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-
-
-
-Linux Information Sheet
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!!Linux Information Sheet
-
-!!Michael K. Johnson <johnsonm@redhat.com>v4.14, 1 September 1998
-
-
-----
-''This document provides basic information about the Linux operating
-system, including an explanation of Linux, a list of features, some
-requirements, and some resources.''
-----
-
-
-
-
-!!1. Introduction to Linux
-
-
-
-
-!!2. Linux Features
-
-
-
-
-!!3. Hardware Issues
-
-
-*3.1 Minimal configuration
-
-*3.2 Usable configuration
-
-*3.3 Supported hardware
-
-
-
-
-
-!!4. An Incomplete List of Ported Programs and Other Software
-
-
-
-
-!!5. Who uses Linux?
-
-
-
-
-!!6. Getting Linux
-
-
-*6.1 Anonymous FTP
-
-*6.2 CDROM
-
-*6.3 Other methods of obtaining Linux
-
-
-
-
-
-!!7. Legal Status of Linux
-
-
-
-
-!!8. News About Linux
-
-
-
-
-!!9. The Future
-
-
-
-
-!!10. This document
-
-
-
-
-!!11. Legalese
-----
-
-!!1. Introduction to Linux
-
-
-Linux is a completely free reimplementation of the POSIX specification,
-with SYSV and BSD extensions (which means it looks like Unix, but does
-not come from the same source code base), which is available in both
-source code and binary form. Its copyright is owned by Linus Torvalds
-<torvalds@transmeta.com> and other contributors, and is freely
-redistributable under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).
-A copy of the GPL is included with the Linux source; you can also get a
-copy from
-ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/COPYING
-
-__Linux__, per se, is only the kernel of the operating system, the part
-that controls hardware, manages files, separates processes, and so forth.
-There are several combinations of Linux with sets of utilities and
-applications to form a complete operating system. Each of these
-combinations is called a __distribution__ of Linux. The word __Linux__,
-though it in its strictest form refers specifically to the kernel, is
-also widely and correctly to refer to an entire operating system built
-around the Linux kernel. For a list and brief discription of various
-distributions, see
-http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Distribution-HOWTO.html
-__None__ of these distributions is ``the official Linux''.
-
-
-Linux is __not__ public domain, nor is it `shareware'. It is `free'
-software, commonly called __freeware__
-or __Open Source Software
[[tm
]__ (see
-http://www.opensource.org),
-and you may give away or sell
-copies, but you must include the source code or make it available in
-the same way as any binaries you give or sell. If you distribute any
-modifications, you are legally bound to distribute the source for those
-modifications. See the GNU General Public License for details.
-
-
-Linux is still free as of version 2., and will continue to be free.
-Because of the nature of the GPL to which Linux is subject, it would be
-illegal for it to be made not free. Note carefully: the `free' part
-involves access to the source code rather than money; it is perfectly
-legal to charge money for distributing Linux, so long as you also
-distribute the source code. This is a generalization; if you want the
-fine points, read the GPL.
-
-
-Linux runs on 386/486/Pentium machines with ISA, EISA, PCI and VLB busses.
-MCA (IBM's proprietary bus) is not well-supported in 2..x and earlier versions,
-but support has been added to the current development tree, 2.1.x.
-If you are interested, see
-http://glycerine.itsmm.uni.edu/mca
-
-There is a port to multiple Motorola 680x0 platforms
-(currently running on some Amigas, Ataris, and VME machines), which
-now works quite well. It requires a 68020 with an MMU, a 68030, 68040,
-or a 68060, and also requires an FPU. Networking and X now work.
-See
-news:comp.os.linux.m68k
-
-Linux runs well on DEC's Alpha CPU, currently supporting the
-"Jensen", "!NoName", "Cabriolet", "Universal Desktop Box" (better
-known as the Multia), and many other platforms. For more
-information, see
-http://www.azstarnet.com/~axplinux/FAQ.html
-
-Linux runs well on Sun SPARCs; most sun4c, sun4m, and sun4u machines now
-run Linux, with support for sun4 in development.
-Red Hat Linux is (as of this writing) the only
-Linux distribution available for SPARCs; see
-http://www.redhat.com/support/docs/rhl-sparc/
-
-Linux is being actively ported to the PowerPC architecture,
-including !PowerMac (Nubus and PCI), Motorola, IBM, and Be
-machines. See
-http://www.cs.nmt.edu/~linuxppc/ and
-http://www.linuxppc.org/
-
-Ports to other machines, including MIPS (see
-http://linus.linux.sgi.com and
-http://lena.fnet.fr/)
-and ARM,
-are under way and showing various amounts of progress. Don't hold
-your breath, but if you are interested and able to contribute, you may
-well find other developers who wish to work with you.
-
-
-Linux is no longer considered to be in beta testing, as version 1.
-was released on March 14, 1994. There are still bugs in the system,
-and new bugs will creep up and be fixed as time goes on. Because
-Linux follows the ``open development model'', all new versions will
-be released to the public, whether or not they are considered
-``production quality''. However, in order to help people tell whether
-they are getting a stable version or not, the following scheme has
-been implemented: Versions n.x.y, where x is an even number, are
-stable versions, and only bug fixes will be applied as y is
-incremented. So from version 1.2.2 to 1.2.3, there were only bug
-fixes, and no new features. Versions n.x.y, where x is an odd number,
-are beta-quality releases for developers only, and may be unstable and
-may crash, and are having new features added to them all the time.
->From time to time, as the currect development kernel stabilizes, it
-will be frozen as the new ``stable'' kernel, and development will
-continue on a new development version of the kernel. Note that most
-releases of the Linux kernel, beta or not, are relatively robust;
-``stable'' in this context means ``slow to change'' in addition
-to ``robust''.
-
-
-The current stable version is 2..35 (this will continue to change as
-new device drivers get added and bugs fixed), and development has also
-started on the experimental 2.1.x kernels. The Linux kernel source code
-contains a file, Documentation/Changes, which explains changes that
-you should be aware of when upgrading from one kernel version to another.
-However, the great majority of Linux users simply update their Linux
-distribution occasionally to get a new kernel version.
-
-
-Most versions of Linux, beta or not, are quite robust, and you
-can keep using those if they do what you need and you don't
-want to be on the bleeding edge. One site had a computer
-running version .97p1 (dating from the summer of
-1992) for over 136 days without an error or crash. (It would
-have been longer if the backhoe operator hadn't mistaken a main
-power transformer for a dumpster...) Others have posted uptimes
-in excess of a year. One site still had a computer running
-Linux .99p15s over 600 days at last report.
-
-
-One thing to be aware of is that Linux is developed using an
-open and distributed model, instead of a closed and
-centralized model like much other software. This means that
-the current development version is always public (with up to a
-week or two of delay) so that anybody can use it. The result
-is that whenever a version with new functionality is released,
-it almost always contains bugs, but it also results in a very
-rapid development so that the bugs are found and corrected
-quickly, often in hours, as many people work to fix them.
-
-
-In contrast, the closed and centralized model means that there is only
-one person or team working on the project, and they only release
-software that they think is working well. Often this leads to long
-intervals between releases, long waiting for bug fixes, and slower
-development. The latest release of such software to the
-public is sometimes of higher quality, but the development speed is
-generally much slower.
-
-
-For a discussion of these two models, read ``The Cathedral and the Bazaar''
-at
-http://sagan.earthspace.net/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/
-by Eric Raymond.
-
-
-As of September 1, 1998, the current stable version of Linux is
-2..35, and the latest development version is 2.1.119.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!2. Linux Features
-
-
-
-
-
-*multitasking: several programs running at the same time.
-*
-
-*multiuser: several users on the same machine at the same time
-(and __no__ two-user licenses!).
-*
-
-*multiplatform: runs on many different CPUs, not just Intel.
-*
-
-*multiprocessor: SMP support is available on the Intel and
-SPARC platforms (with work currently in progress on other
-platforms), and Linux is used in several loosely-coupled MP
-applications, including Beowulf systems (see
-http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux-web/beowulf/beowulf.html)
-and the Fujitsu AP1000+ SPARC-based supercomputer.
-*
-
-*multithreading: has native kernel support for multiple independent
-threads of control within a single process memory space.
-*
-
-*runs in protected mode on the 386.
-*
-
-*has memory protection between processes, so that one program can't
-bring the whole system down.
-*
-
-*demand loads executables: Linux only reads from disk those parts of a
-program that are actually used.
-*
-
-*shared copy-on-write pages among executables. This means that
-multiple process can use the same memory to run in. When one
-tries to write to that memory, that page (4KB piece of memory)
-is copied somewhere else. Copy-on-write has two benefits:
-increasing speed and decreasing memory use.
-*
-
-*virtual memory using paging (not swapping whole processes) to
-disk: to a separate partition or a file in the filesystem, or
-both, with the possibility of adding more swapping areas during
-runtime (yes, they're still called swapping areas). A total of 16
-of these 128 MB (2GB in recent kernels)
-swapping areas can be used at the same time, for a
-theoretical total of 2 GB of useable swap space. It is simple
-to increase this if necessary, by changing a few lines of source code.
-*
-
-*a unified memory pool for user programs and disk cache, so
-that all free memory can be used for caching, and the cache
-can be reduced when running large programs.
-*
-
-*dynamically linked shared libraries (DLL's), and static libraries
-too, of course.
-*
-
-*does core dumps for post-mortem analysis, allowing
-the use of a debugger on a program not only while it is running
-but also after it has crashed.
-*
-
-*mostly compatible with POSIX, System V, and BSD at the source
-level.
-*
-
-*through an iBCS2-compliant emulation module, mostly compatible with SCO,
-SVR3, and SVR4 at the binary level.
-*
-
-*all source code is available, including the whole kernel and
-all drivers, the development tools and all user programs;
-also, all of it is freely distributable. Plenty of
-commercial programs are being provided for Linux without
-source, but everything that has been free, including the
-entire base operating system, is still free.
-*
-
-*POSIX job control.
-*
-
-*pseudoterminals (pty's).
-*
-
-*387-emulation in the kernel so that programs don't need to
-do their own math emulation. Every computer running Linux
-appears to have a math coprocessor. Of course, if your
-computer already contains an FPU, it will be used instead
-of the emulation, and you can even compile your own kernel
-with math emulation removed, for a small memory gain.
-*
-
-*support for many national or customized keyboards, and it is
-fairly easy to add new ones dynamically.
-*
-
-*multiple virtual consoles: several independent login sessions
-through the console, you switch by pressing a hot-key
-combination (not dependent on video hardware). These are
-dynamically allocated; you can use up to 64.
-*
-
-*Supports several common filesystems, including minix,
-Xenix, and all the common system V filesystems, and has an advanced
-filesystem of its own, which offers filesystems of up to 4 TB,
-and names up to 255 characters long.
-*
-
-*transparent access to MS-DOS partitions (or OS/2 FAT
-partitions) via a special filesystem: you don't need any
-special commands to use the MS-DOS partition, it looks just
-like a normal Unix filesystem (except for funny restrictions
-on filenames, permissions, and so on). MS-DOS 6 compressed
-partitions do not work at this time without a patch (dmsdosfs).
-VFAT (WNT, Windows 95) support and FAT-32 is available in Linux 2.
-*
-
-*special filesystem called UMSDOS which allows Linux to be
-installed on a DOS filesystem.
-*
-
-*read-only HPFS-2 support for OS/2 2.1
-*
-
-*HFS (Macintosh) file system support is available separately as
-a module.
-*
-
-*CD-ROM filesystem which reads all standard formats of CD-ROMs.
-*
-
-*TCP/IP networking, including ftp, telnet, NFS, etc.
-*
-
-*Appletalk server
-*
-
-*Netware client and server
-*
-
-*Lan Manager/Windows Native (SMB) client and server
-*
-
-*Many networking protocols: the base protocols available in the
-latest development kernels include TCP, IPv4, IPv6, AX.25, X.25,
-IPX, DDP (Appletalk), Netrom, and others. Stable network
-protocols included in the stable kernels currently include TCP, IPv4,
-IPX, DDP, and AX.25.
-*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!3. Hardware Issues
-
-!!3.1 Minimal configuration
-
-
-
-The following is probably the smallest possible configuration that
-Linux will work on: 386SX/16, 1 MB RAM, 1.44 MB or 1.2 MB floppy, any
-supported video card (+ keyboards, monitors, and so on of course).
-This should allow you to boot and test whether it works at all on the
-machine, but you won't be able to do anything useful.
-See
-http://rsphy1.anu.edu.au/~gpg109/mem.html for minimal
-Linux configurations
-
-
-In order to do something, you will want some hard disk space as well,
-5 to 10 MB should suffice for a very minimal setup (with only the most
-important commands and perhaps one or two small applications
-installed, like, say, a terminal program). This is still very, very
-limited, and very uncomfortable, as it doesn't leave enough room to do
-just about anything, unless your applications are quite limited. It's
-generally not recommended for anything but testing if things work, and
-of course to be able to brag about small resource requirements.
-
-
-
-
-!!3.2 Usable configuration
-
-
-
-If you are going to run computationally intensive programs, such as
-gcc, X, and TeX, you will probably want a faster processor than a
-386SX/16, but even that should suffice if you are patient.
-
-
-In practice, you will want at least 4 MB of RAM if you don't use X, and 8
-MB if you do. Also, if you want to have several users at a time, or
-run several large programs (compilations for example) at a time, you
-may want more than 4 MB of memory. It may still work with a smaller
-amount of memory, but it will use virtual
-memory (using the hard drive as __slow__ memory) and that will be so
-slow as to be unusable. If you use many programs at the same time, 16 MB will
-reduce swapping considerably. If you don't want to swap appreciably
-under normal load, 32 MB will probably suffice for a single user.
-If you run lots of memory-intensive applications at once, 64 MB may
-be necessary to avoid lots of swapping. Of course, if
-you run memory-hungry applications, you may want more.
-
-
-The amount of hard disk you need depends on what software you want to
-install. The normal basic set of Unix utilities, shells, and
-administrative programs should be comfortable in less than 10 MB, with
-a bit of room to spare for user files. For a more complete system,
-get Red Hat, Debian, or another distribution, and assume
-that you will need 60 to 600 MB, depending on what you choose to install
-and what distribution you get. Add whatever space you want to
-reserve for user files to these totals. With today's prices on hard
-drives, if you are buying a new system, it makes no sense to buy a
-drive that is too small. Get at least 2 GB, preferably 4 GB
-or more, and you will not regret it. Linux will happily handle
-very large hard drive such as the recently popular 11 GB IDE hard
-drives or 18 GB SCSI hard drives.
-
-
-Add more memory, more hard disk, a faster processor and other
-stuff depending on your needs, wishes and budget to go beyond
-the merely usable. In general, one big difference from DOS is
-that with Linux, adding memory makes a large difference,
-whereas with DOS, extra memory doesn't make that much
-difference. This of course has something to do with DOS's
-640KB limit, which is completely nonexistent under Linux.
-
-
-
-
-!!3.3 Supported hardware
-
-
-
-
-
-; __CPU:__:
-
-Anything that runs 386 protected mode programs. All
-models of 386s 486s, Pentiums, Pentium Pros, Pentium IIs,
-and clones of these chips should work. (286s and
-below may someday be supported on a smaller kernel called ELKS
-(Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset), but don't expect the same
-capabilities).
-A version for the 680x0 CPU (for
-''x'' = 2 with external MMU, 3, 4, and 6) which runs on Amigas
-and Ataris can be found at
-tsx-11.mit.edu in the 680x0 directory. Many DEC Alphas, SPARCs,
-and PowerPC machines are supported. Ports are also being
-done to the ARM, StrongARM, and MIPS architectures. More details
-are available elsewhere.
-
-
-
-; __Architecture:__:
-
-PCI, ISA, EISA, and VLB busses. MCA (mostly true
-blue PS/2s) support is incomplete but improving (see above).
-Linux puts higher demands on hardware than DOS, Windows, and
-in fact most operating systems. This means that some marginal hardware
-that doesn't fail when running less demanding operating system may fail
-when running Linux. Linux is an excellent memory tester...
-
-
-
-; __RAM:__:
-
-Up to 1 GB on Intel; more on 64-bit platforms.
-Some people (including Linus) have noted that adding ram
-without adding more cache at the same time has slowed down
-their machine extremely, so if you add memory and find your
-machine slower, try adding more cache. Some machines can
-only cache certain amounts of memory regardless of how much
-RAM is installed (64 MB is the most one popular chipset can
-cache). Over 64 MB of memory will require
-a boot-time parameter with kernels 2..35 and earlier, as the
-BIOS was originally designed to be unable to report more than
-64MB. Recent 2.1.x kernels and later are able to detect more
-memory in a system.
-
-
-
-; __Data storage:__:
-
-Generic AT drives (EIDE, IDE, 16 bit HD
-controllers with MFM or RLL, or ESDI) are supported, as are
-SCSI hard disks and CD-ROMs, with a supported SCSI adaptor.
-Generic XT controllers (8 bit controllers with MFM or RLL) are
-also supported. Supported SCSI adaptors: Advansys, Adaptec 1542, 1522,
-1740, 27xx, and 29xx (with some exceptions) series, Buslogic !MultiMaster
-and Flashpoint, NCR53c8xx-based
-controllers, DPT controllers, Qlogic ISP and FAS controllers,
-Seagate ST-01 and ST-02, Future Domain TMC-88x
-series (or any board based on the TMC950 chip) and
-TMC1660/1680, Ultrastor 14F, 24F and 34F, Western Digital
-wd7000, and others. SCSI, QIC-02, and some QIC-80 tapes are
-also supported. Besides IDE and SCSU cdroms, several proprietary
-CD-ROM devices are also supported,
-including Matsushita/Panasonic, Mitsumi, Sony, Soundblaster,
-Toshiba, ATAPI (EIDE), SCSI, and others. For exact models, check the hardware
-compatibility HOWTO. __N.B.__ These lists are incomplete, and
-always will be. Distribution vendors maintain more up-to-date lists.
-
-
-
-; __Video:__:
-
-VGA, EGA, CGA, or Hercules (and compatibles) work
-in text mode. For graphics and X, there is support for (at
-least) normal VGA, some super-VGA cards (most of the cards
-based on Tseng, Paradise, and some Trident chipsets),
-S3, 8514/A, ATI, Matrox, and Hercules. (Linux uses
-the XFree86 X server, so that determines what cards are
-supported. A full list of supported chipsets alone takes over
-a page. See
-http://www.XFree86.org/)
-
-
-
-; __Networking:__:
-
-Ethernet support includes 3COM 503/509/579/589/595/905 (501/505/507 are
-supported but not recomended), AT&T GIS (neeacute NCR) WaveLAN, most
-WD8390-based cards, most WD80x3-based cards, NE1000/2000 and most clones,
-AC3200, Apricot 82596, AT1700, ATP, DE425/434/435/500, D-Link DE-600/620,
-DEPCA, DE100/101, DE200/201/202 Turbo, DE210, DE422, Cabletron E2100
-(not recommended), Intel !EtherExpress (not recommended), !EtherExpress Pro,
-!EtherExpress 100, DEC EtherWORKS
-3, HP LAN, HP PCLAN/plus, most AMD LANCE-based cards, NI5210, ni6510,
-SMC Ultra, DEC 21040 (tulip), Zenith Z-Note ethernet, All Zircom cards
-and all Cabletron cards other than the E2100 are unsupported, due to
-the manufacturers unwillingness to release programming information freely.
-
-
-FDDI support currently includes the DEF''xx'' cards from
-DEC.
-
-
-Point-to-Point networking support include PPP, SLIP, CSLIP, and PLIP.
-PPP support is available for both standard asyncronous devices like
-modems, and syncronous connections like ISDN.
-
-
-Limited Token Ring support is available.
-
-
-
-; __Serial:__:
-
-Most 16450 and 16550 UART-based boards, including
-AST Fourport, the Usenet Serial Card II, and others.
-Intelligent boards supported include Cyclades
-Cyclom series (supported by the manufacturer), Comtrol
-Rocketport series (supported by the manufacturer), Stallion
-(most boards; supported by the manufacturer), and Digi (some
-boards; supported by the manufacturer). Some ISDN, frame
-relay, and leased line hardware is supported.
-
-
-
-; __Other hardware:__:
-
-!SoundBlaster, !ProAudio Spectrum 16,
-Gravis Ultrasound, most other sound cards, most (all?)
-flavours of bus mice (Microsoft, Logitech, PS/2), etc.
-
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!4. An Incomplete List of Ported Programs and Other Software
-
-
- Most of the common Unix tools and programs have been ported
-to Linux, including almost all GNU software and many X
-clients from various sources. Actually, ported is often too
-strong a word, since many programs compile out of the box
-without modifications, or only small modifications, because
-Linux tracks POSIX quite closely. There are never enough
-applications for any operating system, but Linux is gaining
-both end-user applications and server applications.
-Contact the vendor of your favorite
-commercial Unix application and ask if they have ported it to Linux.
-
-
-Here is an incomplete list of
-software that is known to work under Linux:
-
-
-
-
-; __Basic Unix commands:__:
-
-ls, tr, sed, awk and so
-on (you name it, Linux probably has it).
-
-
-
-; __Development tools:__:
-
-gcc, gdb, make, bison,
-flex, perl, rcs, cvs, prof.
-
-
-
-; __Languages and Environments:__:
-
-C, C++, Objective C, Java, Modula-3,
-Modula-2, Oberon, Ada95, Pascal, Fortran, ML, scheme, Tcl/tk, Perl, Python,
-Common Lisp, and many others.
-
-
-
-; __Graphical environments:__:
-
-GNOME and KDE (desktops),
-X11R6 (XFree86 3.x),
-X11R5 (XFree86 2.x), MGR.
-
-
-
-; __Editors:__:
-
-GNU Emacs, XEmacs, !MicroEmacs, jove, ez,
-epoch, elvis (GNU vi), vim, vile, joe,
-pico, jed, and others.
-
-
-
-; __Shells:__:
-
-bash (POSIX sh-compatible), zsh (includes ksh
-compatiblity mode), pdksh, tcsh, csh, rc,
-es, ash
-(mostly sh-compatible shell used as /bin/sh by BSD), and
-many more.
-
-
-
-; __Telecommunication:__:
-
-PPP, UUCP, SLIP, CSLIP, full TCP/IP
-communication toolset,
-kermit, szrz, minicom, pcomm,
-xcomm, term (runs multiple shells, redirects network
-activity, and allows remote X, all over one modem line), Seyon
-(popular X-windows communications program), and several fax and
-voice-mail (using ZyXEL and other modems) packages are
-available. Of course, remote serial and network logins are supported.
-
-
-
-; __News and mail:__:
-
-C-news, innd, trn, nn, tin,
-smail, elm, mh, exmh, pine, mutt, etc.
-
-
-
-; __Textprocessing:__:
-
-TeX, groff, doc, ez, LyX, Lout,
-Linuxdoc-SGML, and others.
-
-
-
-; __Games:__:
-
-Nethack, several Muds and X games, and lots of
-others. One of those games is looking through all the games available
-at tsx-11 and sunsite.
-
-
-
-All of these programs (and this isn't even a hundredth of what
-is available) are freely available. Commercial software is
-becoming widely available; ask the vendor of your favorite
-commercial software if they support Linux.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!5. Who uses Linux?
-
-
-Linux is freely available, and no one is required to register their
-copies with any central authority, so it is difficult to know how many
-people use Linux. Several businesses now survive solely on
-selling and supporting Linux, and the Linux newsgroups are some
-of the most heavily read on the internet, so the number is likely in
-the millions, but firm numbers are hard to come by. The best
-market research currently indicates between 7.5 and 11 million
-users.
-
-
-
-
-
-One brave soul, Harald T. Alvestrand
-<Harald.T.Alvestrand@uninett.no>, has decided to try to count
-Linux users the hard way: one by one. If you
-are willing to be counted as a Linux user, please use the web forms
-available at
-http://counter.li.org/ Alternatively, you can
-send a message to linux-counter@uninett.no with one of the following
-subjects: `I use Linux at home', `I use Linux at work', or `I use Linux
-at home and at work'. He will also accept `third-party' registrations;
-ask him for details.
-
-
-
-
-
-He posts his counts to
-news:comp.os.linux.misc each month;
-they are also available from
-http://counter.li.org/.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!6. Getting Linux
-
-!!6.1 Anonymous FTP
-
-
-
-For freely-redistributable Linux documentation, see the Linux
-Documentation Project sites at
-ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/LDP/ and
-http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/
-
-
-
-
-Stay tuned to the
-news:comp.os.linux.announce newsgroup for further developments.
-
-
-At least the following anonymous ftp sites carry Linux.
-
-
-
-
-
-Textual name Numeric address Linux directory
-============================= =============== ===============
-tsx-11.mit.edu 18.172.1.2 /pub/linux
-sunsite.unc.edu 152.2.22.81 /pub/Linux
-ftp.funet.fi 128.214.248.6 /pub/Linux
-net.tamu.edu 128.194.177.1 /pub/linux
-ftp.mcc.ac.uk 130.88.203.12 /pub/linux
-src.doc.ic.ac.uk 146.169.2.1 /packages/linux
-fgb1.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de 129.187.200.1 /pub/linux
-ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de 131.159..110 /pub/comp/os/linux
-ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de 137.226.4.111 /pub/linux
-ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de 137.226.225.3 /pub/Linux
-ftp.Germany.EU.net 192.76.144.75 /pub/os/Linux
-ftp.lip6.fr 132.227.77.2 /pub/linux
-ftp.uu.net 137.39.1.9 /systems/unix/linux
-wuarchive.wustl.edu 128.252.135.4 mirrors/linux
-ftp.win.tue.nl 131.155.70.100 /pub/linux
-ftp.stack.urc.tue.nl 131.155.2.71 /pub/linux
-srawgw.sra.co.jp 133.137.4.3 /pub/os/linux
-cair.kaist.ac.kr /pub/Linux
-ftp.denet.dk 129.142.6.74 /pub/OS/linux
-NCTUCCCA.edu.tw 140.111.1.10 /Operating-Systems/Linux
-nic.switch.ch 130.59.1.40 /mirror/linux
-sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch 193.5.24.1 /mirror/linux
-cnuce_arch.cnr.it 131.114.1.10 /pub/Linux
-ftp.monash.edu.au 130.194.11.8 /pub/linux
-ftp.dstc.edu.au 130.102.181.31 /pub/linux
-ftp.sydutech.usyd.edu.au 129.78.192.2 /pub/linux
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-tsx-11.mit.edu and fgb1.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de are the official sites
-for Linux's GCC. Some sites mirror other sites. Please use the site
-closest (network-wise) to you whenever possible.
-
-
-At least sunsite.unc.edu and ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de offer
-ftpmail services. Mail ftpmail@sunsite.unc.edu or
-ftp@informatik.tu-muenchen.de for help.
-
-
-If you are lost, try looking at
-http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Distribution-HOWTO.html,
-where several distributions are enumerated. Red Hat Linux and Debian
-appear to be the most popular distributions at the moment, at
-least in the U.S.
-
-
-
-
-!!6.2 CDROM
-
-
-
-Most people now install Linux from CDROM's. The distributions
-have grown to hundreds of MBs of Linux software, and downloading
-that over even a 28.8 modem or an ISDN connection takes a
-__long__ time.
-
-
-
-
-
-There are essentially two ways to purchase a Linux distribution
-on CDROM: as part of an archive of FTP sites, or directly from
-the manufacturer. If you purchase an archive, you will often
-get several different distributions to choose from, but
-support is generally not included. When you purchase a
-distribution directly from the vendor, you usually only get one
-distribution, but you usually get some form of support, usually
-installation support.
-
-
-
-
-!!6.3 Other methods of obtaining Linux
-
-
-
-There are many BBSs that have Linux files. A list of them
-is occasionally posted to comp.os.linux.announce. Ask friends and
-user groups, or order one of the commmercial distributions. A list of
-these is contained in the Linux distribution HOWTO, available as
-http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Distribution-HOWTO.html,
-and posted regularily to the
-news:comp.os.linux.announce newsgroup.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!7. Legal Status of Linux
-
-
- Although Linux is supplied with the complete source code,
-it is copyrighted software, not public domain. However, it is
-available for free under the GNU General Public License, sometimes
-referred to as the ``copyleft''. See the GPL for more
-information. The programs that run under Linux each have their
-own copyright, although many of them use the GPL as well. X
-uses the MIT X copyright, and some utilities are under the BSD
-copyright. In any case, all of the software on the FTP site is
-freely distributable (or else it shouldn't be there).
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!8. News About Linux
-
-
- A monthly magazine, called ''Linux Journal'', was launched over
-four years ago. It includes articles intended for almost all skill
-levels, and is intended to be helpful to all Linux users.
-One-year subscriptions are $22 in the U.S., $27
-in Canada and Mexico, and $32 elsewhere, payable in US
-currency. Subscription inquiries can be sent via email to
-subs@ssc.com, or faxed to +1-206-782-7191, or phoned to
-+1-206-782-7733, or mailed to Linux Journal, PO Box 85867,
-Seattle, WA 98145-1867 USA. SSC has a PGP public key available
-for encrypting your mail to protect your credit card number;
-finger info@ssc.com to get the key.
-
-
-There are several Usenet newsgroups for Linux
-discussion, and also several mailing lists. See the Linux FAQ
-for more information about the mailing lists (you should be able
-to find the FAQ either in the newsgroup or on the FTP sites).
-
-
-The newsgroup
-news:comp.os.linux.announce is a moderated newsgroup
-for announcements about Linux (new programs, bug fixes, etc).
-
-
-The newsgroup
-news:comp.os.linux.answers is a moderated newsgroup to
-which the Linux FAQ, HOWTO documents, and other documentation
-postings are made.
-
-
-The newsgroup
-news:comp.os.linux.admin is an unmoderated newsgroup for
-discussion of administration of Linux systems.
-
-
-The newsgroup
-news:comp.os.linux.development.system is an unmoderated newsgroup
-specifically for discussion of Linux __kernel__ development. The
-only application development questions that should be discussed
here
-are those that are intimately associated with the kernel. All other
-development questions are probably generic Unix development questions
-and should be directed to a comp.unix group instead, unless
-they are very Linux-specific applications questions, in which
-case they should be directed at comp.os.linux.development.apps.
-
-
-The newsgroup
-news:comp.os.linux.development.apps is an unmoderated
-newsgroup specifically for discussion of Linux-related
-applications development. It is not for discussion of where to
-get applications for Linux, nor a discussion forum for those
-who would like to see applications for Linux.
-
-
-The newsgroup
-news:comp.os.linux.hardware is for Linux-specific
-hardware questions.
-
-
-The newsgroup
-news:comp.os.linux.networking is for Linux-specific
-networking development and setup questions.
-
-
-The newsgroup
-news:comp.os.linux.x is for Linux-specific X Windows
-questions.
-
-
-The newsgroup
-news:comp.os.linux.misc is the replacement for comp.os.linux,
-and is meant for any discussion that doesn't belong elsewhere.
-
-
-In general, __do not__ crosspost between the Linux newsgroups.
-The __only__ crossposting that is appropriate is an occasional posting
-between one unmoderated group and
-news:comp.os.linux.announce.
-The whole point of splitting the old comp.os.linux group into many groups
-is to reduce traffic in each group. Those that do not follow this rule
-will be flamed without mercy...
-
-
-Linux is on the web at the URL
-http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/
-
-
-----
-
-!!9. The Future
-
-
- After Linux 1.0 was released, work was done on several
-enhancements. Linux 1.2 included disk access speedups, TTY improvements,
-virtual memory enhancements, multiple platform
-support, quotas, and more. Linux 2., the current stable version, has
-even more enhancements, including many performance
-improvements, several new networking protocols, one of the
-fastest TCP/IP implementations in the world, and far, far more.
-Even higher performance, more networking protocols, and more device
-drivers will be available in Linux 2.2.
-
-
-Even with over 3/4 million lines of code in the kernel,
-there is plenty of code left to write, and even more documentation.
-Please join the linux-doc@vger.rutgers.edu mailing list if you would
-like to contribute to the documentation. Send mail to
-majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu with a single line containing the word
-``help'' in the body (__NOT__ the subject) of the message.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!10. This document
-
-
-This document is maintained by Michael K. Johnson
-<johnsonm@redhat.com>. Please mail me with any comments, no matter
-how small. I can't do a good job of maintaining this document without
-your help. A more-or-less current copy of this document can always be
-found at
-http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/
-
-
-----
-
-!!11. Legalese
-
-
-Trademarks are owned by their owners. There is no warranty
-about the information in this document. Use and distribute at your
-own risk. The content of this document is in the public domain, but
-please be polite and attribute any quotes
.
-
-
-
-----
+Describe
[HowToINFOSHEET
] here.
