopping Ingres; 6.2. New Ingres Users and Locations; 6.3. Creating and Destroying Databases; 6.4. Collation Sequences; 6.5. Backup and Recovery; 6.6. Configuring Ingres; 6.7. Monitoring Ingres; 6.8. Message Files; 7. Ingres/Net: ; 7.1. User Authentication; 7.2. Login Account Passwords; 7.3. Installation Passwords; 7.4. ingvalidpw; 7.5. Setting up the Client; 7.6. Setting up the Server; 7.7. Using Net; 8. ICE (Internet Commerce Enabled): ; 8.1. Configuring Apache; 8.2. ICE Setup; 9. Miscellaneous Topics: ; 9.1. Automatic Startup and Shutdown; 9.2. ingmenu; 9.3. Circumventing Ingres Net; 9.4. Forms-Based Development Tools; 9.5. Ingperl and Perl DBI; 9.6. Ingres links
-!!!1. Introduction
-!!1.1. Copyright
-
-Copyright © 1999-2001 by Pal Domokos.
-
-
-
-Please freely copy and distribute (sell or give away) this document
-in any format.
-It is requested that corrections and/or comments be forwarded to the document
-maintainer.
-You may create a derivative work and distribute it provided that you:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-#
-
-Send your derivative work (in the most suitable format such
-as SGML) to the LDP
-(Linux Documentation
-Project) or the like for posting on the Internet.
-If not the LDP, then let the
-LDP know where it is available.
-
-
-#
-#
-
-License the derivative work with this same license or use
-GPL.
-Include a copyright notice and at least a pointer to the license used.
-
-
-
-#
-#
-
-Give due credit to previous authors and major contributors.
-If you are considering making a derived work other than a
-translation, it is requested that you discuss your plans with the
-current maintainer.
-
-
-#----
-!!1.2. Disclaimer
-
-To put it briefly: there is no warranty about the validity of any
-other statement in this document.
-Read and use at your own risk.
-
-
-
-Furthermore, I am not an employee of Computer Associates
-International and I have no official links with CA.
-This HOWTO is ''not'' official documentation.
-
-
-
-All copyrights are held by their respective owners.
-Use of a term in this document should not be regarded as affecting the
-validity of any trademark or service mark.
-
-----
-!!1.3. New Versions of the HOWTO
-
-The latest version of this HOWTO can always be found on the
-Linux Documentation Project's
-site, in various formats:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- HTML - multiple pages
-
-
-*
-*
-
- HTML - multiple pages: tarred and gzipped
-
-
-*
-*
-
- HTML - single page
-
-
-*
-*
-
- PDF
-
-
-*
-*
-
- !PostScript - gzipped
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Text
-
-
-*
-*
-
- SGML (!DocBook) source - gzipped
-
-
-*
-
-The LDP has many mirrors around the world, as listed on
- http://www.linuxdoc.org/mirrors.html.
-Some of these mirrors may be out of date, though.
-Therefore I suggest you check
-LDP's primary
-site for new versions.
-
-
-
-HOWTOs are also bundled with most Linux distributions.
-If you are reading this HOWTO from your Linux CD, also take a look at
-LDP's
-main site to check if a newer version exists.
-
-----
-!!1.4. Credits
-
-I would like to thank for all the feedback I have received so far.
-I found especially valuable the contributions of Jorgen Heesche
-(on forms-based development tools), and Gerhard Hofmann (on the
-automatic startup and shutdown of Ingres).
-
-
-
-Last, but not least, my thanks go to CA for making it
-possible for me to examine the
-Ingres II 2.0 Enterprise Edition for Linux.
-
-
-
-Naturally, I continue to welcome any comments, criticisms and suggestions.
-Just email me at `pal@palslib.comb.
-
-----
-!!1.5. Audience
-
-This HOWTO aims to help install Ingres II on
-(Intel) Linux.
-As always, help is useful for those who need it and can utilize
-it as well.
-
-
-
-Therefore:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-If you are an Ingres pro familiar
-with Linux then you do not really need to read this HOWTO.
-Skim through it though if you have time.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-If you have no previous background in relational database
-management (experience with at least one real RDBMS,
-not some dBase-like file management system),
-you do not know UNIX and have
-just started using Linux, this HOWTO will not make an easy reading
-for you.
-Even then, I do not want to persuade you ''not'' to
-try to install and use Ingres.
-Do not give up easy!
-
-
-*
-
-If you are not a novice in database management and have some
-working knowledge of Linux, this HOWTO is for you!
-We are not going to discuss the basics of relational database
-management or SQL in this document, neither are we going
-to elaborate on how to edit text files on Linux.
-You can find as much information on these topics as you want in
-numerous places.
-This HOWTO is not an Ingres guide, either: the
-Ingres manuals serve that purpose.
-
-
-
-The objective of this HOWTO is that the reader can prepare for,
-then implement the installation of Ingres II on
-Linux, through simple and understandable steps.
-It also gives starting points for basic Ingres
-system and database administration.
-
-
-
-I can only hope that the HOWTO reaches its goal.
-
-----
-!!!2. Ingres
-
-In this section the Ingres II Relational Database
-Management System is introduced and you come to know how
-to get it.
-
-----
-!!2.1. University Ingres and Commercial Ingres
-
-Let us start with an important fact: there are two different types
-of Ingres.
-The original one, which was designed and developed in the seventies by a
-research group led by Michael Stonebraker at the University of California,
-Berkeley, was the first open source relational database management system:
-it was free to use and distribute, source code included.
-In fact, it ''is'' still free software, although its
-development stopped in 1989.
-Its last version (version 8.9) made it into some Linux distributions as well.
-If you are interested in it, you can download it from, say, the SuSE site.
-The packages are:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- The main software
-
-
-*
-*
-
- The tools
-
-
-*
-
-In 1979, with the foundation of Relational Technology, the career
-of Commercial Ingres started.
-Since 1995 it has been distributed by Computer Associates.
-Its latest version is Ingres II 2..
-This HOWTO deals with the installation of this type of
-Ingres.
-
-----
-!!2.2. The Software Development Kit
-
-Ingres, being commercial software,
-is not free to use.
-However, CA, like most RDBMS vendors,
-offers a free version of it
-(the Software Development Kit) to everyone who is interested in learning
-Ingres.
-The SDK has two variants, one for Windows NT and one
-for Linux.
-These variants are not quite the same as far as the included components
-are concerned.
-Obviously, we are engaged in installing the SDK for
-Linux here.
-This contains the following elements:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-Intelligent DBMS: the database engine.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Internet Commerce Enabled (ICE):
-Ingres' propriatery CGI
-solution to connect a database to the Web.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Enhanced Security: the tool supporting mandatory access
-control.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-C2 Security Auditing: the possibility of C2 level auditing.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Terminal Monitors: forms-based and command line
-SQL interfaces.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Querying and Reporting Tools: forms-based querying,
-report-writing and report-running tools plus a forms editor.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Querying and Reporting Runtime: like the previous one,
-but without the forms editor.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Vision Pro: integrated, forms-based development environment
-with a code generator.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Embedded SQL Precompilers: precompilers for
-embedding SQL statements in 3GL
-applications.
-Supported languages are: C, C++, COBOL, and Fortran.
-
-
-*
-
-You can order a free copy of the
-Ingres SDK CD on
- http://www.cai.com/registration/cd_ingres.htm.
-
-
-
-Remember that you are not allowed to use the
-SDK in a business environment.
-It is for evaluating Ingres and prototyping
-applications only.
-
-
-
-The SDK CD contains both the
-Windows NT and the Linux versions of the Software Development Kit.
-You can find the Linux files in the following directories:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-/doc: the manuals in
-PDF format, together with the Linux version
-of Acrobat Reader
-(linux-ar-40.tar.gz).
-The installer will not copy the documentation to hard disk.
-These manuals are also available on
- http://www.cai.com/products/ingres/documentation_set.htm.
-I will reference some of them later in this document.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-/int_lnx:
-this directory contains ingres.tar,
-the tarball to be installed.
-ingres.tar can be installed directly
-from the CD or you can copy it to hard disk first.
-
-
-*
-
-Do not forget to read the Readme file in the
-root directory on the CD.
-
-----
-!!2.3. The Beta Version
-
-The freshest beta version of the SDK can
-always be downloaded from
- http://www.cai.com/products/betas/ingres_linux/ingres_linux.htm.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-At the time of writing, the version of the downloadable beta is 2.5.
-The next revision of the HOWTO will cover the installation of this
-version, too.
-The 2.0 beta is still available on
- ftp://ftp.cai.com/pub/marketing/ingres/ingresII9808libc6.tar.
-
-----
-!!2.4. The Ingres II Full Edition
-
-In February 2000 Computer Associates announced the general
-availability of Ingres II 2.0 for Linux.
-Besides the components found in the SDK,
-the full edition contains more modules, such as:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-Net: this component makes possible for
-Ingres utilities and user applications
-to access databases residing on different installations.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Replicator: support for replication functions.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Star: for handling distributed databases.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Enterprise Access: communication with different database
-management systems and other, non-relational data sources
-(used to be called Gateways).
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Protocol Bridge: for communicating with clients on different
-types of networks.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Spatial Object Library: for handling two-dimensional spatial
-objects.
-
-
-*
-
-The CD, besides the /doc and
-/int_lnx directories that are common
-with the SDK, contains install.sh, the general
-Ingres installer and its files.
-More on install.sh later, in subsection
-Starting the Installation Program.
-
-----
-!!2.5. The Unicenter TNG Framework
-
-At last, let me note that the Linux version of CA's
-Unicenter TNG Framework also includes
-Ingres as its embedded database management system.
-For this reason, knowing Ingres may come in
-handy when using Unicenter, too.
-You can order a free Unicenter TNG Framework CD on
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- http://www.cai.com/registration/tng_framework_linux/index.htm
-for !RedHat, or
-
-
-*
-*
-
- http://www.cai.com/registration/tng_framework_linux/suse_linux.htm
-for SuSE.
-
-
-*----
-!!!3. System Requirements
-
-In this section you will see what hardware and software
-requirements must be met before you can install
-Ingres.
-The ingres user, owner of the installation, makes a debut, too.
-
-----
-!!3.1. Hardware
-
-The minimal hardware capable of running Ingres
-is:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-486x33 processor, Pentium recommended.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-16 Mb RAM, with 32 Mb swap space (64 Mb
-RAM recommended).
-
-
-*
-*
-
-200 Mb disk space if you install everything (150 Mb will do
-for the SDK).
-You do not need to have this space in one file system: we will discuss
-the possibilities in the section Preparing for the Installation.
-
-
-*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-This is the ''minimum'' recommended configuration.
-Ingres, like most other RDBMSs,
-is a fairly resource-hungry application.
-While your development system will probably run beatifully on a 166 MHz
-Pentium with 64 Mb RAM, a live system with
-potentially many concurrent users would require more iron.
-
-----
-!!3.2. Software
-
-The following software must be present for
-Ingres to run:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-kernel 2..34 or higher.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-libcrypt.so - this library is not included in every Linux
-distribution.
-If this is the case with your system, check your distribution's
-Web site: they must have it somewhere.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-uncompress - certain
-Linux distributions (such as Caldera's Open Linux 2.2) do not
-contain the ncompress package.
-Again, check your distribution's Web site if you do not have it.
-
-
-*
-
-Working glibc versions:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-glibc
-SDK
-Full Version
-glibc 2.07 (eg !RedHat 5.2)
-Yes.
-No.
-glibc 2.1 (eg !RedHat 6.)
-Yes but you need the !RedHat compatibility packages and an
-Ingres patch to be able to use
-the forms-based development tools.
-See Forms-Based Development Tools for details.
-Yes.
-glibc 2.1.1, 2.1.2 (eg !RedHat 6.1)
-No.
-Yes.
-glibc 2.1.3 (eg !RedHat 6.2)
-See glibc 2.1.
-Yes.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-If you are unsure of the version of your glibc, check the
-/lib directory:
-
-
-# ls -l /lib/libc*so
-
-
-The output should be something like:
-
-
--rwxr-xr-x ... /lib/libc-2.1.3.so
-
-
-The version of my glibc is apparently 2.1.3.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-There is no guarantee that if your system meets the above
-requirements you will be able to install Ingres
-on it.
-Sticking to a distribution that is explicitly mentioned in the
-release notes of your Ingres version is the
-best way to avoid installation problems.
-
-----
-!!3.3. Kernel Parameters
-
-The default settings of the Linux kernel are adequate for a
-development Ingres environment.
-For a live system, however, probably to increase the size of the database
-cache(s), you may want to change the built-in value of the
-''SHMMAX'' parameter.
-This parameter sets the maximum size of a shared memory segment.
-By default, it is 32 Mb which allows for a somewhat lesser buffer cache.
-
-
-
-You have two choices to change the value of ''SHMMAX'':
-
-
-
-
-As root, simply __echo__ the new value into
-/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax:
-
-
-#echo 83886080 b /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
-
-
-In the example above, we set the value of ''SHMMAX''
-to 80 Mb.
-The change takes effect immediately but after a reboot, the original value
-is restored.
-
-
-
-The other possibility is to change ''SHMMAX'''s
-default value in the kernel source (the relevant header file is
-/usr/src/linux/include/asm/shmparam.h if you have
-installed the source).
-In this case, you may also have to modify other parameters in the file, then
-rebuild the kernel.
-I suggest you do it only if you know what you are doing.
-For information on how to configure and compile the kernel see
- The Linux Kernel HOWTO by Brian Ward.
-
-----
-!!3.4. The ingres User and II_SYSTEM
-
-We need an account called ingres to install and run
-Ingres.
-He will own the installed software and only he can perform system
-management tasks such as starting and stopping
-Ingres.
-
-
-
-The ingres user may belong to any group.
-In the following example, we will create a separate group for him.
-
-
-
-The verified (therefore, recommended) shell for the ingres user is
-__bash__.
-All examples in this paper apply to this shell.
-If you use some other shell (which is probably just as fine),
-take into account the differences in syntax.
-
-
-
-The binaries, shared libraries, configuration files and
-other files which make up the Ingres software,
-will be located in a tree structure after installation.
-You will set the root of this tree via the shell variable
-II_SYSTEM in the environment of the ingres user (to be exact,
-the root directory will be
-$II_SYSTEM/ingres).
-
-
-
-If you plan to install the whole software, either the
-SDK, or the full version, make sure you have
-the following free space under
-$II_SYSTEM/ingres:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-SDK
-Full Version
-70 Mb
-90 Mb
-
-
-
-
-
-
-10 Mb extra free space is needed during installation.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-If this is the first time you install
-Ingres (I hope you start with the
-SDK, not a live system), I suggest you
-keep the whole installation (the Ingres software,
-databases, backups, sort areas, etc.) in one place so that you can find
-every component easily.
-If you have at least 150-200 Mb free space under
-$II_SYSTEM/ingres
-and you do not plan to create large databases (at least, not
-for some time), your system will work without problems.
-Should you at any later time run out of space, you will always
-have the possibility to relocate some of your databases to other
-partitions.
-
-
-
-In the following, I will assume that II_SYSTEM is set to
-/opt.
-
-
-
-Logging in as root, execute the tasks mentioned above:
-
-
-# useradd -d /opt/ingres -s /bin/bash ingres
-# chmod 755 /opt/ingres
-# passwd ingres
-
-
-The __useradd__ command creates a group with the same
-name as the new user if you do not specify the group on the command line.
-It also creates the user's home directory.
-
-
-
-We set the home directory of ingres to
-/opt/ingres
-($II_SYSTEM/ingres).
-This is not mandatory but convenient.
-
-
-
-
-Finally, append the following lines to the .bashrc
-file of ingres:
-
-
-umask 022
-export II_SYSTEM=/opt
-export PATH=$II_SYSTEM/ingres/bin:$II_SYSTEM/ingres/utility:$PATH
-export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/lib:/usr/lib:$II_SYSTEM/ingres/lib
-export ING_EDIT=/bin/vi
-if
[[ -n "$DISPLAY"
]
-then
-export TERM_INGRES=vt100fx
-else
-export TERM_INGRES=vt100f
-fi
-
-
-ING_EDIT sets the editor that can be called from
-Ingres utilities or application programs.
-Naturally, you can use any editor, not just __vi__.
-You must, however, specify the whole access path to the program.
-(If you stick to __vi__, check if it is under
-/bin: it may be somewhere else
-in your system.)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-If the EDITOR shell variable is set, it overrides
-the value of ING_EDIT.
-
-
-
-Setting TERM_INGRES is necessary for the terminal to
-work properly.
-Forms-based Ingres utilities, such as the
-installer itself, and also applications created with traditional
-Ingres development tools
-(ABF, Vision) make heavy use of function keys.
-The .bashrc above sets TERM_INGRES
-according to the terminal type (X, or VT100-like).
-
-
-
-These settings must be included in the .bashrc
-file of every Ingres user.
-
-----
-!!!4. Preparing for the Installation
-
-This is the longest section and so it should be: after
-careful planning the installation itself should be an easy task.
-
-----
-!!4.1. Ingres Environment Variables
-
-You will use Ingres environment variables
-to determine where to put further elements (besides the software itself)
-of the Ingres installation.
-These variables, unlike II_SYSTEM, are not shell variables
-but rather parameters of Ingres stored in a file.
-Some of them can be changed at any time after the installation, but altering
-the value of others requires a whole re-install.
-Later you will see which of them are of this "stable" nature.
-
-
-
-During installation, you can choose between setting these variables
-manually or letting the installer set them to their default values
-(Express Install option).
-
-
-
-In the following, we will take the relevant
-Ingres environment variables one by one and see
-what each of them is good for.
-It may help if you put their planned values on paper.
-You can find an Installation Worksheet in the
-''Getting Started Guide'' which you can print out and
-use for this purpose.
-
-----
-!!4.2. II_LOG_FILE and II_DUAL_LOG
-
-Ingres uses an installation-wide
-transaction log file to record information on all changes made to any database.
-This information broadly consists of:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-''Before images'' of updated or deleted rows.
-These are necessary for rolling back uncommitted transactions,
-should it be required ''(undo)''.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-The changes made to database objects.
-Recording them makes it possible to ''redo''
-committed transactions after a system crash if the new data
-had not been written to the database prior the crash.
-
-
-*
-
-The transaction log resides in the
-II_LOG_FILE/ingres/log directory,
-where II_LOG_FILE is an Ingres
-environment variable.
-The name of the log file is ingres_log.
-
-
-
-Express Install creates a log file
-of the minimum possible size, 16 Mb.
-Such a log file may not be large enough even in a development system.
-If you have free disk space and choose manual install (in which
-case you can specify the size of the log), set it to something much
-larger.
-
-
-
-Both the location and the size of the log file can be changed
-at any time after installation.
-The method of doing this is described in the
-''System Reference Guide''.
-
-
-
-You also have to decide if you want dual logging (mirroring the
-transaction log).
-If the log gets corrupted for any reason, Ingres
-stops and you have to recover your databases from backup.
-Therefore, in a live system, it is almost compulsory either to have
-some type of RAID protection of the log or to have
-it mirrored by Ingres.
-If you use dual logging, the copy of the log file can be found under
-II_DUAL_LOG/ingres/log.
-Its name is dual_log.
-
-
-
-In a development or test environment, mirroring the log is not
-always necessary.
-
-----
-!!4.3. Database Locations
-
-There can be any number of databases in an
-Ingres installation.
-A database, on the other hand, consists of files of different types.
-These are:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-Control file: it stores certain basic information about the
-database.
-You can see this information with the __infodb__
-command after you have completed the installation.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Data files: every system table, user table, and also every
-index goes in a separate file.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Checkpoint files: checkpoint is the term
-Ingres uses for a database backup.
-A backup can consist of more than file.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Dump files: online backups are possible in
-Ingres, that is, the database may be in
-use while the backup program is running.
-For this reason, the database may change while it is being checkpointed.
-Ingres, so that it can restore the database
-to the state it was in at the ''beginning'' of
-the backup, saves the before images of those data blocks (pages)
-that have changed during the backup process.
-These pages are saved in the dump files.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Journal files: from time to time,
-Ingres writes the records of committed
-transactions from the log file to
-journal files (at least, this is the default behavior: journalling may
-be set off at the database or table level).
-The frequency of the journalling activity is a tunable function of the
-amount of information that is written to the transaction log.
-Journalling protects the installation against media failures:
-if the disk containing the database crashes, you can restore
-the last (just before the failure occurred) committed state
-of the database using a backup (checkpoint) of the database
-and the journals created after that checkpoint was taken.
-If you lose the log disk, you can restore the last committed
-state the database was in at the time the last journal file
-was written.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Work files: Ingres, if it needs to
-sort large volumes of data, creates temporary files on disk.
-
-
-*
-
-The files constituting a database reside in different directories,
-according to their types.
-These directories are specified indirectly, by means of
-Ingres ''locations''.
-
-
-
-There are five location types:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-Data location: place for data files of a database.
-A database can have more than one data location (adding data locations
-to a database is called ''extending'' the database).
-However, every database has a ''primary'' data
-location.
-The system tables and the control file always reside in the primary
-location.
-When creating a table, if you do not specify the location(s) to put
-it in, it will be placed in the primary data location of the
-database.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Checkpoint location: by default, backups are created
here.
-Not necessarily, however: the __ckpdb__ command
-allows you to specify an arbitrary place for the backup, this way you
-can checkpoint a database directly to tape as well.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Dump location: for dump files.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Journal location: this is where the journal files for a
-database reside.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Work location: Ingres creates
-temporary sort files in this location.
-Just like with data locations, a database may have more than one
-work location.
-If this is the case, Ingres, by default,
-uses all of them for each sort operation.
-
-
-*
-
-Let us see how these locations work in practice.
-Say we have a database, called test, with the
-following locations:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-DATALOC1: data location --b
-/opt
-
-
-*
-*
-
-CKPLOC: checkpoint location --b
-/opt
-
-
-*
-*
-
-DMPLOC: dump location --b
-/opt
-
-
-*
-*
-
-JRNLLOC: journal location --b
-/opt
-
-
-*
-*
-
-WORKLOC1: work location --b
-/opt
-
-
-*
-
-Every location of the test database points to the
-/opt directory.
-Elements of the database go in these directories:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-data files:
-/opt/ingres/data/default/test
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
-checkpoint files:
-/opt/ingres/ckp/default/test
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
-dump files:
-/opt/ingres/dmp/default/test
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
-journal files:
-/opt/ingres/jnl/default/test
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
-temporary files:
-/opt/ingres/work/default/test
-
-
-
-*
-
-Let us suppose now, that we ''extend'' the database
-to the following locations:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-DATALOC2: data location --b
-/opt
-
-
-*
-*
-
-DATALOC3: data location --b
-/disk2
-
-
-*
-*
-
-WORKLOC2: work location --b
-/disk2
-
-
-*
-
-The database is effectively extended to the following directories:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-data files:
-/disk2/ingres/data/default/test
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
-temporary files:
-/disk2/ingres/work/default/test
-
-
-
-*
-
-DATALOC2 points to
-/opt, just like DATALOC1.
-Tables to be created in location DATALOC2 will go to
-/opt/ingres/data/default/test,
-the same directory where tables created in location DATALOC1
-reside.
-
-
-
-As is apparent from the example, we could have created just one
-location for DATALOC1, DATALOC2,
-CKPLOC, DMPLOC, JRNLLOC,
-and WORKLOC1.
-
-
-
-Summarizing the main points about locations:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-Every location points to the root of a directory tree.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-More than one location can point to the same directory.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-A location can be used for storing different types of files.
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Databases can share locations.
-You can see from the example why this is true: the name of the
-database becomes part of the directory tree, hence files of
-different databases never mix.
-
-
-
-*----
-!!4.4. The iidbdb Database
-
-Every Ingres installation has a master
-database called iidbdb.
-Ingres stores information about users, locations
-and user databases in this database.
-iidbdb is created by the installer.
-
-
-
-You have to set the locations for iidbdb during
-installation.
-These locations are stored in the following
-Ingres environment variables:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-II_DATABASE: data location
-
-
-*
-*
-
-II_CHECKPOINT: checkpoint location
-
-
-*
-*
-
-II_DUMP: dump location
-
-
-*
-*
-
-II_JOURNAL: journal location
-
-
-*
-*
-
-II_WORK: work location
-
-
-*
-
-These variables determine the default locations for every user database
-as well, if you do not override them when creating those databases.
-See Creating and Destroying Databases for more information.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Changing the value of II_DATABASE,
-II_CHECKPOINT, II_DUMP,
-II_JOURNAL, or II_WORK requires a complete
-re-install of Ingres.
-
-
-
-Let us see these variables one by one.
-
-----
-!!4.5. II_DATABASE
-
-II_DATABASE determines the data location of
-iidbdb.
-Its default value is $II_SYSTEM (in case of a manual
-install you can enter a different value for II_DATABASE,
-while Express Install inevitably sets it to
-$II_SYSTEM).
-
-
-
-The size of iidbdb after the installation is
-somewhat more than 5 Mb.
-It can only grow significantly if you create hundreds of
-Ingres users, databases or locations.
-
-----
-!!4.6. II_CHECKPOINT
-
-II_CHECKPOINT contains the value for the checkpoint
-location of iidbdb.
-By default, it is also set to $II_SYSTEM.
-
-
-
-The size of a checkpoint is just about the same as that of the database
-itself (at least until you modify the template file of the checkpoint program:
-it is possible, as you will see in Backup and Recovery).
-The installer takes the first checkpoint of iidbdb.
-
-
-
-If you plan to place checkpoints of user databases under
-II_CHECKPOINT then you have to provide for more space here.
-
-
-
-
-A further factor that must be taken into account is how long you want
-to keep backups.
-When starting the checkpoint program, you can request the deletion of older
-backups if you do not have too much free space.
-
-----
-!!4.7. II_DUMP
-
-II_DUMP determines the dump location of the
-iidbdb database.
-By default, its value equals to that of II_CHECKPOINT.
-
-
-
-By the end of the installation process, II_DUMP will
-contain a very small amount of data.
-If you always create checkpoints off-line then you will not need much space
-here.
-
-----
-!!4.8. II_JOURNAL
-
-II_JOURNAL contains the value for the journal location
-of the iidbdb database.
-Its default value is the same as II_CHECKPOINT's.
-
-
-
-The first checkpoint, taken by the installer causes the first, small
-journal file to appear here.
-If you do not use different journal locations for user databases then the
-necessary amount of free space under II_JOURNAL depends on
-three factors:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-Whether you want Ingres to journal
-at all.
-If you take checkpoints of your databases regularly and do not mind
-losing the changes you have made to them since the latest checkpoint,
-you may switch off journalling.
-Naturally, running a live system without journalling is usually not
-acceptable.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-If journalling is switched on, then the growth rate of the
-journal area is determined by the volume of changes made to the
-databases.
-Frequent, large updates require quite a bit of space under
-II_JOURNAL.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-The third factor is, how long you wish to keep old journal files.
-If, when taking a checkpoint, you instruct __ckpdb__
-to delete the old checkpoints, then previous journal files will be
-removed as well.
-
-
-*----
-!!4.9. II_WORK
-
-II_WORK determines the work location of the
-iidbdb database.
-It also defaults to II_CHECKPOINT.
-
-
-
-The problem of sizing the work location only arises if
-II_WORK serves as a work location for user databases as well.
-It is next to impossible to estimate the temporary disk space that will be
-needed here; however, having the size of the largest table multiplied by three
-should work as a starting point.
-
-
-
-Remember that a database can have more than one work location.
-If the original location turns out too small, you can always extend the
-database to further work locations.
-
-----
-!!4.10. Other Ingres Environment Variables
-
-Besides the Ingres environment variables
-that determine locations there are a couple more that you have to set
-during installation (or have Express Install
-set them to their default value). These are:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-II_INSTALLATION: a two-character code,
-identifying the installation.
-Every Ingres installation on a machine
-must have its own, unique, installation code.
-The default value for II_INSTALLATION is
-II.
-Once set, it cannot be changed.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-II_NUM_OF_PROCESSORS: number of processors in
-the machine.
-By default, it is 1.
-If you set it to a higher value, Ingres
-will use spin-locks when accessing the database cache.
-If you do not know what spin-locks are, do not bother.
-The point is to set II_NUM_OF_PROCESSORS to
-2 if you have a multiprocessor machine.
-Its value can be changed at any time later.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-II_CHARSET: this variable determines the code
-set of all character data stored in all databases you will create in
-the installation.
-Its default value is ISO88591.
-Perhaps it is not surprising that changing it to a different value
-after installation may corrupt data stored in your existing databases.
-Since the iidbdb database is created by the
-installer program, you should not choose
-Express Install if
-ISO88591 does not suit you.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-II_TIMEZONE_NAME: name of the time zone, by
-default NA-PACIFIC.
-During manual install you can select its value from a list of valid
-codes.
-Ingres stores all date and time values
-in GMT and adjusts them according to
-II_TIMEZONE_NAME when communicating with the client.
-Therefore, if you set II_TIMEZONE_NAME to a different
-value, you will see all date-time values in the databases change.
-For this reason, set this variable to its final value before creating
-the first user database.
-
-
-*
-
-The (manual) installer prompts you for the value of two further
-parameters which are not Ingres environment
-variables:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-Expected number of concurrent users in the system: this is
-32 by default.
-Based on this number, the installer sets the value of a number of
-other parameters, such as the size of the database cache.
-These derived parameters can later be adjusted.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-SQL-92 compatible databases: by default,
-Ingres databases differ from the
-SQL-92 standard in some ways.
-For example, object names not protected by single or double quotes
-are converted to lower case rather than upper case.
-You can find the other differences in the
-''SQL Reference Guide''.
-
-
-*
-
-After you have made up your mind on the values of all installation
-parameters, you know whether the default values for those variables that
-cannot be changed after installation are acceptable to you.
-If they are, you can choose Express Install.
-
-----
-!!!5. The Installation Process
-
-In this section, the actual installation of
-Ingres takes place.
-
-----
-!!5.1. Starting the Installation Program
-
-In the following I will presume that you install directly from the CD
-which is mounted under /cdrom.
-Depending on whether you install the SDK or the full
-version of Ingres, you have to start the installation
-differently.
-
-
-
-For the SDK:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-#
-
-Log in as ''ingres''.
-
-
-#
-#
-
-__cd__ to
-$II_SYSTEM/ingres if it is not
-your home directory.
-
-
-#
-#
-
-Unpack the install
-subdirectory from the tar file.
-
-
-#
-#
-
-Start the __ingbuild__ program.
-
-
-#
-$ cd $II_SYSTEM/ingres
-$ tar xf /cdrom/int_lnx/ingres.tar install
-$ install/ingbuild
-
-
-For the full version:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-#
-
-Log in as ''root''.
-
-
-#
-#
-
-Start the installer.
-
-
-#
-# /cdrom/install.sh
-
-
-In this latter case, you have to let the installer know the owner of
-the installation (ingres), and the value of II_SYSTEM.
-After that, __install.sh__ starts __ingbuild__
-for you.
-
-
-
-From this point on, the installation process is the same for both
-options.
-
-
-
-On the starting screen of __ingbuild__ you have to
-specify the path to the tar file and select the type of install:
-Custom or Package.
-I suggest you go for Custom Install
-to be able to choose exactly those elements you want to install.
-
-
-
-After choosing Custom Install, a table on
-the next screen shows all components of your Ingres
-version together with their respective sizes.
-Because of common parts in different components, the sizes added up indicate
-much more disk space than is really needed for the installation.
-
-
-
-By default every component is set to be installed.
-If you want to exclude some of them, write "No"
-in their "Install?" field.
-
-
-
-You had previously decided if the default values for the "stable"
-Ingres environment variables were acceptable
-for your installation.
-If this is the case, you can choose Express Install
-here.
-Remember that you can alter the value of II_LOG_FILE as well as
-the size of the transaction log at any time later.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-If this is your first Ingres install,
-you have the necessary space under
-$II_SYSTEM/ingres
-and the "stable" parameters' default values are OK, I suggest you choose
-Express Install.
-
-
-
-Therefore, let us see this option first.
-
-----
-!!5.2. Express Install
-
-In the case of Express Install, the installer
-executes the following tasks:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-It untars all chosen components from the
-ingres.tar file to the
-$II_SYSTEM/ingres/install/tmp
-directory.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Checks the integrity of the components.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Puts the components in appropriate subdirectories under
-$II_SYSTEM/ingres.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Sets the Ingres environment
-variables to their default values.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Starts Ingres.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Creates the iidbdb database.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Takes a checkpoint of iidbdb.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Stops Ingres.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Sets up those components that require this (ABF,
-Enhanced Security, etc).
-
-
-*
-
-If the installation process went OK, the program tells you that every
-installed component is ready to use.
-In the table on the screen the "Install?" column shows
-"Ready" for every selected component.
-
-
-
-Ingres is installed on your machine.
-Jump to Completing the Initial Configuration.
-
-----
-!!5.3. Manual Install
-
-If you choose Install rather than
-Express Install, the installer untars
-ingres.tar, checks the integrity of the components
-and puts them in their respective directories.
-Then it asks you if you want to setup these components now.
-
-
-
-If you decide to do the setup later, the installer stops.
-In the table containing the components the "Install?"
-column shows "Not Set Up" for every
-selected component.
-You can run __ingbuild__ again at any time and choose one of
-the options Setup All or
-Setup to set up all or one of the components.
-A component cannot be used until it has been set up.
-
-
-
-Let us see what happens if you choose to set up the components.
-
-
-
-First, you have to set up the DBMS server.
-On the screens to follow you will see a fair amount of explanatory text about
-the parameters we have covered earlier.
-
-
-
-During the setup phase, the installer prompts you for the values of
-the Ingres environment variables and the other
-necessary parameters:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-II_INSTALLATION.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-II_DATABASE.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-II_CHECKPOINT: if you set it to the same value
-as II_DATABASE, the installer warns you of the dangers
-of losing a database and its backup at the same time.
-You have to repeat II_CHECKPOINT's value for the
-program to accept it.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-II_JOURNAL.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-II_DUMP.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-II_WORK.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-II_LOG_FILE: the installer reminds you of
-Ingres' capability of mirroring the
-transaction log.
-Naturally, it only makes sense if the mirrored log file is on a
-different disk than the primary log file.
-The installer asks you if you want to ''disable''
-dual logging.
-Then you have to specify the size of the log (16 Mb by default,
-make it bigger if you have free disk space as I suggested earlier).
-After this you have to tell the installer where to put the primary
-log file, and, if you did not switch off dual logging, the dual log
-file (II_DUAL_LOG).
-
-
-*
-*
-
-II_NUM_OF_PROCESSORS.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-II_TIMEZONE_NAME.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-II_CHARSET.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Expected number of concurrent users.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-SQL-92 compatible databases.
-
-
-*
-
-At every prompt, enter the appropriate parameter's previously decided
-value.
-
-
-
-The installer may also ask you about other components you have chosen
-to install.
-Accept the defaults for these.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Full Version
-If you requested the installation of Net,
-make __ingbuild__ set it up.
-Do not bother setting an ''installation password'',
-unless you know what it is: we will complete Net's
-configuration later, in its own section (Ingres/Net).
-
-
-
-
-----
-!!5.4. Completing the Initial Configuration
-
-After an Express Install (but perhaps after
-a manual install as well), you may want to change the values of some of the
-Ingres environment variables.
-You will see how to do this here.
-Stay logged in as ingres.
-
-
-
-You can view the current values of Ingres
-environment variables with the __ingprenv__ command:
-
-
-$ ingprenv
-
-
-You can change the value of any variable with the
-__ingsetenv__ command:
-
-
-$ ingsetenv II_TIMEZONE_NAME GMT1
-
-
-In the example we set II_TIMEZONE_NAME to
-GMT1 (Greenwich Mean Time + 1 hour),
-which happens to be the time zone Hungary is placed in.
-You can find all possible values for II_TIMEZONE_NAME in the
-file $II_SYSTEM/ingres/files/tz.crs (look for the lists
-beginning with the word VALID).
-
-
-
-You can change the value of any other Ingres
-environment variable in a similar way.
-__ingprenv__ and __ingsetenv__ do not require a
-running Ingres server.
-
-
-
-The ''System Reference Guide'' contains the
-description of every Ingres environment variable.
-Let me mention two of those that we have not covered yet.
-
-
-
-II_DATE_FORMAT determines the display format of dates.
-By default, its value is US which provides the format
-dd-mmm-yy.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-The setting of II_DATE_FORMAT has no effect on
-the way dates are stored in the database.
-Ingres always stores full date values,
-century included.
-Hence, you can change the setting of II_DATE_FORMAT without
-the risk of corrupting data.
-In order to avoid Y2K problems in your applications,
-you should use a date format that contains the century, such as
-MULTINATIONAL4 (dd/mm/yyyy)
-or FINLAND (yyyy-mm-dd).
-The latter seems especially proper under Linux :-)
-
-
-
-Another Ingres environment variable that
-has a good chance to be changed from its default value is
-II_MONEY_FORMAT.
-This one is responsible for how values of money type are displayed.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Just like with dates, the value of II_MONEY_FORMAT
-has no impact on the storage format of money columns.
-
-
-
-II_MONEY_FORMAT consists of two parts: the first part
-tells whether the currency sign precedes the amount (L
-= Leading or T = Trailing), the second part describes
-the currency itself ($, DM,
-Ft, etc.: this part is a string of maximum 4 characters).
-The two parts are separated by a colon.
-II_MONEY_FORMAT defaults to L:$.
-
-
-
-Only the ingres user is allowed to use __ingsetenv__,
-since these Ingres environment variables apply to
-the whole installation.
-However, some Ingres environment variables
-(including II_DATE_FORMAT and II_MONEY_FORMAT)
-can be overridden in the users' shell, via Linux variables of the same name.
-You can check the ''System Reference Guide'' about which
-other variables fall into this category.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Be careful: Ingres will not prevent
-you from changing the value of any Ingres
-environment variable, including II_DATABASE,
-II_CHECKPOINT, II_CHARSET, etc.
-(the "stable" parameters as we saw earlier).
-However, if you change one of these, prepare for the nastiest possible
-consequences, the mildest one of which is that
-Ingres will not run.
-
-
-
-You can find information on how to setup Net and ICE
-in separate sections (Ingres/Net, and ICE,
-respectively).
-
-----
-!!5.5. Re-installation
-
-If you want to re-install Ingres for
-any reason, remember to do the following first:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-Backup everything you need from
-$II_SYSTEM/ingres
-(user databases, source code of applications stored there, etc.).
-Also backup any other databases you want to keep that are stored in
-different locations.
-You can use the __unloaddb__ utility for creating
-portable copies of databases.
-On __unloaddb__ see the ''System Reference
-Guide''.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Stop Ingres.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Remove everything under
-$II_SYSTEM/ingres.
-Also remove the contents of every other location where you stored any
-part of any database.
-
-
-*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Databases that are not completely removed can cause problems
-when you try to re-create them.
-
-----
-!!5.6. Command Line Install (SDK)
-
-For installing the SDK, you can run
-__ingbuild__ in batch mode as well.
-The easiest way to do an Express Install is to start
-__ingbuild__ in the following way (logged in as ingres):
-
-
-$ cd $II_SYSTEM/ingres
-$ tar xf /cdrom/int_lnx/ingres.tar install
-$ install/ingbuild -express /cdrom/int_lnx/ingres.tar
-
-
-In this case a regular Express Install takes
-place without having to press another key.
-
-----
-!!5.7. Client Installation (Full Version)
-
-If you have the full Ingres version, you may
-want to set up a client installation.
-If your application will run on a different machine than the database
-server, all you need on the application server is a client
-Ingres installation.
-
-
-
-For a client install, choose !PackageInstall
-in __ingbuild__, then mark
-"Ingres Networked Client" to be installed.
-After the installation has been finished, go to section Ingres/Net
-to set up Net.
-
-----
-!!5.8. The Installer's Log
-
-No matter which type of install you have chosen (Express or Manual),
-you can find all of __ingbuild__'s messages in
-$II_SYSTEM/ingres/files/install.log.
-I suggest you check this file after an
-Express Install to see what happened during the
-installation process.
-On the other hand, if __ingbuild__ stops with an error message,
-also check this log for possible clues to the cause of the error.
-
-----
-!!5.9. Checking the Installation
-
-After you have installed and configured
-Ingres, it is time to check if it works properly.
-Supposing you are still logged in as ingres, start the
-Ingres system:
-
-
-$ ingstart
-
-
-Create a new database:
-
-
-$ createdb test
-
-
-Start the command line SQL interface:
-
-
-$ sql test
-
-
-Create a table, insert a row into it and query the table's contents:
-
-
-
-create table t1 (col1 char(10));
-insert into t1 values ('abcde');
-select * from t1;
-\g
-
-
-If everything went OK, you should see something like the following:
-
-
-$ sql test
-INGRES TERMINAL MONITOR Copyright (c) 1981, 1998 Computer Associates Intl, Inc.
-Ingres Linux Version II 2./9808 (lnx.us5/95)libc6 login
-Sun Oct 3 03:43:54 1999
-continue
-* create table t1 (col1 char(10));
-* insert into t1 values ('abcde');
-* select * from t1;
-* \g
-Executing . . .
-(1 row)
-col1
-abcde
-(1 row)
-continue
-*
-
-
-You can leave __sql__ with the command
-__\q__.
-
-----
-!!!6. Basic System and Database Administration
-
-In this section I outline some of the basic tasks of the
-Ingres system administrator and the
-Ingres database administrator.
-You will also see what tools Ingres provides
-to perform these tasks.
-In the following I suppose you are logged in as ingres.
-
-----
-!!6.1. Starting and Stopping Ingres
-
-You have already seen how to start Ingres:
-
-
-
-$ ingstart
-
-
-To stop Ingres, use the
-__ingstop__ command:
-
-
-$ ingstop
-
-
-__ingstop__ only stops Ingres
-if the are no active user sessions.
-If you want to stop the system regardless of user sessions, use the following
-form:
-
-
-$ ingstop -force
-
-
-In this case, after you have killed Ingres,
-check if it released all shared memory segments and semaphores it had used:
-
-
-
-$ ipcs -a
-
-
-If you see shared memory segments or semaphores in
-__ipcs__'s output that are still attached to the ingres user,
-release them with Ingres'
-__ipcclean__ utility:
-
-
-$ ipcclean
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Take care: forcing Ingres to stop
-might make your databases inconsistent.
-
-----
-!!6.2. New Ingres Users and Locations
-
-In order for any user to have access to the
-Ingres installation, you have to define them as
-Ingres users with the __accessdb__
-utility.
-
-
-
-Start __accessdb__:
-
-
-$ accessdb
-
-
-Select the Users option, then
-Create.
-
-
-
-Here, enter the name of the user.
-You do not have to modify permissions.
-
-
-
-Save, then End,
-and End.
-
-
-
-You can also use __accessdb__ to create new locations,
-change their types or extend databases to new locations.
-The usage of __accessdb__ is covered in the
-''System Reference Guide'' and in the
-''Database Administrator's Guide''.
-
-
-
-As an alternative to __accessdb__, you can maintain
-users and locations by running SQL commands on
-iidbdb (__create user__,
-__create location__, etc.).
-The syntax of these commands can be found in the
-''SQL Reference Guide''.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Since the ingres user has unlimited power of changing
-and possibly destroying any element of an
-Ingres installation, it is highly
-advisable that you only use this account for carrying out administrative
-tasks.
-Create another Linux user and set its environment to that of ingres.
-Register it as an Ingres user via
-__accessdb__ and use this account for everyday work.
-
-----
-!!6.3. Creating and Destroying Databases
-
-In subsection Checking the Installation you created a new database.
-You did not specify any options in the
-
-
-$ createdb test
-
-
-command. Therefore the values stored in II_DATABASE,
-II_CHECKPOINT, etc., became locations for the
-test database.
-You could have specified each location explicitly:
-
-
-$ createdb test -d`data locationb -c`checkpoint locationb -j`journal locationb
--b`dump locationb -w`work locationb
-
-
-You can remove a database with the __destroydb__
-command:
-
-
-$ destroydb test
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Be careful, because Ingres will not
-prompt you before destroying the database.
-
-----
-!!6.4. Collation Sequences
-
-The collation sequence determines which of any two character strings
-should be considered less than the other.
-In Ingres, every database can have its own sort order.
-You can specify the collation sequence when creating the database:
-
-
-createdb test -lhun
-
-
-If you omit the -l parameter, the database will have
-the default collation sequence which is determined by the implicit sort order
-of the code set of the Ingres installation
-(II_CHARSET).
-
-
-
-If you want to use your own collation sequence (it is
-hun in the example above), you have to create a definition
-file first.
-The structure of this file must obey to simple rules by which you specify the
-absolute or relative ordering of letters and/or strings in your language.
-This file must then be compiled by the __aducompile__ utility
-for Ingres to be able to use it.
-
-
-
-The Spanish collation sequence and the collation based on the
-DEC Multinational Character Set are available both in source
-(spanish.dsc and multi.dsc), and
-compiled form (spanish and multi).
-
-
-
-
-You specify these collation sequences in the following way:
-
-
-createdb test -lspanish
-
-
-or
-
-
-createdb test -lmulti
-
-
-The compiled definition files for a collation sequence must be in the
-$II_SYSTEM/ingres/file/collation
-directory.
-The syntax rules of the definition files can be found in the
-''System Reference Guide''.
-It may also be useful to examine the definition files for the Spanish and the
-DEC Multinational collations.
-
-----
-!!6.5. Backup and Recovery
-
-You can back up an Ingres
-database or certain tables in it with the __ckpdb__ utility.
-The following command backs up the test database:
-
-
-$ ckpdb test
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Checkpoints can be taken online.
-
-
-
-Restoring a database can be done with the
-__rollforwarddb__ command:
-
-
-$ rollforwarddb test
-
-
-By default, __rollforwarddb__, using the latest
-checkpoint and all journal files created since that checkpoint, restores the
-database to its last committed state.
-However, you can specify a point in time to restore the database to the state
-it was in at that time.
-You can go back as far as 16 checkpoints
-(Ingres stores data for the last
-16 checkpoints in the control file of the database).
-
-
-
-Both __ckpdb__ and __rollforwarddb__
-accept many parameters.
-You can read more about these commands in the
-''System Reference Guide''.
-Besides, you should read Michael Leo's paper on
-Ingres backup and recovery at
- http://www.naiua.org/papers/backup99.zip.
-
-
-
-Both __ckpdb__ and __rollforwarddb__ use a
-template file ($II_SYSTEM/ingres/files/cktmpl.def).
-By modifying this file, you can customize the Linux commands that do the
-physical backup and restore of the data files.
-Consult the ''Database Administrator's Guide'' for the
-syntax of this file.
-
-----
-!!6.6. Configuring Ingres
-
-Most Ingres parameters can be set via the
-__cbf__ utility.
-This is the program by which you can specify the number of
-DBMS servers, the sizes of different caches and a lot of
-other variables.
-The usage of __cbf__ is detailed in the
-''System Reference Guide''.
-
-----
-!!6.7. Monitoring Ingres
-
-You can use the __ipm__ utility to monitor a running
-Ingres system
-(Visual DBA only runs on Win32).
-With __ipm__, you can monitor and manage user sessions, and
-also the locking and logging subsystems.
-
-----
-!!6.8. Message Files
-
-The Ingres message files reside in the
-$II_SYSTEM/ingres/files directory.
-The most important of these is errlog.log.
-Should any problems arise during the running of
-Ingres, this is the file to check first.
-
-----
-!!!7. Ingres/Net
-
-Ingres/Net is not part of the SDK.
-You only get it with the full version of Ingres.
-It allows applications (Ingres utilities and user
-programs alike) to access Ingres databases on
-other installations (usually on different machines as well).
-On the machine where the application runs, a client
-Ingres installation must be set up.
-We covered the installation of the client in subsection
-Client Installation.
-(Naturally, the client can also be a full Ingres
-installation.)
-
-
-
-
-In this section you will see how to set up Net on both the client
-and server to provide remote access to the DBMS server.
-For a complete description of Ingres/Net I suggest you consult the
-''Ingres/Net User Guide''.
-
-
-
-
-Before starting with Net, however, we need some information on how
-Ingres authenticates its users.
-
-----
-!!7.1. User Authentication
-
-We saw earlier that only valid Ingres users
-can access an Ingres installation.
-Ingres keeps information on its users in the
-iidbdb database.
-But how does Ingres authenticate users?
-
-
-
-In case of local access, the answer is simple:
-Ingres asks the operating system who the user is.
-
-
-
-
-There is an exception to this rule: certain users may be granted
-the privilige to ''impersonate'' other
-Ingres users when starting an
-Ingres utility or application.
-That is why it is not necessary for every Ingres
-user to have an OS account.
-This privilege, however, can only be granted as all-or-none: if you give
-it to somebody, he/she will be able to impersonate
-''any'' other Ingres user,
-including the ingres account.
-Therefore, never grant it to anyone.
-
-
-
-Leaving the authentication of users to the operating system works
-fine for local access.
-But what about users who want to use the database from a remote machine?
-They do not log in to the machine the database resides on (the
-''server''), therefore the server's operating system will
-not authenticate them (they may not even have an OS
-account on the server machine).
-
-
-
-There are two possible ways Ingres can
-authenticate these users.
-We will cover them in the next two subsections.
-
-----
-!!7.2. Login Account Passwords
-
-The first solution to the remote user authentication problem is to
-require that the client provides a local (to the server machine) user name
-and password.
-Then the Ingres server authenticates these
-through standard OS facilities, just like the operating
-system would do with real local accounts.
-
-
-
-In this case, you do not have to set anything in Net on the server.
-The only thing you will need is the __ingvalidpw__
-Ingres utility.
-It will check (by using the getspnam and
-crypt OS functions) if the user's
-name and password are valid on the server machine.
-On how to install __ingvalidpw__, see subsection
-ingvalidpw.
-
-----
-!!7.3. Installation Passwords
-
-The other way of authenticating remote users is that the server
-accepts their user ID ''on the client
-machine''.
-In this case, the remote users do not have to be known to the
-OS on the server.
-
-
-
-How will the server validate clients in this case?
-It is obvious that we need some kind of authentication: anybody can
-create an ingres account on a client machine, then he/she could connect
-to the installation as the ingres super-user.
-
-
-
-This is where the ''installation password'' comes in:
-you set an installation password on the server.
-You then set this password on the client machines ''for those
-accounts'' that you want to allow to access the server under their
-name on the client.
-
-
-
-The Ingres server can then authenticate
-the client by simply checking its installation password.
-
-----
-!!7.4. ingvalidpw
-
-As __ingbuild__ apparently does not bother installing
-__ingvalidpw__, you have to build it yourself.
-
-
-
-Login as root, set the environment as that of ingres, then simply
-type
-
-
-# mkvalidpw
-
-
-This script builds and installs __ingvalidpw__.
-
-----
-!!7.5. Setting up the Client
-
-You will use the __netutil__ utility to set up Net
-on the client side, and, in the case of installation passwords, also on the
-server.
-Let us see the client side first.
-Log in as the account you want to grant access to, or ingres, if you want
-to set up general access.
-Then type:
-
-
-$ netutil
-
-
-You can see three tables on __netutil__'s screen.
-Let us see what fields each of them contains:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-Virtual Node Name: this is the name by which you identify
-the remote Ingres installation,
-similarly as you would define an ODBC data
-source name.
-The name is of local scope and has nothing to do either with the server
-machine's name or the remote installation's code.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Login/Password Data: one or two entries of the following:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-**
-
-Type: can be Global, or
-Private.
-If Private, the entry will only
-pertain to the current account.
-If Global, it will be used for all
-users on the client machine, except for those with a
-Private entry.
-
-
-**
-**
-
-Login: the user account on the server machine.
-In case of an installation password, it should be
-*.
-
-
-**
-**
-
-Password: the password on the server machine (the
-above user's password, or the installation password).
-
-
-**
-*
-*
-
-Connection Data: at least one entry of the following:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-**
-
-Type: can be Global, or
-Private.
-The same applies as in Login/Password Data.
-
-
-**
-**
-
-Network Address: the server machine's address.
-
-
-**
-**
-
-Protocol: the network protocol.
-On Linux, it is probably tcp_ip.
-
-
-**
-**
-
-Listen Address: listen address of the communication
-server as set up by __cbf__.
-By default, it is the same as the installation code.
-
-
-**
-*----
-!!7.6. Setting up the Server
-
-If you want to use an installation password, you have to configure
-Net on the server, too.
-In __netutil__, create a virtual node with the following
-data:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-Virtual Node Name: must be the machine's name.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Login/Password Data
-
-
-
-
-
-
-**
-
-Type: Global.
-
-
-**
-**
-
-Login: *.
-
-
-**
-**
-
-Password: enter the installation password.
-
-
-**
-*
-*
-
-Connection Data: you do not have to enter any data here.
-
-
-*----
-!!7.7. Using Net
-
-After you have configured Net with __netutil__ on the
-client, and, if necessary, on the server, use __netutil__'s
-Test menu option to see if the connection works.
-If it does, you can access a remote database in the following manner
-(let us suppose the name of the database is test,
-the virtual node name for the remote Ingres
-installation is ingserv1):
-
-
-$ sql ingserv1::test
-----
-!!!8. ICE (Internet Commerce Enabled)
-
-ICE is Ingres'
-proprietary gateway to the Web.
-Basically, it is a CGI program that can talk to an
-Ingres server through the
-native Ingres API.
-ICE supports a couple of macro commands which you
-can embed in HTML documents.
-When rendering such a document, ICE first
-executes the macros then outputs the resulting web page.
-
-
-
-On other platforms you can configure ICE as
-a server extension to the Spyglass web server
-which is bundled with Ingres.
-The Linux version of Ingres does not include
-Spyglass.
-Therefore, in this section I will show you how to setup
-ICE as a standalone CGI program under
-Apache, the world's most popular web server.
-
-
-
-You need the __ingvalidpw__ program for
-ICE to work.
-See subsection ingvalidpw on how to install it.
-
-----
-!!8.1. Configuring Apache
-
-Building, installing and configuring Apache
-is beyond the scope of this HOWTO.
-(You had better learn Apache if you are putting
-your databases on the Web, with ICE or otherwise.)
-
-
-
-I suggest to download the newest stable version of
-Apache in source and build it yourself for
-maximum flexibility.
-I also suggest you keep a separate Apache
-installation just for ICE.
-
-
-
-In this subsection I will only cover those parameters of
-Apache that are important from
-ICE's point of view.
-
-
-
-Things to watch out for:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-The installed software should be owned by the ingres user.
-This is not strictly necessary but will make things easier.
-
-
-*
-*
-
-Compile the mod_env module into the server, preferably
-statically (do not use DSOs unless you have to:
-they make Apache slower).
-
-
-*
-
-After you have compiled and installed Apache,
-set the following parameters in httpd.conf:
-
-
-Port 8000 -- must be greater than 1023
-User ingres -- all server processes run as ingres
-Group ingres -- the ingres user's group
-!PassEnv II_SYSTEM
-!PassEnv LD_LIBRARY_PATH
-
-
-The last two lines must be added to httpd.conf.
-These variables will be passed from the environment of the ingres user to the
-environment of CGI programs started by
-Apache (specifically __iceinst__
-and __ice__, the two executables of ICE).
-
-
-----
-!!8.2. ICE Setup
-
-Now you can configure ICE and its Tutorials.
-You can do this with a browser and the __iceinst__ program.
-Let us suppose that your CGI directory is
-/opt/ingres/apache/cgi-bin and
-Apache is listening on port 8000.
-Let the name of your machine be ingserv1.
-Then you can start __iceinst__ in the following manner:
-
-
-$ iceinst -d/opt/ingres/apache/cgi-bin -u/cgi-bin -shttp://ingserv1:8000
--b/opt/netscape/netscape
-
-
-Option -d is the full path to the
-CGI directory, -u is this directory's
-address within the site, -s is the Internet address of the
-server, while -b is the full path to the browser.
-If you omit option -b and write -remote
-instead, then __iceinst__ will not try to start the browser.
-You can configure ICE from another machine then,
-directing your browser to http://ingserv1/cgi-bin/iceinst.
-
-
-
-First the program asks for the value of II_SYSTEM.
-Then you should visit every screen and set all parameters presented on them.
-Have __iceinst__ install the
-''Dynamic SQL Tutorial'' and the
-''Macro Processor Tutorial'' as well.
-These show the usage of ICE via applications and a database
-(icedb by default).
-
-
-
-It is important to create a directory under
-Apache's
-!DocumentRoot where ICE can store the output it
-creates for clients' requests.
-ICE will not start until you create this directory and
-specify its name in __iceinst__.
-
-
-
-After you have completed every form, choose the
-Install option.
-If you have set everything properly, the configuration of
-ICE and the installation of the tutorials take place.
-ICE is ready to use.
-
-----
-!!!9. Miscellaneous Topics
-
-Further hints to the use of Ingres.
-
-----
-!!9.1. Automatic Startup and Shutdown
-
-If you want Ingres to start automatically
-whenever Linux boots and stop when you shutdown or reboot the system, do
-the following:
-
-
-
-Log in as root.
-
-
-
-Check if your Linux variant has System V or BSD style
-__init__ (__init__'s __man__
-page will tell that).
-
-
-
-If your system conforms to System V, the
-/etc/rc.d/init.d directory must exist.
-Create a file there (call it __ingres__ or any other name you
-wish).
-The file should contain at least the following:
-
-
-#!/bin/sh
-case $1 in
-start)
-echo "Starting Ingres"
-su - ingres -c "ingstart"
-;;
-stop)
-echo "Stopping Ingres"
-su - ingres -c "ingstop"
-;;
-*)
-echo "Usage: ingres {start|stop}"
-exit 1
-;;
-esac
-exit
-
-
-Link the file as K01ingres to the directories
-that correspond to the run levels in which Ingres
-should ''stop'':
-
-
-# ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/ingres /etc/rc.d/rc0.d/K01ingres
-# ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/ingres /etc/rc.d/rc1.d/K01ingres
-# ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/ingres /etc/rc.d/rc6.d/K01ingres
-
-
-Also link it as S99ingres to the directories
-that correspond to the run levels in which Ingres
-should ''start'':
-
-
-# ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/ingres /etc/rc.d/rc2.d/S99ingres
-# ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/ingres /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/S99ingres
-# ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/ingres /etc/rc.d/rc4.d/S99ingres
-# ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/ingres /etc/rc.d/rc5.d/S99ingres
-
-
-It is not important to call the links K01ingres
-and S99ingres, the point is that the name starting with
-K should contain a small number (so that
-Ingres stops early when changing to a lower
-runlevel) and the name starting with S should contain
-a large number (so that Ingres starts after
-everything else has started).
-Naturally, the file names must not clash with names of existing files.
-
-
-
-If you have a BSD style __init__,
-put the following lines into /etc/rc.d/rc.local:
-
-
-echo "Starting Ingres"
-su - ingres -c "ingstart"
-
-
-This will start Ingres.
-(As a matter of fact, you can use /etc/rc.d/rc.local
-even if you have a System V style __init__.)
-
-
-
-To stop Ingres automatically, create a file in
-/etc/shutdown.d
-(call it, say, __ingres__) that contains the commands:
-
-
-echo "Stopping Ingres"
-su - ingres -c "ingstop"
-
-
-No matter which type your system is, the files you create must be
-executable files, owned by root.
-
-
-
-Naturally, if your system provides a utility for configuring programs
-to start and stop automatically (such as __chkconfig__ in
-!RedHat), use that if you wish.
-
-----
-!!9.2. ingmenu
-
-The easiest way to access an Ingres database
-(at least, for beginners) is via the __ingmenu__ program.
-From __ingmenu__, you can reach
-Ingres' forms-based utilities, by which you can
-create, update and query tables, create, edit and run reports and
-ABF or Vision applications.
-Its usage is:
-
-
-$ ingmenu test
-
-
-Test is the name of the database.
-
-----
-!!9.3. Circumventing Ingres Net
-
-Without Ingres/Net, in theory it is not possible for
-Ingres applications to access databases on
-different machines.
-However, there exists a method, not supported by CA, by which
-sometimes you can come around this problem.
-
-
-
-Let us suppose your application runs on host ingdev and the database
-(called test) you would like to update or query resides
-on host ingserv.
-Your first task is to find out the port number of the appropriate
-DBMS server running on ingserv.
-You can use __ipm__ for this purpose: as ingres, start
-__ipm__ on ingserv and choose option
-Server List.
-In the list of servers select one that is of type INGRES
-and handles the test database (you have to see either
-test or ALL in column
-Connecting to Databases).
-You find the port number of the DBMS server in the
-first column.
-Let us suppose it is 1259.
-
-
-
-On machine ingdev, set the shell variable II_DBMS_SERVER
-in the following way:
-
-
-$ export II_DBMS_SERVER='ingserv::1259'
-
-
-Now run the command:
-
-
-$ sql test
-
-
-If it works, you have access to the test database
-on host ingserv.
-
-
-
-This solution is applicable only if both machines are of the same
-architecture, the same operating system is running on both of them, the
-character set is the same in both Ingres
-installations, and so on: I do not know the full list of necessary conditions.
-Therefore, I cannot guarantee that this trick will work.
-
-
-
-On the other hand, if you restart Ingres
-on host ingserv, the DBMS server process will get a
-different TCP/IP port, therefore you probably have to
-automate the fetching of the current port number to the application server.
-You can use the __show__ command of the
-__iinamu__ utility for this purpose.
-The following command line gives the port number of the DBMS
-server if there is only one server running:
-
-
-$ echo show | iinamu | grep INGRES | tr -s ' ' '\t' | cut -f4
-----
-!!9.4. Forms-Based Development Tools
-
-The Ingres installation includes a sample
-application, created by ABF,
-the traditional development tool of Ingres.
-You can load it with the __abfdemo__ command.
-Unfortunately, the manuals of ABF
-and Vision cannot be found either
-on the Ingres CD or on the
-CA site.
-
-
-
-There is a problem with the SDK under glibc 2.1:
-applications created by ABF or
-Vision cannot be either compiled or run directly
-from the database.
-This problem is solved in the full Ingres version.
-For the SDK, install the !RedHat glibc 2.0 compatibility
-packages.
-If you do not have !RedHat, download them from the following
-URLs:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/redhat-6./i386/!RedHat/RPMS/compat-binutils-5.2-2.9.1..23.1.i386.rpm
-
-
-*
-*
-
- ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/redhat-6./i386/!RedHat/RPMS/compat-egcs-5.2-1..3a.1.i386.rpm
-
-
-*
-*
-
- ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/redhat-6./i386/!RedHat/RPMS/compat-glibc-5.2-2..7.1.i386.rpm
-
-
-*
-*
-
- ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/redhat-6./i386/!RedHat/RPMS/compat-libs-5.2-1.i386.rpm
-
-
-*
-
-Besides the compatibility packages, you need an
-Ingres patch.
-It was posted on the Ingres newsgroup in September, 1999.
-I have a copy of it, email me if you wish to install it.
-
-
-
-The compatibility packages and the patch probably do not work for all
-Linux distributions.
-I only tested them on !RedHat and Caldera Open Linux.
-
-----
-!!9.5. Ingperl and Perl DBI
-
-Previous Perl versions, version 4 included,
-made Ingres access possible via libraries known
-as ingperl.
-You can find information on ingperl at
- http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~lfm/ingperl.html.
-
-
-
-In Perl 5 a new, unified database
-interface, called Perl DBI,
-appeared.
-Its site is
- http://www.symbolstone.org/technology/perl/DBI/index.html.
-
-
-
-You can download the Ingres
-module of DBI from that site.
-
-----
-!!9.6. Ingres links
-
-I leave you with a few pointers to important
-Ingres sites:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- http://www.cai.com/ingres/:
-home page of the Ingres RDBMS on
-CA's site.
-
-
-*
-*
-
- http://support.cai.com/ingressupp.html:
-Ingres Technical Support.
-
-
-*
-*
-
- http://www.cai.com/ingres/inquire/:
-inquire_ingres: Ingres technical
-magazine.
-
-
-*
-*
-
- http://www.naiua.org: the North American Ingres Users
-Association's site.
-Check the FAQ page, and the
-/papers directory.
-
-
-*
-*
-
- news:comp.databases.ingres: the
-Ingres newsgroup.
-
-
-*
-*
-
- http://www.deja.com/group/comp.databases.ingres: the
-archived Ingres newsgroup on Deja.
-
-
-*
-*
-
- http://munkora.cs.mu.oz.au/~yuan/Ingres/ingres.html: William
-Yuan's Ingres Reference Page with lots of
-Ingres information.
-
-
-*
-*
-
- http://www.mercurie.co.uk/ingres/: Prijesh Patel's Unofficial
-Ingres Web Page with edited posts from the
-Ingres newsgroup.
-
-
-*
-*
-
- http://www.palslib.com/Ingres_II/Ingres_II.html: the
-Ingres section of Pal's Linux RDBMS
-Library.
-
-
-*
-
-Have fun!
+Describe
[HowToIngresIIHOWTO
] here.
