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@@ -1,2857 +1 @@
-Configuration HOWTO
-!!!Configuration HOWTO
-!Guido ``goccia'' Gonzato
-
- ggonza@tin.it
-
-
-
-
- Version 1.99.7. 6 November 2001.
-
-
-
-__Revision History__Revision v1.99.72001-11-06Revised by: ggUpdated and fixed !DocBook tags.Revision v1.99.62000-08-31Revised by: gg
-
-
-
-
-
- This HOWTO aims at making the fine--tuning of your newly installed Linux
-box quicker and easier. Here you will find a set of configuration tips
-for the most common applications and services.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-----; __Table of Contents__; 1. Introduction: ; 1.1. Why This HOWTO; 1.2. What We Will Be Configuring; 2. General System Setup: ; 2.1. A Few Words About Security; 2.2. Start the Logbook!; 2.3. Keyboard; 2.4. Boot and Rescue Floppy; 2.5. Console Colours; 2.6. Kernel Matters; 2.7. Hard Disk Performance; 2.8. Parallel Port Zip Drive; 2.9. Device Drivers; 2.10. Sound Card; 2.11. Login Messages; 2.12. Hostname; 2.13. Mouse; 2.14. Mount Points; 2.15. Automount Points; 2.16. lilo(8) and LOADLIN.EXE; 2.17. Printer Configuration (lpd); 2.18. SVGATextMode; 3. Common Administration Tasks: ; 3.1. Network Configuration; 3.2. Network for Notebooks; 3.3. Sharing the Internet; 3.4. Restricting Network Access; 3.5. NFS Exports; 3.6. Samba; 4. Software Configuration: ; 4.1. bash (1); 4.2. I18n; 4.3. ls (1); 4.4. less (1); 4.5. Editor; 4.6. pine (1); 4.7. minicom (1); 4.8. efax (1); 4.9. Ghostscript; 4.10. TeX and Friends; 4.11. Docbook; 4.12. Avoid PPProblems!; 4.13. POP Client; 4.14. Basic Mail Filtering; 4.15. X Window System (XFree86); 4.16. Users' Configurations; 4.17. Making .rpms; 4.18. Upgrading; 5. Configuration Software + Docs; 6. The End: ; 6.1. Copyright; 6.2. Feedback; 6.3. Disclaimer
-!!!1. Introduction
-!!1.1. Why This HOWTO
-
- Current distributions are approaching perfection, but some fine-tuning is
-still needed. Many new users are intimidated by the apparent complexity of
-a Linux system, and as a result I note that the same questions crop up on
-c.o.l.setup over and over again. To try and remedy this situation, and for
-my own convenience, I wrote a to--do list that eventually became this
-HOWTO. Here you will find configuration tips and examples for the most
-common applications, programs, and services, which should save you a fair
-amount of time and work.
-
-
-
- I realise that this HOWTO is quite !RedHat-centric. Currently, I only have
-access to Red Hat and Mandrake machines, kernels ranging from 2..36 to
-2.2.15; so don't take any of my tips as gospel if you have other
-distributions. Previous versions of this HOWTO provided some information
-for SuSE, Debian and Caldera; but as I no longer have access to those
-machines, I can't keep the details up-to-date. No information is better
-that inaccurate information, so it's up to you to to adapt my tips to your
-distribution.
-
-
-
- This HOWTO can't replace others, and it's not meant to. Reading docs and
-HOWTOs always pays, so you're strongly advised to do so if you want to
-know more. Also, no spoon--feeding here: if you realise you don't
-understand something, please refer to the relevant HOWTO. Let me remind
-you that the right place for seeking help with Linux configuration is
-Usenet, i.e. ''news:comp.os.linux.setup''.
-''Please'', don't seek help from me because I'm quite
-overloaded.
-
-
-
- The official place for this document, which also hosts all other HOWTOs I
-refer to and some translations, is ''http://www.linuxdoc.org
-''.
-
-----
-!!1.2. What We Will Be Configuring
-
- There can be endless hardware configurations for a PC, but in my
-experience one is quite common: a PC fitted with a large HD split into
-three partitions (one for DOS/Windows, one for Linux, one for the swap),
-sound card, modem, CD-ROM drive, printer, mouse. A parallel port Zip Drive
-is also very common. This machine is possibly part of a mixed
-Windows-Linux network, where it acts as server.
-
-
-
- This is the hardware I'll assume you want to configure, but it's easy to
-adapt the following tips to different configurations. It's implicitly
-assumed that you'll be root when editing/fixing/hacking.
-
-
-
- And now, lads, sleeves up.
-
-----
-!!!2. General System Setup
-!!2.1. A Few Words About Security
-
- Even before your system boots, you should decide what level of security
-you want to implement. To begin with, don't connect your machine to the
-network until you have decided what to do.
-
-
-
- Security is a vast subject that goes beyond the scope of this HOWTO; two
-good starting points are the Linux Security Administrator's Guide '' http://www.securityportal.com/lasg'' and the Linux
-Security Guide ''http://nic.com/~dave/!SecurityAdminGuide/index.html
-''. You should consider at least the following steps:
-using shadow passwords (Shadow Password HOWTO), restricting network access
-to the machine (Section Section 3.4), using the Secure
-Shell (''http://www.openssh.org
-'') or the Secure Remote Password ('' http://srp.stanford.edu/srp/''). Good luck.
-
-----
-!!2.2. Start the Logbook!
-
- To keep your installation in shape, it's ''essential''
-that you know exactly what happened to your machine, which packages you
-installed that day, what you removed or modified, and so on. So, the first
-thing you'll do before you tamper with your machine is start a
-``logbook''. Therein you'll take note of ''every'' move
-you make as root; in my own logbook I also keep a section where I list all
-modified system files, additional .rpms, and .tar.gz I installed.
-Optimally, backtracking your moves you should be able to re-obtain a fresh
-installation.
-
-
-
- Make a backup copy of the system files you touch. Better still, use RCS;
-you'll be able to backtrack all changes. Never work as root without
-logging your moves!
-
-----
-!!2.3. Keyboard
-
- If you missed this step during installation or have changed your keyboard,
-you'll have to:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- look for a suitable key table starting from
-/usr/lib/kbd/keymaps/i386; for example,
-querty/it-latin1.kmap.gz supports the Italian keyboard;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- edit the file /etc/sysconfig/keyboard so as it reads:
-KEYTABLE="it-latin1";
-
-
-*
-*
-
- to set up the keyboard repeat rate and delay time, add this line to
-/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit:
-
-/sbin/kbdrate -s -r 16 -d 500 # or whatever you like
-
-
-*
-
-
-
- To load the key table, issue
-
-
-/etc/rc.d/init.d/keytable start
-
- Other special keys will be dealt with in the following sections. To enable
-!NumLock on by default, add these lines to
-/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit:
-
-
-for tty in /dev/tty
[[1-9
]*; do
-setleds -D +num ` $tty
-done
-
- Normally, the Linux console cannot distinguish between, say, Arrow and
-Shift-arrow, but some applications (namely, the editor Section 4.5.3) do. Normally, these key bindings are only available in
-xterm. The following key map, which you can choose to load at boot time,
-is very handy:
-
-
-# Load this key map with: loadkey shift.map
-# Shift + Up
-shift keycode 103 = F100
-string F100 = "\033[[a"
-# Shift + Left
-shift keycode 106 = F101
-string F101 = "\033[[c"
-# Shift + Right
-shift keycode 105 = F102
-string F102 = "\033[[d"
-# Shift + Down
-shift keycode 108 = F103
-string F103 = "\033[[b"
-# Ctrl + Ins
-control keycode 110 = F104
-string F104="\033[[2^"
-# Shift + Ins
-shift keycode 110 = F105
-string F105="\033[[2$"
-# Shift + !PgUp
-shift keycode 104 = F106
-string F106 = "\033[[5$"
-# Shift + !PgDn
-shift keycode 109 = F107
-string F107 = "\033[[6$"
-# Shift + Home
-shift keycode 102 = F108
-string F108 = "\033[[1$"
-# Shift + End
-shift keycode 107 = F109
-string F109 = "\033[[4$"
-# Shift + Del
-shift keycode 111 = F110
-string F110 = "\033[[3$"
-# Ctrl + Del
-control keycode 111 = F111
-string F111 = "\033[[3^"----
-!!2.4. Boot and Rescue Floppy
-
- Make a couple of boot floppies for your newly installed system. Your
-distribution may include a command for creating such a floppy (say,
-mkbootdisk or something like that); if not, these
-commands will do:
-
-
-
-
-#~ dd if=/boot/vmlinuz-2..36-.7 of=/dev/fd0 # use your kernel image
-#~ rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/hda2 # your Linux root partition
-
-
-
- Also, have at least a couple of rescue disks ready. There's a wide choice
-of rescue disks at '' ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/recovery ''; if
-you don't know which one to choose, I suggest you try out Tomsbtrt, whose
-home page is ''http://www.toms.net/rb
-''. It's very complete, but some utilities seem missing
-at first; for example, ftp is not there but you get
-nc (netcat) instead. Please read its documentation.
-
-----
-!!2.5. Console Colours
-
- Why stick to white on black in Linux console? With the
-__setterm__ command you can choose nicer combinations:
-
-
-setterm -background blue -foreground red -bold on -store
-
- Type __setterm__ alone for a list of arguments.
-
-----
-!!2.6. Kernel Matters
-
- IMHO, the first thing to do next is build a kernel that best suits your
-system. It's very simple to do but, in any case, refer to the
-README file in /usr/src/linux/
-or the Kernel HOWTO. Hints:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- consider carefully your needs. Choosing a kernel configuration, applying
-the patches, and compiling it once and for all is more productive than
-reconfiguring and recompiling each month; this is especially true if your
-Linux box is a server. Don't forget to include support for all the
-hardware you might likely add in the future (e.g. SCSI, Zip, network
-cards, etc); using modules is usually the best choice;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- notebook users: if you plan to use a PCMCIA modem/fax, remember to compile
-serial support ''in the kernel''. Don't compile it as a
-module, as this would need more complex configuration;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- remember to compile everything you need; i.e., don't forget the pcmcia
-modules, or the ALSA sound drivers;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- to save time the next time you reconfigure and recompile the kernel, it's
-a good idea to save your configuration on a file and keep it in a safe
-place. If you upgrade the kernel and use ``make oldconfig'', your old
-config file will be taken and any not included features will be prompted
-whether they should be included, resulting in a new, upgraded config file.
-
-
-*
-
-----
-!!2.7. Hard Disk Performance
-
- Your (E)IDE hard disk's performance can be greatly enhanced by
-''carefully'' using hdparm(8). If
-your Linux distribution doesn't include it, you'll find on '' ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/hardware ''; look
-for a file called hdparm-X.Y.tar.gz.
-
-
-
- Since many details depend on your hard disk and HD controller, I can't
-give you a general recipe. You risk to toast your filesystem, so
-''read the man page carefully'' before using some of the
-options. At its simplest, you could add the following line to
-/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit:
-
-
-
-
-/sbin/hdparm -c1 /dev/hda # first IDE drive assumed
-
-
-
- which enables (E)IDE 32-bit I/O support. As for the
-`-m' option, this is what hdparm
-author Mark Lord emailed me:
-
-
-
-" (...) if your system uses components from the past couple of years
-[[` 1997], it will be fine. Older than that, there *may* be a
-problem (unlikely). The really buggy chips were the CMD0646 and RZ1000
-chips, used *extensively* on 486 and (early) 586 motherboards about 2-3
-years ago.
-"
-
-
-
- For recent machines, these settings should work fine:
-
-
-
-
-/sbin/hdparm -c1 -A1 -m16 -d1 /dev/hda
-
-----
-!!2.8. Parallel Port Zip Drive
-
- Stock kernels include the driver for both old (ppa) and new (imm) Zip
-drives. If you recompile the kernel, make sure that SCSI support and SCSI
-disk support are enabled. Remember, there can be conflicts between the
-printer and the Zip drive on the same parallel port, so you have better
-use kernel modules.
-
-
-
- Zip disks are sold preformatted on partition
-/dev/sda4. To enable the Zip, append this to
-/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit:
-
-
-
-
-# Enable the Zip drive
-/sbin/modprobe ppa # imm for recent models
-
-
-
- Zip disks can be mounted via /etc/fstab as shown
-below, or via Mtools adding this line to your
-/etc/mtools.conf:
-
-
-
-
-drive z: file="/dev/sda4" exclusive
-
-
-
- besides, the command mzip allows you to eject, query
-the status, write and password protect Zip disks; man
-mzip for details. The Mtools home page is at '' http://linux.wauug.org/pub/knaff/mtools''.
-
-----
-!!2.9. Device Drivers
-
- Devices in /dev (or better, links to the actual
-device drivers) may be missing. Check what devices your mouse, modem, and
-CD--ROM drive correspond to, then do what follows:
-
-
-
-
-~# cd /dev
-/dev# ln -s ttyS0 mouse; ln -s ttyS1 modem; ln -s hdb cdrom; ln -s sda4 zip
-
-
-
- In most notebooks the mouse device is /dev/psaux:
-take this into account when configuring X11. If you wish, do
-chmod 666 to these devices to make them fully
-accessible by every user.
-
-----
-!!2.10. Sound Card
-
- My desktop PC is fitted with an old Sound Blaster 16; even if you've got
-something different, you may take what follows as guidelines.
-
-
-
- I compiled the sound card support as a module (sb.o).
-Then I put this in /etc/conf.modules:
-
-
-
-
-options sb io=0x220 irq=5 dma=1 dma16=5 mpu_io=0x330
-alias sound sb
-
-
-
- To enable the sound, make sure that modprobe sound is
-invoked in /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit. Alternatively, get the
-tool sndconfig from the !RedHat site.
-
-
-
- Besides the standard kernel sound drivers, the Alsa drivers ('' http://www.alsa-project.org'') are an excellent choice.
-Strangely, though, the sound channels are muted by default. You'll want to
-use aumix and this /etc/aumixrc
-to set the volume to 100%:
-
-
-
-
-vol:100:100:P
-synth:100:100:P
-pcm:100:100:P
-line:100:100:P
-mic:100:100:R
-cd:100:100:P
-
-----
-!!2.11. Login Messages
-
- If you wish to customise the login messages, check whether your
-/etc/rc.d/rc.local overwrites
-/etc/issue and /etc/motd.
-(!RedHat does.) If so, get on with your editor.
-
-
-
- If you'd like a colourised login message, you may adapt your
-rc.local inserting lines like these:
-
-
-
-
-# put a real escape character instead of ^[[. To do this:
-# emacs: ^Q ESC vi: ^V ESC joe: ` 0 2 7 jed: ` ESC
-ESC="^[[" # a real escape character
-BLUE="$ESC[[44;37m"
-NORMAL="$ESC[[40;37m"
-CLEAR="$ESC[[H$ESC[[J"
-b /etc/issue
-echo "$CLEAR" bb /etc/issue
-echo "$BLUE Welcome to !MyServer (192.168.1.1) " bb /etc/issue
-echo "$NORMAL " bb /etc/issue
-echo "" bb /etc/issue
-
-----
-!!2.12. Hostname
-
- Issuing the command hostname
-new_host_name may not be enough. To avoid the
-dreaded sendmail lock, follow these steps (only valid
-for a stand--alone machine):
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- edit /etc/sysconfig/network and change the hostname
-therein (e.g. new_host_name.your_domain);
-
-
-*
-*
-
- edit /etc/HOSTNAME appropriately;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- append the new hostname in the line in /etc/hosts:
-
-127...1 localhost new_host_name.your_domain
-
-
-*
-
-----
-!!2.13. Mouse
-
- gpm mouse services are useful to perform cut and
-paste in tty mode, and to use the mouse in some applications. Make sure
-that you have a file called /etc/sysconfig/mouse and
-that it reads:
-
-
-
-
-MOUSETYPE="Microsoft"
-XEMU3=yes
-
-
-
- Moreover, you must have a file /etc/rc.d/init.d/gpm, where
-you'll put additional command line parameters. Mine reads:
-
-
-
-
-...
-daemon gpm -t $MOUSETYPE -d 2 -a 5 -B 132 # two-button mouse
-...
-
-
-
- Obviously, make sure this configuration is right for your mouse type. In
-most notebooks, MOUSETYPE is
-``PS/2''.
-
-
-
- If you like to use menus in console with Ctrl-button, then configure
-gpm-root. Edit the default menu in
-/etc/gpm-root.conf, then launch
-gpm-root from
-/etc/rc.d/rc.local.
-
-----
-!!2.14. Mount Points
-
- It's handy to have mount points for the floppy, other devices and
-NFS-exported directories. For example, you can do the following:
-
-
-
-
-~# cd /mnt; mkdir floppy cdrom win zip server
-
-
-
- This creates mount points for a DOS/Win floppy, the CD--ROM, the Windows
-partition, the parallel port Zip drive, and an NFS directory.
-
-
-
-Now edit the file /etc/fstab and add the following
-entries:
-
-
-
-
-/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy auto user,noauto 0 1
-/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom iso9660 ro,user,noauto 0 1
-/dev/zip /mnt/zip vfat user,noauto,exec 0 1
-/dev/hda1 /mnt/win vfat user,noauto 0 1
-server:/export /mnt/server nfs defaults
-
-
-
- Obviously, you must use the correct device in the first field.
-
-
-
- Note the `auto' filesystem type in the first line; it allows you to mount
-both ext2 and vfat (DOS/Windows) floppies, but you need a recent version
-of mount. You may find mtools
-more convenient.
-
-----
-!!2.15. Automount Points
-
- If you don't like the mounting/unmounting thing, consider using
-autofs(5). You tell the autofs daemon what to
-automount and where starting with a file,
-/etc/auto.master. Its structure is simple:
-
-
-
-
-/misc /etc/auto.misc
-/mnt /etc/auto.mnt
-
-
-
- In this example you tell autofs to automount media in /misc
-and /mnt, while the mountpoints are specified
-in/etc/auto.misc and /etc/auto.mnt. An example
-of /etc/auto.misc:
-
-
-
-
-# an NFS export
-server -ro my.buddy.net:/pub/export
-# removable media
-cdrom -fstype=iso9660,ro :/dev/hdb
-floppy -fstype=auto :/dev/fd0
-
-
-
- Start the automounter. From now on, whenever you try to access the
-inexistent mount point /misc/cdrom, il will be
-created and the CD-ROM will be mounted.
-
-----
-!!2.16. lilo(8) and LOADLIN.EXE
-
- Many users run both Linux and DOS/Windows on their PC, and want to choose
-at boot time which os to use; this should be done at install time, but in
-case, do what follows. Let's suppose that /dev/hda1
-contains DOS/Windows and that /dev/hda2 contains Linux.
-
-
-
-
-~# fdisk
-Using /dev/hda as default device!
-Command (m for help):a
-Partition number (1-4): 2
-Command (m for help):w
-~#
-
-
-
- This makes the Linux partition bootable. Then write this basic
-/etc/lilo.conf file:
-
-
-
-
-boot = /dev/hda2
-compact # may conflict with "linear"
-delay = 100 # 10 seconds
-linear # gets rid of the "1024 cylinder" problem
-#lba32 # alternative
-message = /boot/bootmesg.txt # write your own, if you will
-root = current
-image = /boot/vmlinuz # boot linux by default as this entry comes first
-label = linux
-read-only
-# append="mem=128M" # to see more memory than 64M
-other = /dev/hda1
-table = /dev/hda
-label = win
-
-
-
- Now issue /sbin/lilo and you're done. Being
-lilo a crucial part of your installation, you're
-strongly advised to read its documentation anyway.
-
-
-
- To boot Linux from DOS/Windows without resetting, put
-LOADLIN.EXE in a directory (in the DOS partition!)
-included in the DOS path; then copy your kernel to, say,
-C:\TEMP\VMLINUZ. The following simple
-.BAT file will boot Linux:
-
-
-
-
-rem linux.bat
-smartdrv /C
-loadlin c:\temp\vmlinuz root=/dev/hda2 ro
-
-
-
- If you use Windows 9x, set the properties of this
-.BAT so as it starts in MS--DOS mode.
-
-----
-!2.16.1. Security Tip
-
- Making a backup copy of your MBR before installing Linux is a safe move.
-Prepare a Windows rescue floppy, and make sure it includes
-FDISK.EXE. To restore the MBR, all you have to do is
-
-
-
-
-A:\b fdisk /mbr
-
-----
-!!2.17. Printer Configuration (lpd)
-
- All distributions I know have a configuration tool for setting up the
-printer (printtool, yast, or
-magicfilter); if you don't have it, this is a basic
-manual configuration.
-
-
-
- Let's suppose you have a non--!PostScript (non ``Windows-only'' too!)
-printer you want to use to print raw text (e.g., C source files) and
-!PostScript files via Ghostscript, which is assumed to be already
-installed.
-
-
-
-Setting up the printer involves a few steps:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- find out which one the parallel print device is: try
-
-~# echo "hello, world" b /dev/lp0
-~# echo "hello, world" b /dev/lp1
-and take note which one works.
-
-
-*
-*
-
- make two spool directories:
-
-~# cd /var/spool/lpd
-/var/spool/lpd/# mkdir raw; mkdir postscript
-
-
-*
-*
-
- if your printer exibits the ``staircase effect'' (most inkjets do), you'll
-need a filter. Try to print two lines with
-
-~# echo "first line" b /dev/lp1 ; echo "second line" b /dev/lp1
-if the output is like this:
-
-first line
-second line
-then save this script as /var/spool/lpd/raw/filter:
-
-#!/bin/sh
-# This filter eliminates the "staircase effect"
-awk '{print $, "\r"}'
-and make it executable with chmod 755
-/var/spool/lpd/raw/filter.
-
-
-*
-*
-
- make a filter for !PostScript emulation. Write the following filter as
-/var/spool/lpd/postscript/filter:
-
-#!/bin/sh
-DEVICE=djet500
-RESOLUTION=300x300
-PAPERSIZE=a4
-SENDEOF=
-nenscript -TUS -ZB -p- |
-if [[ "$DEVICE" = "!PostScript" ]; then
-cat -
-else
-gs -q -sDEVICE=$DEVICE \
--r$RESOLUTION \
--sPAPERSIZE=$PAPERSIZE \
--dNOPAUSE \
--dSAFER \
--sOutputFile=- -
-fi
-if [[ "$SENDEOF" != "" ]; then
-printf "\004"
-fi
-(in this example an HP !DeskJet printer is assumed. Adapt it to your
-printer).
-
-
-*
-*
-
- finally, add the following entries in /etc/printcap:
-
-# /etc/printcap
-lp|ps|PS|!PostScript|djps:\
-:sd=/var/spool/lpd/postscript:\
-:mx#:\
-:lp=/dev/lp1:\
-:if=/var/spool/lpd/postscript/filter:\
-:sh:
-raw:\
-:sd=/var/spool/lpd/raw:\
-:mx#:\
-:lp=/dev/lp1:\
-:if=/var/spool/lpd/raw/filter:\
-:sh:
-
-
-
-*
-
-
-
- For more complex or exotic printing configurations, the Printing-HOWTO
-awaits you.
-
-
-
- If you use printtool, be aware that the GSDEVICE
-chosen by Printtool will work, but not necessarily at its best for your
-printer. You may consider fiddling a bit with the file
-postscript.cfg; for instance, I changed GSDEVICE from
-cdj500 to djet500 and now my
-prints come out much quicker.
-
-----
-!!2.18. SVGATextMode
-
- This utility, available on '' ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/sources/sbin'', is useful
-for changing the console screen resolution, font, and cursor shape. Users
-whose language include accented characters will be able to use them in
-console applications, while notebook users may change the cursor shape to
-make it more visible.
-
-
-
- Edit /etc/!TextConfig or
-/etc/!TextMode, starting with the default VGA
-definition. Europeans should be happy with this ``!LoadFont'' section:
-
-
-
-
-Option "!LoadFont"
-!FontProg "/usr/bin/setfont"
-!FontPath "/usr/lib/kbd/consolefonts"
-!FontSelect "lat1u-16.psf" 8x16 9x16 8x15 9x15
-!FontSelect "lat1u-14.psf" 8x14 9x14 8x13 9x13
-!FontSelect "lat1u-12.psf" 8x12 9x12 8x11 9x11
-!FontSelect "lat1u-08.psf" 8x8 9x8 8x7 9x7
-
-
-
- Once you're done, try your configuration with a command like
-SVGATextMode "80x34x9", and if everything appears to
-be working fine, remove the warnings from
-/etc/!TextMode and include this line in
-etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit:
-
-
-
-
-# SVGATextMode
-/usr/sbin/SVGATextMode "80x34x9"
-
-
-
-
-Please note that the block cursor only works with some modes; on my
-notebook, "80x30x9".
-
-----
-!!!3. Common Administration Tasks
-
- Here is where the fun begins. This section is rather network-centric,
-though many other tasks await you.
-
-
-
- Networking is a vast subject which cannot be fully covered
here. The
-reference is the NET-3 HOWTO, and most distributions provide documentation
-on setting up network services. Only a few points will be recalled here.
-
-
-
- A quick to-do list for the services you may want to install: cron and
-timed tasks like calendar or reminder, Http, Samba, telnet/ssh access,
-anonymous ftp, POP/IMAP server, NFS...
-
-----
-!!3.1. Network Configuration
-
- If your network card wasn't recognised at install time, don't worry: in
-most cases it's either NE2000 or 3c59x compatible. Issue the command
-modprobe ne or modprobe 3c59x
-and see if the relevant module is loaded, then add this line in
-/etc/conf.modules:
-
-
-
-
-alias eth0 ne # or 3c59x
-
-
-
- Now you're ready to use netcfg or similar tool to set
-up the network configuration. The relevant files are
-/etc/HOSTNAME, etc/hosts,
-/etc/resolv.conf,
-/etc/sysconfig/network, and
-/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0; services
-should be started with scripts in /etc/rc.d/init.d.
-
-
-
-This is a sample etc/hosts:
-
-
-
-
-127...1 localhost
-192.168.1.1 paleo.eocene.net paleo
-192.168.1.2 nautilus.eocene.net nautilus
-
-
-
-This is /etc/resolv.conf:
-
-
-
-
-search df.unibo.it,eocene.net
-nameserver 195.210.91.100
-
-
-
-This is /etc/sysconfig/network (Red Hat-dependent):
-
-
-
-
-NETWORKING=false
-FORWARD_IPV4=true
-HOSTNAME=nautilus.eocene.net
-DOMAINNAME=eocene.net
-
-
-
-And finally, /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0.
-This one, too, is Red Hat-dependent; it must be executable.
-
-
-
-
-DEVICE=eth0
-IPADDR=192.168.1.2
-NETMASK=255.255.255.
-NETWORK=192.168.1.
-BROADCAST=192.168.1.255
-ONBOOT=no
-
-
-
- Although the actual method of starting network services of your
-distribution may be much more complex, the following script should be
-enough to get you started:
-
-
-
-
-#!/bin/sh
-# net-up.sh: set up network access
-DEVICE=eth0
-IPADDR=192.168.1.100
-NETMASK=255.255.255.
-NETWORK=192.168.1.
-GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
-ifconfig $DEVICE $IPADDR netmask $NETMASK up
-route add -net $NETWORK netmask $NETMASK $DEVICE
-route add default gw $GATEWAY
-If you'd like to do networking experiments with the loopback interface, all
-you have to do is:
-
-ifconfig lo 127...1
-route add -host 127...1 lo
-
-
-
-
- This script is handy for enabling network access when you use a rescue
-disk. Obviously, this lets you only ping, ftp and telnet to the outside;
-it won't start any daemon.
-
-----
-!!3.2. Network for Notebooks
-
- When you plug the network PC card in, the script
-/etc/pcmcia/network will be run. All it needs is a
-properly set up
-/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0.
-
-
-
- Setting up the network can become a bit trickier, though. In fact, you
-must provide the right settings for each network you connect to, as well
-as settings for the notebook when it's not connected.
-
-
-
- I rolled up a rough but functional solution. I use my notebook as a
-stand-alone machine, connecting to the net via PPP; at home, IP address
-192.168.1.2; and at university, IP 137.204.x.y. So, I created a set of
-configuration files for each network; all these are kept in
-/etc/mobnet. A script is then used to select the
-working environment. For instance, this is
-/etc/mobnet/home.cfg:
-
-
-
-
-# /etc/mobnet/home.conf
-HOSTNAME=nautilus.eocene.net # complete hostname
-DOMAINNAME=eocene.net # your domain
-IPADDR=192.168.1.2
-NETMASK=255.255.255.
-NETWORK=192.168.1.
-BROADCAST=192.168.1.255
-GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
-FORWARD_IPV4=true
-NAMESERVER=195.210.91.100 # required
-SEARCH=df.unibo.it,eocene.net # optional
-SERVICES="inet httpd smb sshd"
-
-
-
- This is mnet, the script I use to choose the network
-profile:
-
-
-
-
-#!/bin/sh
-# mnet: script to set up the "mobile network" configuration.
-# Last modified: 15 July 2000
-# start or stop services
-activate_services()
-{
-for service in $(echo $SERVICES) ; do
-[[ -x /etc/rc.d/init.d/$service ] 88 /etc/rc.d/init.d/$service $1
-done
-}
-# usage
-if [[ $# = 0 ] ; then
-echo "Usage: mnet `config nameb"
-echo "Example: mnet office"
-exit 1
-fi
-# check if the configuration exists
-if [[ ! -e /etc/mobnet/$1.conf ]; then
-echo "This configuration doesn't exist."
-exit 1
-fi
-# read the configuration
-. /etc/mobnet/$1.conf
-# set up the host name
-echo $HOSTNAME b /etc/HOSTNAME
-/bin/hostname $HOSTNAME
-# set up the name server(s)
-cat ``EOF b /etc/resolv.conf
-# /etc/resolv.conf
-search $SEARCH
-nameserver $NAMESERVER
-EOF
-# stop previous services, if any
-if [[ -f /etc/mobnet/services.prev ]; then
-NEWSERVICES=$SERVICES
-. /etc/mobnet/services.prev
-activate_services stop
-SERVICES=$NEWSERVICES
-fi
-if [[ $1 != "none" ]; then
-# set up the network parameters
-cat ``EOF b /etc/sysconfig/network
-NETWORKING=yes
-FORWARD_IPV4=true
-HOSTNAME=$HOSTNAME
-DOMAINNAME=$DOMAINNAME
-GATEWAY=$GATEWAY
-GATEWAYDEV=eth0
-EOF
-cat ``EOF b /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
-DEVICE=eth0
-IPADDR=$IPADDR
-NETMASK=$NETMASK
-NETWORK=$NETWORK
-BROADCAST=$BROADCAST
-ONBOOT=no
-EOF
-/bin/chmod +x /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
-# copy the other config files
-/bin/cp -f /etc/mobnet/hosts.$1 /etc/hosts
-/bin/cp -f /etc/mobnet/smb.conf.$1 /etc/smb.conf
-echo -n "Insert the network PC card and press `enterb when done: "
-read
-# OK, now start services
-activate_services start
-echo "SERVICES=\"$SERVICES\"" b /etc/mobnet/services.prev
-else # it's not "none"
-cat ``EOF b /etc/sysconfig/network
-NETWORKING=false
-FORWARD_IPV4=false
-HOSTNAME=$HOSTNAME
-DOMAINNAME=$DOMAINNAME
-EOF
-/bin/rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0*
-/sbin/ifconfig eth0 down
-echo "SERVICES=$SERVICES" b /etc/mobnet/services.prev
-echo "Now you may remove the PC card."
-exit
-fi
-# end of mnet.
-
-
-
- As I said, it is rough and even not complete: other files may depend on
-the network, like /etc/fstab,
-/etc/exports, and /etc/printcap.
-Think about network printers and NFS shares. Feel free to adapt this
-bare-bone solution to your needs.
-
-----
-!!3.3. Sharing the Internet
-
- One of the most useful tasks for a Linux server. Currently, most stock
-kernels come with IP firewalling, masquerading and forwarding enabled by
-default; if in doubt, consult the IP-Masquerade mini-HOWTO to learn how to
-enable them. Then install ipfwadm (kernels 2..x; '' http://www.xos.nl/linux/ipfwadm/'') or ipchains (kernels
-2.2.x; '' http://www.adelaide.net.au/~rustcorp/ipfwchains/ipfwchains.html
-''). Remember to enable kernel modules for the services
-you need, e.g. for ftp you'll add this line to
-/etc/rc.d/rc.sysconfig:
-
-
-
-
-/sbin/modprobe ip_masq_ftp
-
-
-
-Other modules are usually found in
-/lib/modules/KERNEL-VERSION/ipv4.
-
-
-
- Enabling IP masquerading for other machines in your local network is very
-simple. First, check the network initialisation scripts
-(/etc/sysconfig/network should be the right place) to
-see if they contain a line that reads
-FORWARD_IPV4=true. It's used to set
-/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward to 1 when the network
-subsystem comes up.
-
-
-
-Add these lines to /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit:
-
-
-
-
-# default: packets cannot reach the outside
-/sbin/ipfwadm -F -p deny
-# allow all machines on the local network to reach the Internet
-/sbin/ipfwadm -F -a m -S 192.168.1./24 -D .../
-# alternatively, allow only these two machines
-# /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a m -S 192.168.1.100/24 -D .../
-# /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a m -S 192.168.1.101/24 -D .../
-
-
-
- If you use a kernel of the 2.2.x series, use
-ipfwadm-wrapper instead of
-ipfwadm to get started quickly. More information at
-'''' http://ipmasq.cjb.net''''.
-
-
-
- Now you'll want something to let client machines dial the ISP; I use
-Mserver ('' http://cpwright.villagenet.com/mserver/''). Edit
-etc/mserver.conf; the only entries that you should
-modify are ``checkhost'', ``shadow'', and ``cname''. Then define your
-connection(s). Obviously, install a suitable client on the client
-machines.
-
-----
-!!3.4. Restricting Network Access
-
-Let's suppose you connect to the Internet via PPP. Once you're connected,
-your machine may become vulnerable to attacks. Insert this in
-/etc/hosts.allow:
-
-
-
-
-# only allow access to localhost
-ALL: 127.
-
-
-
-and this in /etc/hosts.deny:
-
-
-
-
-# deny access to everyone
-ALL: ALL
-
-
-
-If you belong to a network with direct Internet access, you had better
-disable finger, telnet, and possibly other services for security reasons;
-use ssh instead of telnet. The file to edit is
-/etc/inet.conf. Alternatively, you can restrict network
-access putting this in /etc/hosts.allow:
-
-
-
-
-in.telnetd: 192.168.1., .another.trusted.network
-in.ftpd: 192.168.1., .another.trusted.network
-
-
-
-and this in /etc/hosts.deny:
-
-
-
-
-in.telnetd: ALL
-in.ftpd: ALL
-
-----
-!!3.5. NFS Exports
-
-
-
-
-
-It is common to export home directories on the server; a problem arises if a
-user's UID and GID are not consistent across different machines. If user
-`guido' has UID/GID = 500 on server and UID/GID = 512
-on client, a convenient configuration is this:
-
-
-
-
-# /etc/exports
-/tmp my.client.machine(rw)
-/home/guido my.client.machine(rw,all_squash,anonuid=512,anongid=512)
-
-----
-!!3.6. Samba
-
-Almost trivial, but there's always a little bit to do. If you want to
-connect Windows 98/NT clients, did you remember to read the docs and, in
-case, enable clear text passwords? The distribution includes .reg files for
-Win9x/NT/2000; if your clients can't connect to the Linux server, load them
-on every client.
-
-
-
-Samba comes with a fairly complete sample
-/etc/smb.conf, but strangely it lacks a section showing
-how to (un)mount removable media. The clauses preexec
-and postexec do the trick:
-
-
-
-
-[[cdrom]
-comment = CD-ROM
-path = /mnt/cdrom
-public = yes
-read only = yes
-; you might need to use "root preexec/postexec"
-preexec = mount /mnt/cdrom
-postexec = umount /mnt/cdrom
-
-
-
-Also: you know what Swat is, don't you? Enable it adding this line in your
-/etc/inetd.conf:
-
-
-
-
-swat stream tcp nowait.400 root /usr/sbin/swat swat
-
-
-
-and this in /etc/services:
-
-
-
-
-swat 901/tcp
-
-
-
-Restart inetd with SIGHUP, and point your browser to
-http://localhost:901.
-
-----
-!!!4. Software Configuration
-
-These are the the configuration files we are going to custimise:
-/etc/profile /etc/bashrc
-.bashrc .bashrc .bash_profile .bash_logout
-.inputrc .less .lessrc .xinitrc .fvwmrc .fvwm2rc95
-.Xmodmap .Xmodmap.num .Xdefaults .jedrc .abbrevs.sl
-.joerc .emacs . Don't add users until you have completed your
-system configuration; you'll put the dot files in
-/etc/skel.
-
-----
-!!4.1. bash (1)
-
-Arguably, the most important piece of software after the kernel. To tailor
-the behaviour of bash, these are the main files to edit:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- /etc/bashrc contains system wide aliases and
-functions;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- /etc/profile contains system wide environment stuff
-and startup programs;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- $HOME/.bashrc contains user aliases and functions;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- $HOME/.bash_profile contains user environment
-stuff and startup programs;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- $HOME/.inputrc contains key bindings and other
-bits.
-
-
-*
-
-
-
-Examples of these files are shown below. First, the most important:
-/etc/profile. It's used to configure a lot of features
-in your Linux box, as you will see in the following sections. Please look
-out for reverse quotes!
-
-
-
-
-# /etc/profile
-# System wide environment and startup programs
-# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc
-# This file sets up the following features and programs:
-# path, prompts, a few environment variables, colour ls, less,
-# rxvt, Backspace key behaviour, xterm title.
-#
-# Users can override these settings and/or add others in their
-# $HOME/.bash_profile
-# first: root or normal user? Set PATH and umask accordingly. Note that the
-# PATH is normally set by login (1), but what if you access the machine
-# via ssh?
-if [[ $(id -gn) = $(id -un) -a $(id -u) -gt 14 ]; then
-umask 002 # normal user
-PATH="/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:."
-else
-umask 022 # root
-PATH="/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin"
-fi
-# Now extend the PATH.
-PATH="$PATH:/usr/X11R6/bin:$HOME/bin:." # !!! Beware of ./ !!!
-# notify the user: login or non-login shell. If login, the prompt is
-# blue; otherwise, magenta. Root's prompt is red.
-# See the Colour-ls mini HOWTO for an explanation of the escape codes.
-USER=$(whoami)
-if [[ $LOGNAME = $USER ] ; then
-COLOUR=44 # blue
-else
-COLOUR=45 # magenta
-fi
-if [[ $USER = 'root' ] ; then
-COLOUR=41 # red
-PATH="$PATH:/usr/local/bin" # my choice
-fi
-ESC="\033"
-PROMPT='\h' # hostname
-STYLE='m' # plain
-# PROMPT='\u' # username
-# STYLE=';1m' # bold
-PS1="\[[$ESC[[$COLOUR;37$STYLE\]$PROMPT:\[[$ESC[[37;40$STYLE\]\w\\$ "
-PS2="b "
-# Ulimits: no core dumps, max file size 200 Mb.
-ulimit -c 0 -f 200000
-# a few variables
-USER=$(id -un)
-LOGNAME=$USER
-MAIL="/var/spool/mail/$USER" # sendmail, postfix, smail
-# MAIL="$HOME/Mailbox" # qmail
-NNTPSERVER=news.myisp.it # put your own here
-VISUAL=jed
-EDITOR=jed
-HOSTNAME=$(/bin/hostname)
-HISTSIZE=1000
-HISTFileSIZE=1000
-export PATH PS1 PS2 USER LOGNAME MAIL NNTPSERVER
-export VISUAL EDITOR HOSTNAME HISTSIZE HISTFileSIZE
-# enable colour ls
-eval $(dircolors /etc/DIR_COLORS -b)
-export LS_OPTIONS='-s -F -T 0 --color=yes'
-# customize less
-LESS='-M-Q'
-LESSEDIT="%E ?lt+%lt. %f"
-LESSOPEN="| lesspipe.sh %s"
-LESSCHARDEF=8bcccbcc13b.4b95.33b. # show colours in ls -l | less
-# LESSCHARSET=latin1
-PAGER=less
-export LESS LESSEDIT LESSOPEN VISUAL LESSCHARDEF PAGER
-# you might need this to fix the backspace key in rxvt/xterm
-stty erase ^H # alternative: ^?
-# set xterm title: full path
-case $TERM in
-xterm*|rxvt)
-PROMPT_COMMAND='echo -ne "\033];${USER}@${HOSTNAME}: ${PWD}\007"'
-;;
-esac
-for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh ; do
-if [[ -x $i ]; then
-. $i # beware - variables and aliases might get overridden!
-fi
-done
-# call fortune, if available
-if [[ -x /usr/games/fortune ] ; then
-echo ; /usr/games/fortune ; echo
-fi
-
-
-
-This is a sample /etc/bashrc:
-
-
-
-
-# /etc/bashrc
-# System wide functions and aliases
-# Environment stuff goes in /etc/profile
-# Insert PS1 definitions here if you experience problems.
-export CDPATH="$CDPATH:~"
-# common aliases
-alias cp='cp -i'
-alias l=less
-alias ls="ls $LS_OPTIONS"
-alias mv='mv -i'
-alias rm='rm -i'
-alias rmbk='/bin/rm -f .*~ *~ *aux *bak *log *tmp 2b /dev/null'
-alias u='cd ..'
-alias which="type -path"
-alias x=startx
-# A few useful functions
-c () # cd to the new directory and list its contents
-{
-cd $1 ; ls
-}
-inst() # Install a .tar.gz archive in current directory
-{
-if [[ $# != 0 ]; then tar zxvf $1; fi
-}
-cz() # List the contents of a .zip archive
-{
-if [[ $# != 0 ]; then unzip -l $*; fi
-}
-ctgz() # List the contents of a .tar.gz archive
-{
-for file in $* ; do
-tar ztf ${file}
-done
-}
-tgz() # Create a .tgz archive a la zip.
-{
-if [[ $# != 0 ]; then
-name=$1.tar; shift; tar -rvf ${name} $* ; gzip -9 ${name}
-fi
-}
-crpm() # list information on an .rpm file
-{
-if [[ $# != 0 ]; then rpm -qil $1 | less; fi
-}
-
-
-
-This is a sample .bashrc:
-
-
-
-
-# $HOME/.bashrc
-# Source global definitions
-if [[ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then
-. /etc/bashrc
-fi
-# this is needed to notify the user that they are in non-login shell
-if [[ "$GET_PS1" = "" ] ; then
-COLOUR=45; ESC="\033"; STYLE=';1m'; # STYLE='m'
-USER=$(whoami)
-export PS1="\[[$ESC[[$COLOUR;37$STYLE\]$USER:\[[$ESC[[37;40$STYLE\]\w\\$ "
-fi
-# personal aliases
-alias backup='tar -Mcvf /dev/fd0'
-alias dial='eznet up myisp'
-alias f='cd ~/fortran'
-alias hangup='eznet down'
-alias lyx='lyx -width 580 -height 450'
-alias restore='tar -M -xpvf /dev/fd0'
-# personal functions
-xj() # Launch xjed and a file in background
-{
-xjed $1 8
-}
-
-
-
-This is a sample .bash_profile:
-
-
-
-
-# $HOME/.bash_profile
-# User specific environment and startup programs
-# This file contains user-defined settings that override
-# those in /etc/profile
-# Get user aliases and functions
-if [[ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
-GET_PS1="NO" # don't change the prompt colour
-. ~/.bashrc
-fi
-# set a few `default' directories
-export CDPATH="$CDPATH:$HOME:$HOME/text:$HOME/text/geology"
-
-
-
-This is a sample .inputrc:
-
-
-
-
-# $HOME/.inputrc
-# key bindings
-"\e[[1~": beginning-of-line
-"\e[[3~": delete-char
-"\e[[4~": end-of-line
-# (F1 .. F5) are "\e[[[[A" ... "\e[[[[E"
-"\e[[[[A": "info \C-m"
-set bell-style visible # please don't beep
-set meta-flag On # allow 8-bit input (i.e, accented letters)
-set convert-meta Off # don't strip 8-bit characters
-set output-meta On # display 8-bit characters correctly
-set horizontal-scroll-mode On # scroll long command lines
-set show-all-if-ambiguous On # after TAB is pressed
-
-
-
-To make the backspace and delete keys work correctly in
-xterm and other X11 applications, the following is also
-needed:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- put this in your .xinitrc:
-
-usermodmap=$HOME/.Xmodmap
-xmodmap $usermodmap
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- then your .Xmodmap will contain:
-
-keycode 22 = !BackSpace
-keycode 107 = Delete
-this fixes the console. To fix xterm:
-
-
-*
-*
-
- put this in your .Xdefaults:
-
-xterm*VT100.Translations: #override `!KeybBackSpace: string(0x7F)\n\
-`!KeybDelete: string(0x1b) string("[[3~")\n\
-`!KeybHome: string(0x1b) string("[[1~")\n\
-`!KeybEnd: string(0x1b) string("[[4~")\n\
-Ctrl`!KeybPrior: string(0x1b) string("[[40~")\n\
-Ctrl`!KeybNext: string(0x1b) string("[[41~")
-nxterm*VT100.Translations: #override `!KeybBackSpace: string(0x7F)\n\
-`!KeybDelete: string(0x1b) string("[[3~")\n\
-`!KeybHome: string(0x1b) string("[[1~")\n\
-`!KeybEnd: string(0x1b) string("[[4~")\n\
-Ctrl`!KeybPrior: string(0x1b) string("[[40~")\n\
-Ctrl`!KeybNext: string(0x1b) string("[[41~")
-
-
-
-*
-
-
-
-rxvt is a wee bit more complicated, as some
-compile--time options influence its behaviour. See the above
-/etc/profile.
-
-
-
-More info in bash (1) and
-readline (3) man pages.
-
-
-
-Don't expect every application to work correctly! If you run
-joe in xterm, for instance, some
-keys won't work; the same holds for some versions of
-rxvt.
-
-----
-!!4.2. I18n
-
-(This section doesn't apply to native English speakers.)
-
-
-
-A.k.a. ``internationalisation''. Gasp. This long word means ``to adapt Linux
-to your local conventions: language, format of date, currency etc.''.
-
-
-
-Although Red Hat has its own method for setting up i18n
-(/etc/sysconfig/i18n), you may want to enable your
-language only in some cases. I, for one, enabled i18n in
-kdm (via kdmconfig) and
-xfce, but want to read English messages when I work in
-console or xterm.
-
-
-
-Consider these lines:
-
-
-
-
-LANG=it # choose your language: fr, de, es, ...
-LANGUAGE=it
-LC_ALL=it
-export LANG LANGUAGE LC_ALL
-
-
-
-If you insert them in your .xinitrc or
-.xsession just before the line that starts the window
-manager, you'll get internationalised messages - including those in xterms
-started from within the window manager. But if you'd rather get English
-messages, set the language to ``en'' and put the same lines in
-.bash_profile.
-
-----
-!!4.3. ls (1)
-
-ls can display directory listings using colours to
-highlight different file types. To enable this feature, you just need a
-couple of lines in /etc/profile as seen above. However,
-this won't work with old versions of rxvt; use some
-flavour of xterm instead. It looks like some old
-rxvts have a bug that prevents them from inheriting the
-environment correctly in some circumstances.
-
-----
-!!4.4. less (1)
-
-With this excellent pager you can browse not only plain text files, but also
-gzip compressed, tar and zip archives, man pages, and what have you. Its
-configuration involves a few steps:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- to use it with the movement keys, have this plain ASCII
-file .lesskey in your home directory:
-
-^[[[[A back-line
-^[[[[B forw-line
-^[[[[C right-scroll
-^[[[[D left-scroll
-^[[OA back-line
-^[[OB forw-line
-^[[OC right-scroll
-^[[OD left-scroll
-^[[[[6~ forw-scroll
-^[[[[5~ back-scroll
-^[[[[1~ goto-line
-^[[[[4~ goto-end
-^[[[[7~ goto-line
-^[[[[8~ goto-end
-then run the command lesskey. (These are escape
-sequences for vt100-like terminals.) This creates a binary file
-.less containing the key bindings.
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- write the following file as /usr/bin/lesspipe.sh:
-
-#!/bin/sh
-# This is a preprocessor for 'less'. It is used when this environment
-# variable is set: LESSOPEN="|lesspipe.sh %s"
-lesspipe () {
-case "$1" in
-*.tar) tar tf $1 2b/dev/null ;; # View contents of .tar and .tgz files
-*.tgz|*.tar.gz|*.tar.Z|*.tar.z) tar ztf $1 2b/dev/null ;;
-*.Z|*.z|*.gz) gzip -dc $1 2b/dev/null ;; # View compressed files correctly
-*.tar.bz2) bzip2 -dc $1 | tar tf - ;;
-*.bz2) bzip2 -dc $1 2b/dev/null ;;
-*.zip) unzip -l $1 2b/dev/null ;; # View archives
-*.arj) unarj -l $1 2b/dev/null ;;
-*.rpm) rpm -qpil $1 2b/dev/null ;;
-*.cpio) cpio --list -F $1 2b/dev/null ;;
-*.1|*.2|*.3|*.4|*.5|*.6|*.7|*.8|*.9|*.n|*.l|*.man)
-file $1 | grep roff b /dev/null
-if [[ $? = 0 ]; then
-groff -Tascii -mandoc $1
-fi ;;
-*) file $1 | grep "te[[sx]t" b /dev/null ;
-if [[ $? = 1 ] ; then # it's not some kind of text
-strings $1
-fi ;;
-esac
-}
-# treat link targets, not links themselves
-file $1 | grep symbolic b /dev/null
-if [[ $? = 0 ]; then
-TARGET=$(file $1 | awk '{print $NF}')
-lesspipe $TARGET
-else
-lesspipe $1
-fi
-then make it executable with chmod 755 lesspipe.sh.
-
-
-*
-*
-
- put the variables that affect less in
-/etc/profile as seen above.
-
-
-*
-
-----
-!!4.5. Editor
-
-Only the most popular will be covered here.
-
-----
-!4.5.1. emacs (1)
-
-I rarely use emacs, so I have only a couple of tips for
-you. Some emacs distributions don't come preconfigured
-for colours and syntax highlighting. Put this in your
-.emacs:
-
-
-
-
-(global-font-lock-mode t)
-(setq font-lock-maximum-decoration t)
-
-
-
-This only works in X11. Moreover, to enable accented characters you'll add
-this line:
-
-
-
-
-(standard-display-european 1)
-
-
-
-I'll leave it to you to peruse all of emacs'
-documentation to find out how to tailor it to your needs---potentially, it
-can take months of hacking. The Dotfile generator (Section Section 5) is a good helping hand.
-
-----
-!4.5.2. joe (1)
-
- (Why use joe when jed is so
-small and powerful? Duh.)
-
-
-
-Some versions of joe don't work with colours in
-console, and some special keys don't work either. A quick and dirty (and
-inelegant) solution to the former problem is this:
-
-
-
-
-~$ export TERM=vt100
-~$ joe myfile
-(edit your file)
-~$ export TERM=linux
-
-
-
-To make the special keys work, all you have to do is edit
-.joerc, .jstarrc or your favourite
-emulation; you can start from the system-wide config files in
-/usr/lib/joe. Look for the fourth section (key
-bindings). This enables Home and End:
-
-
-
-
-bol ^[[ [[ 1 ~ Go to beginning of line
-eol ^[[ [[ 4 ~ Go to end of line
-
-
-
-Find out the desired ESC sequences typing cat followed
-by the special keys.
-
-----
-!4.5.3. jed (1)
-
-This is my favourite editor: it does what I need, it's lighter and easier to
-configure than emacs, and emulates other editors quite
-well. Many users at my university use jed to emulate
-EDT, VMS' system editor.
-
-
-
-jed's configuration files are
-.jedrc and /usr/lib/jed/lib/*; the
-former can be adapted from jed.rc in the latter
-directory.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- if xjed apparently doesn't recognise the DEL key, add
-or comment out these lines in your .jedrc:
-
-#ifdef XWINDOWS
-x_set_keysym (0xFFFF, , "\e[[3~");
-setkey (``delete_char_cmd'', "\e[[3~");
-#endif
-
-
-*
-*
-
- to make jed emulate EDT (or other
-editors) all you have to do is edit a couple of lines in
-.jedrc. If you want the numeric keypad
-`+' to delete words instead of a single character, add
-this in .jedrc:
-
-unsetkey("\eOl");
-unsetkey("\eOP\eOl");
-setkey("edt_wdel", "\eOl");
-setkey("edt_uwdel", "\eOP\eOl");
-after the line that reads () = evalfile("edt") (or
-similar);
-
-
-*
-*
-
- to make xjed use the numeric keypad for
-EDT emulation, insert the following in
-.Xmodmap:
-
-keycode 77 = KP_F1
-keycode 112 = KP_F2
-keycode 63 = KP_F3
-keycode 82 = KP_F4
-keycode 86 = KP_Separator
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- colour customization for xjed is done adding lines
-like these in .Xdefaults:
-
-xjed*Geometry: 80x32+150+50
-xjed*font: 10x20
-xjed*background: midnight blue
-# and so on...
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- the ``abbreviation'' feature is an invaluable timesaver. Write a file like
-the following as $HOME/.abbrevs.sl (you can
-change this name by inserting variable Abbrev_File =
-"/usr/lib/jed/abbrev.sl"; in .jedrc):
-
-create_abbrev_table ("Global", "-9A-Za-z");
-define_abbrev ("Global", "GG", "Guido Gonzato");
-create_abbrev_table ("TeX", "\\A-Za-z0-9");
-define_abbrev ("TeX", "\\beq", "\\begin{equation}");
-define_abbrev ("TeX", "\\eeq", "\\end{equation}");
-% and so on...
-and type ESC x abbrev_mode to enable it. To enable the
-abbreviation by default, add entries like these to your
-.jedrc:
-
-define text_mode_hook ()
-{
-set_abbrev_mode (1);
-}
-%
-define fortran_hook ()
-{
-set_abbrev_mode (1);
-use_abbrev_table ("Fortran");
-}
-% and so on...
-
-
-*
-
-----
-!!4.6. pine (1)
-
-Edit the global configuration in /usr/lib/pine.conf,
-taking care at least of the following fields:
-user-domain, smtp-server, and
-nntp-server. Note that inbox-path
-depends on your MTA: if you use sendmail or
-postfix, that'll be
-var/spool/mail/$USER; with Qmail,
-/home/$USER/Mailbox (but root will use
-/var/qmail/alias/Mailbox.
-
-----
-!!4.7. minicom (1)
-
-Users can't use minicom unless a global configuration
-has been made by root. Remember to make it.
-
-----
-!!4.8. efax (1)
-
-This package is probably the most convenient for simple sending/receiving of
-faxes. You'll have to tailor the script /usr/bin/fax or
-(mandrake) /etc/fax.config; easy job, but a couple of
-quirks caused me quite a headache:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- to find out whether your modem is class 1, 2, or 2., use minicom or
-similar program to issue the command at+fclass=?. The
-reply may be like ,1,2; 1 and 2 are the classes
-supported by your modem;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- DIALPREFIX: chances are that simply putting `T' or
-`P' won't work in some countries-in Italy, at least. Put
-`ATDT' or `ATDP' instead;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- INIT and RESET: these strings contain the initialisers
-`-i' and `-k', needed by
-efax. If you want to add an AT command, add it to the
-appropriate string leaving out `AT' and preceding the
-rest with either `-i' or `-k'.
-Example: to add the `ATX3' command to INIT, you'll
-append `-iX3'.
-
-
-*
-
-
-
-That done, there are a few permissions to fix to enable non-root users to
-send and receive faxes. The directories /var/lock and
-/var/spool/fax must be writable. To do so, create the
-group faxusers, add users to it, then type:
-
-
-
-
-~# chown root.faxusers /var/lock
-~# mkdir /var/spool/fax # if it doesn't exist yet
-~# chown root.faxusers /var/spool/fax; chmod g+w /var/spool/fax
-
-
-
-As a normal user, you'll issue newgrp faxusers before
-sendig a fax.
-
-----
-!!4.9. Ghostscript
-
-This essential tool suffers from a small snag. Owing to to the well-known
-export regulations in the USA, the utility pdf2ps
-doesn't work with encrypted .pdf files. Never mind: point your browser to
-''http://www.ozemail.com.au/~geoffk/pdfencrypt'', download
-the file pdf_sec.ps and replace the file with the same
-name that comes with the Ghostscript distribution.
-
-----
-!!4.10. TeX and Friends
-
-The ``root'' of a TeX system is the directory $TEXMF, which is
-/usr/share/texmf in teTeX; other distributions may
-differ (search for ``texmf'' on your system). You normally add stuff or
-fiddle with files therein.
-
-----
-!4.10.1. Expanding $TEXINPUTS
-
-To include !PostScript figures or TeX files that reside in subdirectories, it
-is convenient to expand TeX's search path to include subdirectories. Put
-this command in your .bash_profile:
-
-
-
-
-export TEXINPUTS="$HOME/mylib::./figures"
-
-
-
-which makes TeX search in $HOME/mylib
-''before'' the default directories, and the directory
-./figures ''afterwards''.
-
-----
-!4.10.2. Hyphen Patterns
-
-To configure the hyphenation pattern for your language, edit the file
-$TEXMF/tex/generic/config/language.dat, then do:
-
-
-
-
-~# texconfig init ; texconfig hyphen
-
-
-
-Even if you don't write in English, don't remove the entry ``english''; TeX
-pukes without it.
-
-----
-!4.10.3. dvips (1)
-
-To tailor dvips, the file to edit is
-$TEXMF/dvips/config/config.ps. Be aware that the
-fields regarding the default resolution also affect
-xdvi's behaviour; if you experience annoying attempts
-to create fonts each time you run it, put the line
-
-
-
-
-XDvi*mfmode:
-
-
-
-in your .Xdefault. This should help.
-
-----
-!4.10.4. Adding LaTeX Packages
-
-Additional LaTeX packages are available from your nearest CTAN
-(Comprehensive TeX Archive Network) mirror site, e.g. ''ftp://ftp.dante.de/pub/tex''. Unpack the package under
-$TEXMF/tex/latex.
-
-
-
-If no .sty file exist, run the command latex
-newstyle.ins or latex newstyle.dtx to create
-it, then run the command texhash so that teTeX
-recognises the new package.
-
-----
-!!4.11. Docbook
-
- LaTeX is the best choice for typesetting, Docbook for multiformat
-documents (This HOWTO is written in Docbook.) Once you get all of the
-tools in place, you'll want to use simple scripts to avoid the complex
-command line. If these are not provided with the distribution, use the
-following db2pdf as template:
-
-
-#!/bin/sh
-if [[ $# = 0 ]; then
-echo "Usage: db2pdf `file.sgmlb [[file2.sgml ...]"
-exit 1
-fi
-# Standard Mandrake location:
-DSSSL=/usr/share/sgml/docbook/dsssl-stylesheets-1.57/print/docbook.dsl
-# Standard !RedHat location:
-# /usr/lib/sgml/stylesheets/nwalsh-modular/print/docbook.dsl
-if [[ ! -f $DSSSL ]; then
-DSSSL=$(find /usr/ -name "docbook.dsl" | grep print)
-fi
-for FILE in $*
-do
-NAME=$(echo $FILE | awk -F'.' '{print $1}')
-echo "Processing $FILE..."
-jade -t tex -d $DSSSL $NAME.sgml
-pdfjadetex $NAME.tex
-done
-# End of db2pdf
-
- If you find that your !PostScript od .PDF looks very bad, the file to hack
-is dbparams.dsl. In my Mandrake system, it's located
-in /usr/share/sgml/docbook/dsssl-stylesheets-1.57/print/.
-
-----
-!!4.12. Avoid PPProblems!
-
-I'll take it for granted that your kernel has PPP + TCP/IP support compiled
-in, that loopback is enabled, and that you already have the
-pppd package correctly installed and, if you will, set
-uid root. Obviously, your ISP must support PPP.
-
-
-
-There are now two ways to get PPP to work: a) manual configuration, and b) a
-configuration program that automagically sees to it. Whichever option you
-choose, have the following information on hand:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- your ISP's telephone number;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- your ISP's name, mail and news server address;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- your ISP's domain;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- your username and password.
-
-
-*
-
-
-
-Manual configuration is a drudgery. It's about editing files and writing
-scripts; not too much work, but it's easy to make mistakes and newcomers are
-often intimidated. The PPP HOWTO is there for you. Alternatively, there are
-tools that ask for the information above and do all the work.
-
-
-
-Gnome and KDE include, respectively, gnome-ppp and
-kppp which are easy enough to set up. Alternatively, I
-suggest that you have a look at a couple of tty--based tools,
-wvdial and eznet. You feed them
-your ISP's phone number, your username, your password, and you're in
-business. Their home pages are at ''http://www.worldvisions.ca/wvdial'' and ''http://www.hwaci.com/sw/eznet''. Both are great, but I
-prefer the latter.
-
-----
-!4.12.1. A Quick Start with eznet
-
-First of all, create an /etc/resolv.conf like this:
-
-
-
-
-nameserver w.x.y.z
-
-
-
-where you'll insert the address of your ISP's nameserver. To create an
-account with eznet, issue the following command:
-
-
-
-
-#~ eznet add service=YOUR_ISP user=NAME password=PASSWORD phone=PHONE
-
-
-
-which creates the file /var/eznet/eznet.conf, owned by
-root.root with permissions 600; chmod it to 666 if you want it to be world
-readable. Now dial your ISP with eznet up YOUR_ISP. If
-the modem keeps waiting for the dial tone and won't connect, then try this
-command:
-
-
-
-
-#~ eznet change YOUR_ISP init0=atx3
-
-
-
-To hang up, the command is eznet down. That's all!
-
-----
-!4.12.2. A Quick Start with wvdial
-
-wvdial's setup is even shorter. Type
-wvdialconf /etc/wvdial.conf, then edit the resulting
-file to include your username, password, and phone number. Try it out with
-wvdial, and keep your fingers crossed. To hang up, stop
-it with Ctrl-C.
-
-----
-!!4.13. POP Client
-
-To retrieve your mail from a POP3 server, you need a POP client. Most such
-clients require that you run an MTA like sendmail,
-qmail or postfix; a bit of an
-overkill on low-spec machines. However, there are clients that work without
-an MTA. The first kind is well represented by
-fetchmail; the second by fetchpop
-or frenchie. Sites: ''ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/mail/pop'', ''http://www.lowcountry.com/~jscottb/tcltk.shtml''.
-
-
-
-To configure these clients:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- fetchpop: the first time you run it, you'll be
-prompted for some information. Answer the questions and you're set.
-fetchpop must be used with the -r
-switch if your ISP's POP3 server doesn't implement the command LAST
-properly.
-
-
-*
-*
-
- frenchie: as above, edit
- /.frenchie/frenchierc;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- fetchmail: adapt this sample
-.fetchmailrc:
-
-# $HOME/.fetchmailrc
-poll mbox.myisp.com with protocol pop3;
-user john there with password _Loo%ny is john here
-One user reported that adding ``smtphost localhost'' to the second line
-improved performance dramatically.
-You must set the permissions to this file with the command chmod
-600 .fetchmailrc, otherwise fetchmail will
-rightly refuse to start. This example is very basic; there are endless
-possibilities of configuration. Check out at ''http://www.ccil.org/~esr/fetchmail''.
-
-
-*
-
-----
-!!4.14. Basic Mail Filtering
-
-You will want to protect yourself from spam or huge mail messages. There are
-two cases: 1) permanent connection to the net, 2) a POP link. In the first
-case, you can write a .procmailrc file, while in the
-second there are tools for checking the mail prior to fetching it.
-
-
-
-A very simple .procmailrc that defines a few rules:
-
-
-
-
-# $HOME/.procmailrc
-MAILDIR=$HOME/mail # make sure it exists
-# Store messages directed to the "foo" mailing list to $HOME/mail/foo
-:
-* ^To:.*foo
-foo
-# Discard messages that are not explicitly sent to me or to one of the
-# mailling lists I subscribed to.
-:
-* !^TO(guido|jed|lugvr|ldp|nobody)
-/dev/null
-# ditto, for messages larger than 50k.
-:
-* b 50000
-/dev/null
-
-
-
-man procmailex for further examples.
-
-
-
-POP users will want to use poppy, a useful Perl script
-for checking the mail before fetching it. Get it from ''ftp://metalab.unc.edu/system/mail/pop''.
-
-----
-!!4.15. X Window System (XFree86)
-!4.15.1. Setting Up the X Server
-
- Come on, it's no longer as difficult as it used to be... All major
-distributions include a tool for setting up X11 (e.g.
-XConfigurator, sax,
-XF86Setup, or at least
-xf86config). X configuration is virtually automatic
-these days, but a few video cards may cause a headache.
-
-
-
- First of all, check out at the XFree86 site ('' ftp://metalab.unc.edu/system/mail/pop'') whether your
-video card is supported. If so, then try this procedure:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- install the plain VGA server;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- go to '' ftp://ftp.XFree86.org/pub/XFree86/current/binaries'', cd
-to the proper Linux subdirectory, and download the archives
-X_version_bin.tgz,
-X_version_set.tgz, and all the servers. Amongst other
-programs, the first archive contains the most up-to-date
-!SuperProbe;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- unpack X_version_bin.tgz to a temporary directory, cd
-to it, and run ./!SuperProbe. If your video card is
-recognised, chances are that you'll be able to set it up. Otherwise, hard
-luck;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- install the servers and X_version_set.tgz from
-/usr/X11R6/, then run XF86Setup.
-
-
-*
-
-
-
- This has always worked for me, but your mileage may vary. Please note that
-most times X11 won't start because you chose wrong specs for your monitor!
-Start with conservative settings, i.e. 800x600 and 256 colours, then pump
-it up. ''Warning'': these operations are dangerous and
-your monitor might be damaged!
-
-
-
- If your card isn't supported, you can either: 1) wait for the next version
-of XFree86; 2) buy a commercial X server; 3) buy a supported video card.
-''Quartum non datur.''
-
-----
-!4.15.2. The X Startup Sequence
-
- There are two ways to launch X11: from the console via
-__startx__, or directly via
-/etc/inittab.
-
-----
-!4.15.3. Keypad
-
- We have seen above how to make a few special keys work. The sample file
-.Xmodmap works well if you want to use Xjed, but it
-makes the keypad unusable. You'll then need another config file, which
-we'll call .Xmodmap.num:
-
-
-
-
-! Definitions can be found in `X11/keysymdef.h
-keycode 77 = Num_Lock
-keycode 112 = KP_Divide
-keycode 63 = KP_Multiply
-keycode 82 = KP_Subtract
-keycode 86 = KP_Add
-keycode 79 = KP_7
-keycode 80 = KP_8
-keycode 81 = KP_9
-keycode 83 = KP_4
-keycode 84 = KP_5
-keycode 85 = KP_6
-keycode 87 = KP_1
-keycode 88 = KP_2
-keycode 89 = KP_3
-keycode 90 = KP_
-keycode 91 = KP_Decimal
-
-
-
- Make sure that your /etc/X11/XF86Config does not
-contain these three lines:
-
-
-
-
- !ServerNumLock
-Xleds
-!XkbDisable
-
-
-
- and in case, comment them out. To re-enable the keypad, you'll issue the
-command xmodmap .Xmodmap.num.
-
-----
-!4.15.4. Graphical Login with xdm
-
- To be greeted by a graphical login, edit the file
-/etc/inittab, which should include a line like this:
-
-
-
-
-x:5:respawn:/usr/bin/X11/xdm -nodaemon # also kdm or gdm
-
-
-
- where 5 is the runlevel corresponding to X11. Modify the line that defines
-the default runlevel (usually 2 or 3), changing it as above:
-
-
-
-
-id:5:initdefault:
-
-
-
- The number of colours is specified in
-/etc/X11/xdm/Xserver:
-
-
-
-
-:0 local /usr/X11R6/bin/X :0 -bpp 16 vt07 # first X server, 65k colours
-:1 local /usr/X11R6/bin/X :1 -bpp 32 vt08 # second X server, true colour
-
-
-
- If you already have .xinitrc, copy it to
-.xsession and make the latter executable with
-chmod +x .xsession. Now issue the command
-telinit 5 and you're in business.
-
-----
-!4.15.5. Window Manager
-
- Once X works, there are endless possibilities of configuration; it depends
-on the window manager you use, there are tens to choose from. Mostly, it's
-all down to editing one or more ASCII files in your home directory; in
-other cases you don't have to edit a thing, and use an applet or even a
-menu.
-
-
-
-Some examples:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- ''the fvwm family'': copy
-/etc/X11/fvwm/system.fvwmrc (or similar) to your home
-using the appropriate name, browse it and start experimenting. You may
-waste a lot of time before you get the precise look and feel you like;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- ''!WindowMaker'': it has several config files
-that live under $HOME/GNUstep, and a cool
-configuration applet;
-
-
-*
-*
-
- ''KDE'', ''Gnome'',
-''xfce'' and others: nothing to edit manually
-here, everything can be done via the menu.
-
-
-*
-
-
-
- In short: if you don't mind editing config file, choose something like
-icewm, fvwm*,
-blackbox etc; if you do mind, the choice is currently
-restricted to KDE, Gnome, !WindowMaker, and Xfce. Email me if I'm wrong.
-
-
-
- It's important to have a good .xinitrc. An example:
-
-
-
-
-#!/bin/sh
-# $HOME/.xinitrc
-usermodmap=$HOME/.Xmodmap
-xmodmap $usermodmap
-xset s noblank # turn off the screen saver
-xset s 300 2 # screen saver start after 5 min
-xset m 10 5 # set mouse acceleration
-rxvt -cr green -ls -bg black -fg white -fn 7x14 \
--geometry 80x30+57+0 8
-if [[ "$1" = "" ] ; then # default
-WINMGR=wmaker
-else
-WINMGR=$1
-fi
-$WINMGR
-
-
-
- Although it doesn't appear to be strictly required, make it executable
-with chmod +x .xinitrc.
-
-
-
- The .xinitrc above lets you choose the window
-manager: try
-
-$ startx startkde # or other w.m.
-
-----
-!4.15.6. Defaults for X11 Apps
-
- Find out where the app-defaults directory is (it
-should be /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults). Several
-apps keep a configuration file there.
-
-----
-!4.15.7. Adding Fonts
-
- Recent versions of XFree86 (say, b 3.3.4) use an X Font Server that
-supports !PostScript Type 1 and True Type fonts natively, so you can use
-the wealth of fonts available on the net. There's a simple procedure to
-follow.
-
-
-
- Suppose that you downloaded a Type 1 font collection, e.g. Freefont
-( ''ftp://ftp.gimp.org/pub/gimp/fonts/freefonts-.10.tar.gz
-''). To make it visible to the font server, unpack the
-archive from /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/. Then edit
-/etc/X11/fs/config, add an entry for the new
-directory, and restart the font server.
-
-
-
- If you're rolling your own font collection, you'll need to supply the
-files fonts.dir and fonts.scale;
-the tool to make them is type1inst, available from
-'' http://http://goblet.anu.edu.au/~m9305357/type1inst.html
-''.
-
-
-
- As for the True Type fonts, group them in a directory of your choice and
-create fonts.dir using
-ttmkfdirfonts.dir, included in the Freetype archive;
-''http://www.freetype.org
-''. Then proceed as above. For example, if you want to
-use the Windows fonts you have in, say,
-/mnt/win/windows/fonts, go to that directory, run
-ttmkfdir, edit
-/etc/X11/fs/config and restart the font server.
-
-
-
- It all started from the original True Type X font server: ''http://http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jec/programs/xfsft/
-''.
-
-----
-!!4.16. Users' Configurations
-
- When you're done editing the dot files, copy them to
-/etc/skel as seen in Section Section 4.
-
-----
-!!4.17. Making .rpms
-
- rpm is such a wonderful method of keeping packages
-under control that I'm reluctant to install .tar.gz archives but in very
-few special cases (e.g., security). Whenever you install a tarball,
-consider turning it into an .rpm archive, then reinstall it; consult the
-RPM HOWTO. Also, if you use recent gcc versions, it
-may be advisable to put this in your /etc/rpmrc:
-
-
-
-
-optflags: i386 -O2 -mpentiumpro
-
-----
-!!4.18. Upgrading
-
- If you upgrade your machine, do your backup as usual and remember to save
-a few additional files. Some could be
-/etc/X11/XF86Config,
-/usr/bin/fax, all the stuff in
-/usr/local, the kernel configuration, the whole
-/etc, and all the mail in
-/var/spool/mail.
-
-
-
- Then it's time to upgrade (in rare cases, downgrade!) applications that
-your distribution ship with, and to add additional packages. Keep a list
-of these ones.
-
-----
-!!!5. Configuration Software + Docs
-
- There are several programs that make Linux easy to setup and configure.
-Some are becoming sort of standard: Red Hat, Caldera and other
-distributions ship with apps like setup,
-printtool, netcfg,
-usertool, etc, while S.u.S.E. ships with a
-comprehensive configuration program called Yast. Other useful programs
-are:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- ''The Dotfile Generator'': fine X app with
-modules to configure packages like emacs,
-bash, procmail and more. Its
-page is at '' http://www.imada.ou.dk/~blackie/dotfile'';
-
-
-*
-*
-
- ''Linuxconf'': the ultimate configuration
-tool. It can do everything, both in console and under X. Go to '' http://www.solucorp.qc.ca/linuxconf'' at once.
-
-
-*
-
-
-
- Documents on Linux configuration are popping up everywhere. One of the
-most complete is TrinityOS, '' http://www.ecst.csuchico.edu/~dranch/LINUX/index-linux.html
-''. Bug the author to have him turn the document in
-nicer formats.
-
-
-
- A jolly good page is '' http://dotfiles.com''. Just what it says - a collection
-of configuration files.
-
-----
-!!!6. The End
-!!6.1. Copyright
-
- Copyright (c) by Guido Gonzato, ggonza at tin.it.
-This document may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions
-set forth in the LDP License at '' http://www.linuxdoc.org/COPYRIGHT.html'', except that
-this document must not be distributed in modified form without the
-author's consent.
-
-
-
- If you have questions, please refer to the Linux Documentation Project
-home page, '' http://www.linuxdoc.org''.
-
-----
-!!6.2. Feedback
-
- Perhaps even more than other HOWTOs, this one needs and welcomes your
-suggestions, criticisms, and contributions. Not only is feedback welcome:
-it's necessary. If you think something is missing or wrong, please email
-me. If you have a distribution other than Red Hat/Mandrake and your config
-files are different or placed in other directories, please tell me and
-I'll include your tips. My aim is making life with Linux as easy as
-possible.
-
-
-
- Linux has a huge number of packages, so it's impossible to include
-directions for all of them. Please keep your requests/suggestions
-pertinent to the ``most reasonable'' programs---I'll leave it to your
-common sense.
-
-----
-!!6.3. Disclaimer
-
- This document is provided ``as is''. I put great effort into writing it as
-accurately as I could, but you use the information contained in it at your
-own risk. In no event shall I be liable for any damages resulting from the
-use of this work.
-
-
-
- Many thanks to all other HOWTO authors and man pages writers/maintainers,
-whose work I've shamelessly pilfered; and to all people who provided me
-with feedback.
-
-
-
- I hope you'll find this work useful, though. Whenever I install a new
-Linux box, I actually do...
-
-
-
- Enjoy,
-
-
-
- Guido =8-)
+Describe
[HowToConfigHOWTO
] here.
