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@@ -1,934 +1 @@
-
-
-
-Chroot-BIND HOWTO
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!!Chroot-BIND HOWTO
-
-!!Scott Wunsch, scott at wunsch.orgv1.5, 1 December 2001
-
-
-----
-''This document describes installing the BIND 9 nameserver to run in a chroot
-jail and as a non-root user, to provide added security and minimise the
-potential effects of a security compromise. Note that this document has
-been updated for BIND 9; if you still run BIND 8, you want the Chroot-BIND8
-HOWTO instead.''
-----
-
-
-
-
-!!1. Introduction
-
-
-*1.1 What?
-
-*1.2 Why?
-
-*1.3 Where?
-
-*1.4 How?
-
-*1.5 Disclaimer
-
-
-
-
-
-!!2. Preparing the Jail
-
-
-*2.1 Creating a User
-
-*2.2 Directory Structure
-
-*2.3 Placing the BIND Data
-
-*2.4 System Support Files
-
-*2.5 Logging
-
-*2.6 Tightening Permissions
-
-
-
-
-
-!!3. Compiling and Installing Your Shiny New BIND
-
-
-*3.1 Doing the Compile
-
-
-
-
-
-!!4. Installing Your Shiny New BIND
-
-
-*4.1 Installing the Binaries
-
-*4.2 Setting up the Init Script
-
-*4.3 Configuration Changes
-
-
-
-
-
-!!5. The End
-
-
-*5.1 Launching BIND
-
-*5.2 That's It!
-
-
-
-
-
-!!6. Appendix - Upgrading BIND Later
-
-
-
-
-!!7. Appendix - Thanks
-
-
-
-
-!!8. Appendix - Document Distribution Policy
-----
-
-!!1. Introduction
-
-
-This is the Chroot-BIND HOWTO; see
-Where? for the
-master site, which contains the latest copy. It is assumed that you already
-know how to configure and use BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain). If
-not, I would recommend that you read the DNS HOWTO first. It is also assumed
-that you have a basic familiarity with compiling and installing software on
-your UNIX-like system.
-
-
-
-
-!!1.1 What?
-
-
-
-This document describes some extra security precautions that you can take when
-you install BIND. It explains how to configure BIND so that it resides in a
-``chroot jail,'' meaning that it cannot see or access files outside its own
-little directory tree. We shall also configure it to run as a non-root user.
-
-
-The idea behind chroot is fairly simple. When you run BIND (or any other
-process) in a chroot jail, the process is simply unable to see any part of the
-filesystem outside the jail. For example, in this document, we'll set BIND up
-to run chrooted to the directory /chroot/named. Well, to BIND, the
-contents of this directory will appear to be /, the root directory.
-Nothing outside this directory will be accessible to it. You've probably
-encounted a chroot jail before, if you've ever used ftp to log into a
-public system.
-
-
-Because the chroot process is much simpler with BIND 9, I have started to expand
-this document slightly, to include more general tips about securing a BIND
-installation. Nevertheless, this document is not (and is not intended to be) a
-complete reference for securing BIND. If you do only what is outlined in this
-document, you're not finished securing your nameserver!
-
-
-
-
-!!1.2 Why?
-
-
-
-The idea behind running BIND in a chroot jail is to limit the amount of access
-any malicious individual could gain by exploiting vulnerabilities in BIND. It
-is for the same reason that we run BIND as a non-root user.
-
-
-This should be considered as a supplement to the normal security precautions
-(running the latest version, using access control, etc.), certainly not as a
-replacement for
-them.
-
-
-If you're interested in DNS security, you might also be interested in a few
-other products. Building BIND with
-!StackGuard would
-probably be a good idea for even more protection. Using it is easy; it's
-just like using ordinary gcc. Also,
-DNScache is a secure replacement
-for BIND, written by Dan Bernstein. Dan is the author of qmail, and DNScache
-appears to follow a similar philosophy.
-
-
-
-
-!! 1.3 Where?
-
-
-
-The latest version of this document is always available from the web site of the
-Linux/Open Source Users of Regina, Sask., at
-http://www.losurs.org/docs/howto/Chroot-BIND.html.
-
-
-There is now a Japanese translation of this document, maintained by Nakano
-Takeo nakano at apm.seikei.ac.jp. This is available at
-http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/JFdocs/Chroot-BIND-HOWTO.html.
-
-
-BIND is available from
-the Internet Software Consortium at
-http://www.isc.org/bind.html. As of this
-writing, the current version of BIND 9 is 9.2.. BIND 9 has been out for some
-time now, and many people are using it in production. Nevertheless, some more
-conservative sorts still prefer to remain with BIND 8. If you are such a
-person, please see my Chroot-BIND8 HOWTO (available from the same location)
-for details on chrooting it, but be warned that BIND 8 is much messier to
-chroot.
-
-
-Keep in mind that there are __known__ security holes in many earlier
-versions of BIND, so make very sure that you're running the latest version!
-
-
-
-
-!!1.4 How?
-
-
-
-I wrote this document based on my experiences in setting BIND up in a chroot
-environment. In my case, I already had an existing BIND installation in the
-form of a package that came with my Linux distribution. I'll assume that most
-of you are probably in the same situation, and will simply be transferring over
-and modifying the configuration files from your existing BIND installation, and
-then removing the package before installing the new one. Don't remove the
-package yet, though; we may want some files from it first.
-
-
-If this is not the case for you, you should still be able to follow this
-document. The only difference is that, where I refer to copying an existing
-file, you first have to create it yourself. The DNS HOWTO may be helpful for
-this.
-
-
-
-
-!!1.5 Disclaimer
-
-
-
-These steps worked for me, on my system; your mileage may vary. This is but
-one way to approach this; there are other ways to set the same thing up
-(although the general approach will be the same). It just happens that this
-was the first way that I tried that worked, so I wrote it down.
-
-
-My BIND experience to date has been installing on Linux servers. However, most
-of the instructions in this document should be easily applicable to other
-flavours of UNIX as well, and I shall try to point out differences of which I am
-aware. I've also received suggestions from people using other distributions
-and other platforms, and I've tried to incorporate their comments where
-possible.
-
-
-If you run Linux, you need to make sure that you're running a 2.4 kernel before
-attempting this. The -u switch (to run as a non-root user) requires
-this newer kernel.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!2. Preparing the Jail
-
-!!2.1 Creating a User
-
-
-
-As mentioned in the introduction, it's not a good idea to run BIND as root. So,
-before we begin, let's create a separate user for BIND. Note that you should
-never use an existing generic user like nobody for this purpose.
-However, some distributions, such as SuSE and Linux Mandrake have started
-providing a specific user (generally called named); you can simply adapt
-this user for our purposes, if you like.
-
-
-This requires adding a line something like the following to /etc/passwd:
-
-
-named:x:200:200:Nameserver:/chroot/named:/bin/false
-
-
-And one like this to /etc/group:
-
-
-named:x:200:
-
-
-This creates a user and group called named for BIND. Make sure that the
-UID and GID (both 200 in this example) are unique on your system. The shell is
-set to /bin/false because this user will never need to log in.
-
-
-
-
-!!2.2 Directory Structure
-
-
-
-Now, we must set up the directory structure that we will use for the chroot jail
-in which BIND will live. This can be anywhere on your filesystem; the truly
-paranoid may even want to put it on a separate volume. I shall assume that you
-will use /chroot/named. Let's start by creating the following directory
-structure:
-
-
-
-
-
-/chroot
-+-- named
-+-- dev
-+-- etc
-| +-- namedb
-| +-- slave
-+-- var
-+-- run
-
-
-
-
-If you use GNU mkdir (such as on a Linux system), you can create this
-directory structure like this:
-
-
-
-
-
-# mkdir -p /chroot/named
-# cd /chroot/named
-# mkdir -p dev etc/namedb/slave var/run
-
-
-
-
-
-
-!!2.3 Placing the BIND Data
-
-
-
-Assuming that you have already done a conventional installation of BIND and are
-using it, you will already have an existing named.conf and zone files.
-These files must now be moved (or copied, to be safe) into the chroot jail, so
-that BIND can get at them. named.conf goes in /chroot/named/etc,
-and the zone files can go in /chroot/named/etc/namedb. For example:
-
-
-# cp -p /etc/named.conf /chroot/named/etc/
-# cp -a /var/named/* /chroot/named/etc/namedb/
-
-
-
-
-BIND would normally need to write to the namedb directory, but in the
-interests of tightening security, we will not allow it to do this. If your
-nameserver serves as a slave for any zones, it will need to update these zone
-files, which means we'll have to store them in a separate directory, to which
-BIND does have write access.
-
-
-# chown -R named:named /chroot/named/etc/namedb/slave
-
-
-
-
-Keep in mind that'll you have to move any slave zones you have into this
-directory, and update your named.conf accordingly.
-
-
-BIND will also need to write to the /var/run directory, to put its
-pidfile and statistical information there, so let's allow it to do so:
-
-
-# chown named:named /chroot/named/var/run
-
-
-
-
-
-
-!!2.4 System Support Files
-
-
-
-Once BIND is running in the chroot jail, it will not be able to access files
-outside the jail __at all__. However, it needs to access a few key files,
-although not nearly as many as BIND 8 did.
-
-
-One file that BIND will need inside its jail is good ol' /dev/null.
-Note that the exact command necessary to create this device node may vary from
-system to system; check your /dev/MAKEDEV script to be sure. Some
-systems may also require /dev/zero, which can created similarly. It's
-reported that the BIND 9.2.0 release candidates now require /dev/random
-as well. For most Linux systems, we can use the following commands:
-
-
-# mknod /chroot/named/dev/null c 1 3
-# mknod /chroot/named/dev/random c 1 8
-# chmod 666 /chroot/named/dev/{null,random}
-
-
-
-
-For FreeBSD 4.3, this is:
-
-
-# mknod /chroot/named/dev/null c 2 2
-# mknod /chroot/named/dev/random c 2 3
-# chmod 666 /chroot/named/dev/{null,random}
-
-
-
-
-You also need another file in the /etc directory inside the jail. You
-must copy /etc/localtime (this is sometimes known as
-/usr/lib/zoneinfo/localtime on some systems) in there so that BIND logs
-things with the right time on them. The following command will take care
-of this:
-
-
-# cp /etc/localtime /chroot/named/etc/
-
-
-
-
-
-
-!! 2.5 Logging
-
-
-
-Unlike a conventional jailbird, BIND can't just scribble its log entries on the
-walls :-). Normally, BIND logs through syslogd, the system logging daemon.
-However, this type of logging is performed by sending the log entries to the
-special socket /dev/log. Since this is outside the jail, BIND can't use
-it any more. Fortuantely, there are a couple options to work around this.
-
-
-
-
-!The Ideal Solution
-
-
-The ideal solution to this dilemma requires a reasonably recent version of
-syslogd which supports the -a switch introduced by OpenBSD.
-Check the manpage for your syslogd(8) to see if you have such a
-version.
-
-
-If you do, all you have to do is add the switch ``-a
-/chroot/named/dev/log'' to the command line when you launch syslogd.
-On systems which use a full SysV-init (which includes most Linux distributions),
-this is typically done in the file /etc/rc.d/init.d/syslog. For example,
-on my Red Hat Linux system, I changed the line
-
-
-daemon syslogd -m
-
-
-to
-
-
-daemon syslogd -m 0 -a /chroot/named/dev/log
-
-
-
-
-Interestingly, as of Red Hat 7.2, Red Hat has apparently made this process
-even easier. There is now a file called /etc/sysconfig/syslog in which
-extra parameters for syslogd can be defined.
-
-
-On Caldera !OpenLinux systems, they use a daemon launcher called ssd,
-which reads configuration from /etc/sysconfig/daemons/syslog. You
-simply need to modify the options line to look like this:
-
-
-OPTIONS_SYSLOGD="-m 0 -a /chroot/named/dev/log"
-
-
-
-
-Similarly, on SuSE systems, I'm told that the best place to add this switch
-is in the /etc/rc.config file. Changing the line
-
-
-SYSLOGD_PARAMS=""
-
-
-to read
-
-
-SYSLOGD_PARAMS="-a /chroot/named/dev/log"
-
-
-should do the trick.
-
-
-And, last but not least, for FreeBSD 4.3 you can apparently just edit the
-rc.conf file and put in the following:
-
-
-syslogd_flags="-s -l /chroot/named/dev/log"
-
-
-The -s is for security reasons, and is part of the default settings.
-The -l is a local path on which to put another logging node.
-
-
-Once you've figured out how to make this change for your system, simply
-restart syslogd, either by killing it and launching it again (with
-the extra parameters), or by using the SysV-init script to do it for you:
-
-
-# /etc/rc.d/init.d/syslog stop
-# /etc/rc.d/init.d/syslog start
-
-
-
-
-Once it's been restarted, you should see a ``file'' in /chroot/named/dev
-called log, that looks something like this:
-
-
-
-
-srw-rw-rw- 1 root root 0 Mar 13 20:58 log
-
-
-
-
-
-!The Other Solutions
-
-
-If you have an older syslogd, then you'll have to find another way to do
-your logging. There are a couple programs out there, such as holelogd,
-which are designed to help by acting as a ``proxy'' and accepting log entries
-from the chrooted BIND and passing them out to the regular /dev/log
-socket.
-
-
-Alteratively, you can simply configure BIND to log to files instead of going
-through syslog. See the BIND documentation for more details if you choose to go
-this route.
-
-
-
-
-!! 2.6 Tightening Permissions
-
-
-
-First of all, feel free to restrict access to the whole /chroot
-directory to the root user. Of course, not everybody may want to do
-this, especially if you have other software installed in that tree that
-doesn't appreciate it.
-
-
-
-
-
-# chown root /chroot
-# chmod 700 /chroot
-
-
-
-
-You can also safely restrict access to /chroot/named to the named
-user.
-
-
-
-
-
-# chown named:named /chroot/named
-# chmod 700 /chroot/named
-
-
-
-
-For even more tightening, on Linux systems we can make a few of the files and
-directories immutable, using the chattr tool on ext2 filesystems.
-
-
-
-
-
-# cd /chroot/named
-# chattr +i etc etc/localtime var
-
-
-
-
-Equivalently, on FreeBSD 4.3, you want to look into chflags if you
-wish to make things immutable. As an example, the following should change
-everything in the /chroot/named/etc directory to immutable:
-
-
-# chflags schg /chroot/named/etc/*(*).
-
-
-
-
-It would be nice to do this for the dev directory too, but unfortunately
-that would prevent syslogd from creating its dev/log socket.
-You may also choose to set the immutable bit on other files in the jail as
-well, such as your primary zone files, if they aren't expected to change.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!! 3. Compiling and Installing Your Shiny New BIND
-
-
-
-
-!!3.1 Doing the Compile
-
-
-
-Compiling BIND 9 for use in a chroot jail should be a much more pleasant
-experience than BIND 8 was. In fact, you don't have to do anything special;
-the standard ./configure && make should suffice.
-
-
-Keep in mind that if you want to enable IPv6 support in BIND
-(--enable-ipv6) on Linux systems, you need matching versions of kernel
-and glibc. If you have kernel 2.2, you need glibc 2.1, and if you have kernel
-2.4, you need glibc 2.2. BIND is quite picky about this.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!! 4. Installing Your Shiny New BIND
-
-
-I should mention that if you have an existing installation of BIND, such as from
-an RPM, you should probably remove it before installing the new one. On Red Hat
-systems, this probably means removing the packages bind and
-bind-utils, and possibly bind-devel and caching-nameserver,
-if you have them.
-
-
-You may want to save a copy of the init script (e.g.,
-/etc/rc.d/init.d/named), if any, before doing so; it'll be useful later
-on.
-
-
-If you are upgrading from an older version of BIND, such as BIND 8, you will
-want to read the migration documentation in the file doc/misc/migration
-in the BIND source package. I don't deal with any migration issues in this
-document; I simply assume that you are replacing an existing, working
-installation of BIND 9.
-
-
-
-
-!!4.1 Installing the Binaries
-
-
-
-This is the easy part :-). Just run make install and let it take care of
-it for you. Really, that's it!
-
-
-
-
-!!4.2 Setting up the Init Script
-
-
-
-If you have an existing init script from your distribution, it would probably
-be best simply to modify it to run the new binary, with the appropriate
-switches. The switches are... ''(drumroll please...)''
-
-
-*-u named, which tells BIND to run as the user named, rather
-than root.
-*
-
-*-t /chroot/named, which tells BIND to chroot itself to the jail
-that we've set up.
-*
-
-*-c /etc/named.conf, which tells BIND where to find its
-configuration file within the jail.
-*
-
-
-
-The following is the init script I use with my Red Hat 6.0 system. As you can
-see, it is almost exactly the same as the way it shipped from Red Hat. I
-haven't tried the rndc commands yet, but I can't see any reason why
-they shouldn't work.
-
-----
-
-#!/bin/sh
-#
-# named This shell script takes care of starting and stopping
-# named (BIND DNS server).
-#
-# chkconfig: 345 55 45
-# description: named (BIND) is a Domain Name Server (DNS) \
-# that is used to resolve host names to IP addresses.
-# probe: true
-# Source function library.
-. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
-# Source networking configuration.
-. /etc/sysconfig/network
-# Check that networking is up.
-[ ${NETWORKING} = "no"
] && exit
-[[ -f /usr/local/sbin/named ] || exit
-[[ -f /chroot/named/etc/named.conf ] || exit
-# See how we were called.
-case "$1" in
-start)
-# Start daemons.
-echo -n "Starting named: "
-daemon /usr/local/sbin/named -u named -t /chroot/named -c /etc/named.conf
-echo
-touch /var/lock/subsys/named
-;;
-stop)
-# Stop daemons.
-echo -n "Shutting down named: "
-killproc named
-rm -f /var/lock/subsys/named
-echo
-;;
-status)
-status named
-exit $?
-;;
-restart)
-$0 stop
-$0 start
-exit $?
-;;
-reload)
-/usr/local/sbin/rndc reload
-exit $?
-;;
-probe)
-# named knows how to reload intelligently; we don't want linuxconf
-# to offer to restart every time
-/usr/local/sbin/rndc reload >/dev/null 2>&1 || echo start
-exit
-;;
-*)
-echo "Usage: named {start|stop|status|restart|reload}"
-exit 1
-esac
-exit
-
-----
-
-
-
-As with syslogd, as of Red Hat 7.2 this process is now even easier. There is
-a file called /etc/sysconfig/named in which extra parameters for syslogd
-can be defined. The default /etc/rc.d/init.d/named on Red Hat 7.2,
-however, will check for the existance of /etc/named.conf before
-starting. You will need to correct this path.
-
-
-On Caldera !OpenLinux systems, you simply need to modify the variables defined
-at the top, and it will apparently take care of the rest for you:
-
-
-NAME=named
-DAEMON=/usr/local/sbin/$NAME
-OPTIONS="-t /chroot/named -u named -c /etc/named.conf"
-
-
-
-
-And for FreeBSD 4.3, you can edit the rc.conf file and put in the
-following:
-
-
-named_enable="YES"
-named_program="chroot/named/bin/named"
-named_flags="-u named -t /chroot/named -c /etc/namedb/named.conf"
-
-
-
-
-
-
-!!4.3 Configuration Changes
-
-
-
-You will also have to add or change a few options in your named.conf to
-keep the various directories straight. In particular, you should add (or
-change, if you already have them) the following directives in the options
-section:
-
-
-directory "/etc/namedb";
-pid-file "/var/run/named.pid";
-statistics-file "/var/run/named.stats";
-
-
-Since this file is being read by the named daemon, all the paths are of
-course relative to the chroot jail. As of this writing, BIND 9 does not support
-many of the statistics and dump files that previous versions did. Presumably
-later versions will; if you are running such a version, you may have to add
-additional entries to cause BIND to write them to the /var/run directory
-as well.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!!5. The End
-
-!!5.1 Launching BIND
-
-
-
-Everything should be set up, and you should be ready to put your new, more
-secure BIND into action. Assuming you set up a SysV-style init script, you can
-simply launch it as:
-
-
-# /etc/rc.d/init.d/named start
-
-
-Make sure you kill any old versions of BIND still running before doing this.
-
-
-
-
-!!5.2 That's It!
-
-
-
-You can go take a nap now ;-).
-
-
-
-----
-
-!! 6. Appendix - Upgrading BIND Later
-
-
-So, you had BIND 9.1.2 all nicely chrooted and tweaked to your taste... and
-then you hear this nasty rumour that BIND 9.1.3 is finally out, and you just
-have to give it a try right away. Do you have to go through this whole
-long process to install this new version?
-
-
-Nope. In fact, you really just need to compile the new BIND and install it
-over top of the old one. Just don't forget to kill the old version and restart
-BIND, or it'll still be the old version running!
-
-
-
-----
-
-!! 7. Appendix - Thanks
-
-
-I'd like to thank the following people for their assistance in the creation
-of this HOWTO:
-
-
-
-
-
-*Lonny Selinger <lonny at abyss.za.org> for "testing" the
-first version of this HOWTO and making sure that I didn't miss any steps.
-
-*
-
-*Chirik <chirik at !CastleFur.COM>, Dwayne Litzenberger
-<dlitz at dlitz.net>, Phil Bambridge <phil.b at
-cableinet.co.uk>, Robert Cole <rcole at metrum-datatape.com>,
-Colin !MacDonald <colinm at telus.net>, and others for pointing out
-errors, omissions, and providing other useful advice to make this HOWTO even
-better.
-
-*
-
-*Erik Wallin <erikw at sec.se> and Brian Cervenka
-<brian at zerobelow.org> for providing good suggestions for
-further tightening the jail.
-
-*
-
-*Robert Dalton <support at accesswest.com> for suggesting
-a couple more example commands, and pointing out BIND 9.2.'s need of
-/dev/random.
-
-*
-
-*Eric !McCormick <hostmaster at cybertime.net> for the FreeBSD
-4.3 information.
-
-*
-
-*Tan Zheng Da <tzd at pobox.com> for the details about the
-changes in Red Hat 7.2 that make this a little easier.
-
-*
-
-
-
-And last but certainly not least, I'd like to thank Nakano Takeo <nakano
-at apm.seikei.ac.jp> for translating the Chroot-BIND HOWTO into
-Japanese. You can find his translation at
-http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/JFdocs/Chroot-BIND-HOWTO.html.
-
-
-
-----
-
-!! 8. Appendix - Document Distribution Policy
-
-
-Copyright (c) Scott Wunsch, 2000-2001. This document may be distributed only
-subject to the terms set forth in the LDP licence at
-http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/COPYRIGHT.html.
-
-
-This HOWTO is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-the terms of the LDP licence. It is distributed in the hope that it will be
-useful, but __without any warranty__; without even the impled warranty of
-merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. See the LDP licence for
-more details
.
-
-
-
-----
+Describe
[HowToChrootBINDHOWTO
] here
.
