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-Belarusian-HOWTO
-!!!Belarusian-HOWTO
-!Alexander Mikhailian,
-mikhailian@altern.org
-
-v..1.5, 25 February 2001
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Short guide in setting up Belarusian language support in Linux
-console, X Window System, web-browsers, text editors, etc.
-Charsets used in the setup are either windows-1251 or
-iso-8859-5. Belarusian characters can also be found in
-koi8-ub, koi8-c, koi8-ru and, of course, Unicode. Although
-this HOWTO is Linux-specific, many advices are applicable to
-other UNIX-like systems.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-----; __Table of Contents__; 1. Introduction: ; 1.1. History; 1.2. Comments; 1.3. New Versions; 1.4. Copyright; 1.5. Acknowledgements and Thanks; 2. System-wide setup: ; 2.1. Choosing Charset; 2.2. windows-1251 in the kernel; 2.3. ISO-8859-5 in the kernel; 2.4. Setting locale; 2.5. Belarusian in console; 2.6. Belarusian in X Window System; 3. Editing texts: ; 3.1. Emacs; 3.2. Spell-checking; 3.3. TeX; 4. Browsers: ; 4.1. Netscape; 4.2. Lynx; 5. Mailers: ; 5.1. Netscape Messenger; 5.2. Mutt; 6. Further support
-!!!1. Introduction
-!!1.1. History
-
- This document was started in September 15, 1999 by Alexander Mikhailian
-
-
-----
-!!1.2. Comments
-
- Comments on this HOWTO may be directed to the author
-mikhailian@altern.org.
-
-
-----
-!!1.3. New Versions
-
- The newest version can always be found at
-the bellinux page.
-
-
-----
-!!1.4. Copyright
-
- This manual may be reproduced in whole or in part without restrictions.
-
-
-----
-!!1.5. Acknowledgements and Thanks
-
- Thanks to everyone who gave comments as I was writing this.
-
-
-----
-!!!2. System-wide setup
-!!2.1. Choosing Charset
-
- As for now, the choice is mainly between windows-1251 and
-iso-8859-5. Windows-1251 provides compatibility with M$
-Windows and it is is by far the most popular charset for
-nearly all slavic languages. On the other side, iso-8859-5 is
-better supported and easier to set up.
-
-
-
-
-
-The present HOWTO will explain the use of both charsets in
-parallel. Unless otherwise stated in the text, Belarusian
-support package from
-the bellinux page
-contains all the files mentioned in the present HOWTO.
-
-
-----
-!!2.2. windows-1251 in the kernel
-
- Windows-1251 support in the kernel is needed to visualize MS
-Windows filenames in cyrillic while the console and X Window
-system are localized in windows-1251. As latest FAT file
-systems store filenames in Unicode, we have to define the
-output charset of the Virtual File System layer and install
-the support for windows-1251 in the kernel.
-
-
-
-
- There is a patch for 2.2.14 kernels that is included in the
-Belarusian support package. To apply the patch,
-
-
-
-
-
-*
- cd /path_to_your_kernel_source_tree
-
-*
-*
- patch -p0 ` patch_for_the_kernel.patch
-
-*
-*
-
- Recompile and reinstall the kernel modules.
-Refer to
-Kernel-HOWTO
-for the details.
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Add
-
- codepage=866,iocharset=microsoft-cp1251
-
-to your mount options in order to get the filenames in
-windows-1251.
-
-
-
-
- To test the setup, execute
-
- mount /dev/hda -t vfat -o codepage=866,iocharset=iso8859-5 /mnt/hda
-
-as root. Of course, you should replace /dev/hda by the
-name of your vfat partitions containing names in
-cyrillic.
-
-
-
-*
-
-
-----
-!!2.3. ISO-8859-5 in the kernel
-
- There is built-in support for iso-8859-5 in Linux kernel.
-To enable iso-8859-5, make sure you compile this module
-in the nls section of the kernel setup. Normally, iso-8859-5
-is compiled by default and can be loaded either automatically
-or by issuing
-
- insmod nls_iso8859-5
-
-as root.
-
-
-
-
- Add
-
- codepage=866,iocharset=iso8859-5
-
-to your mount options in order to get the filenames in
-iso-8859-5.
-
-
-----
-!!2.4. Setting locale
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- Belarusian locale is available in glibc 2.2 and later.
-If you do not have the belarusian locale installed in
-your system, you can compile it yourself. The source is
-available at
-the bellinux page.
-Issue
-
- localedef -f CP1251 -i be_BY be_BY.CP1251
-
-or
-
- localedef -f ISO-8899-5 -i be_BY be_BY.ISO-8899-5
-
-to compile the locale in windows-1251 encoding or iso8859-5 encoding.
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Check how it works by setting the locale
-
- set LANG=be_BY.CP1251; export LANG
-
-or
-
- set LANG=be_BY.ISO-8859-5; export LANG
-
-and running a locale-aware program like
-date
-or
-cal.
-
-
-
-*
-
-
-----
-!!2.5. Belarusian in console
-!2.5.1. Setting Belarusian with windows-1251
-
- Some cyrillic console fonts are in fact russian fonts and
-lack many cyrillic characters. Fortunately, !UniCyr fonts by
-Vadinm Zhitnikov have all the glyphs from cp866, cp1251,
-iso8859-5 and all printable symbols from koi8-r. Besides
-the belarusian keyboard maps which you can find at the
-the bellinux page
-, other files are fairly standard and are available in most
-linux distributions. To set up window-1251 in console,
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- Load a !UniCyr font
-
- consolechars -f !UniCyr_8x16
-
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Load by2_win.kmap keymap.
-
- loadkeys by2_win
-
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Load Application-Charset Map cp1251.acm
-
- consolechars -m cp1251
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-
-----
-!2.5.2. Setting Belarusian with iso-8859-5
-
- There are two ways to set up Belarusian with iso-8859-5
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- Load iso-8859-5 font
-
- consolechars -f iso05.f16
-
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Load belarusian keymap
-by2.kmap
-or
-by.kmap
-
- loadkeys by.kmap
-loadkeys by2.kmap
-
-
-
-
-*
-This method has one serious drawback - you will loose all
-pseudographic characters and, say, you Midnight Commander
-will look somewhat naked. The second method described below
-preserves all pseudographic characters:
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- Load !UniCyr font
-
- consolechars -f !UniCyr_8x16
-
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Load by2.kmap
-keymap or
-by.kmap
-
- loadkeys by.kmap
-loadkeys by2.kmap
-
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Load Application-Charset Map iso05.acm
-
-consolechars -m iso05
-
-
-
-
-*
-Beware that different Linux distributions have different
-console-related packages -
-console-tools or
-kbd. Abovementioned scripts are meant
-to work with console-tools which is by
-far more popular.
-
-
-----
-!!2.6. Belarusian in X Window System
-!2.6.1. ISO-8859-5 in X Window System through XKB
-
-This is is quite easy to set up.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-
-Install ISO-8859-5 fonts for X Window and make sure they are
-before other fonts in the fontpath. Refer to
-Font-HOWTO
-for details on how to install fonts.
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Get the belarusian keyboard layout by from the
-the bellinux page
-and put it on the place of any other keyborad layout in
-/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/, e.g.
-instead of the belgian keyboard layout
-/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/be
-
-
-
-
- Put the following stings in your
-/etc/X11/XF86COnfig:
-
- !XkbModel "microsoft"
-!XkbLayout "be"
-!XkbOptions "grp:caps_toggle"
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Don't forget to set up the system locale to
-be_BY.ISO8859-5 as described in Section 2.4.
-You will also want to make sure that iso-8859-5 fonts
-are before any other fonts in your font path.
-
-
-
-*----
-!2.6.2. Windows-1251 in X Window System through XKB
-
- This works only with XFree 4..2 and higher.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-
-Install ISO-8859-5 fonts for X Window and make sure they
-are before other fonts in the fontpath.
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Get the belarusian keyboard layout by from the
-the bellinux page
-and put it on the place of any other keyborad layout in
-/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/, e.g.
-instead of the belgian keyboard layout
-/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/be
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Put the following strings in your
-/etc/X11/XF86Config:
-
- !XkbModel "microsoft"
-!XkbLayout "be"
-!XkbOptions "grp:caps_toggle"
-
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Don't forget to set up the system locale to be_BY.CP1251
-as described in Section 2.4.
-
-
-
-*
-
- To use windows-1251 with XFree 3.3.5 and 4., you have to
-apply a patch from Aleksey Novodvorsky that allows the use
-of windows-1251 with XKB. The original location is at
-ftp.logic.ru/pub/logic/linux/be-locale
-and it is also available from
-the bellinux page.
-Lucky users of Linux-Mandrake RE get a patched XFree86 out
-of box.
-
-
-
-
- Belarusian keyboard layout is palnned for all XFree releases
-after 4..2. To make it work, you will have to add the
-following lines
-into /etc/X11/XF86Config:
-
- !XkbModel "microsoft"
-!XkbLayout "by"
-!XkbOptions "grp:caps_toggle"
-
-
-
-----
-!2.6.3. Windows-1251 in X Window System through Xmodmap
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- Uncomment
-
- !XkbDisable
-
-line in your /etc/X11/XF86COnfig.
-
-
-
-*
-
- Install windows-1251 fonts for X Windows and
-make sure thay are before other fonts in the path.
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Make and install xruskb package which can be
-downloaded from
-http://bellinux.sourceforge.net
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Replace .xmm files in your xruskb directory by those
-found at
-the bellinux page.
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Add the following lines in your .Xdefaults file
-
- xrus*modeButton1.labelString: BEL xrus*modeButton1.label: BEL
-
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Run
-
- xrus jcuken-cp1251
-
-or
-
- xrus jcuken-iso5
-
-to start keyboard switcher.
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
-
-----
-!!!3. Editing texts
-!!3.1. Emacs
-
- Emacs is able to display Belarusian characters out of box in many
-Linux distributions. However, the following conditions should satisfy:
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- Cyrillic iso-8859-5 fonts should be installed.
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Emacs-mule package should be installed.
-
-
-
-*
-
-
-
-
- The user may want to change the default keyboard layout
-("input method" in emacs slang) to jcuken. This
-feature is provided by belarusian.el
-along with some other goodies. Read the comments in the
-beginning of belarusian.el for details
-on the setup procedure.
-
-
-
-
- After installing belarusian.el, you will
-be able to switch the input method, by typing
-__C__-__\__-__cyrillic-belarusian__-__RET__
-
-
-
-
- For a more user-friendly setup, put the following lines in the
-.emacs file:
-
- ;; enables PC-like key mappings
-(pc-bindings-mode)
-;; enables PC-like selection
-(pc-selection-mode)
-;; highlight selection
-(transient-mark-mode t)
-;; use as many multilingual fonts as possible
-(set-default-font "fontset-standard")
-;; set up windows-1251 as default encoding everywhere
-(codepage-setup 1251)
-(set-terminal-coding-system 'cp1251)
-(set-keyboard-coding-system nil)
-(setq default-buffer-file-coding-system 'cp1251)
-(set-selection-coding-system 'cp1251)
-(prefer-coding-system 'cp1251)
-(define-coding-system-alias 'windows-1251 'cp1251)
-(define-coding-system-alias 'microsoft-1251 'cp1251)
-(define-coding-system-alias 'microsoft-cp1251 'cp1251)
-(define-coding-system-alias 'windows-cp1251 'cp1251)
-(define-coding-system-alias 'koi8-u 'cyrillic-koi8)
-(define-coding-system-alias 'KOI8-R 'cyrillic-koi8)
-(modify-coding-system-alist 'file "\.*" 'cp1251)
-(modify-coding-system-alist 'file "\\.el$" 'iso-2022-7bit)
-
-This configuration is for windows-1251 setup.
-
-
-----
-!!3.2. Spell-checking
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- If you do not have ispell 3.1.20, install it from any Linux
-distribution CD.
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Download the package
-belspell.tar.gz.
-Unpack it and run
-
-buildhash belarusian.sml belarusian.aff belarusian.hash
-
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Copy
-belarusian.hash
-to
-`/usr/lib/ispell
-or wherever your ispell
-hash tables are.
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- in order to spell-check a file, type
-
-ispell -d belarusian yourfile.txt
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-
-
-
- Getting belarusian ispell dictionary working with emacs is a bit
-tricky.
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- Copy
-ispell.el
-and
-ispell.elc
-into your
-$EMACSBIN/../lisp
-directory.
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Copy temporarily
-$EMACSBIN/../lisp/loaddefs.el
-to
-/usr/src/emacs-XX.X/lisp/loaddefs.el
-where XX.X stand for emacs version number.
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- __M__-__x__-__update-file-autoloads__-__RET__
-and enter the path to the ispell.el.
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Copy back loaddefs.el
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- Restart emacs
-
-
-
-*
-
-
-----
-!!3.3. TeX
-
- from Aleksey Novodvorsky:
-
-
-
-
- You need TeX + babel + T2, e.g. teTeX b= 1.. in order to get partial
-support for Belarusian,
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
- put
-babel.sty
-,
-belarusianb.ldf
-and
-belarusianb.sty
-into
-/usr/share/texmf/tex/generic/babel
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- run
-texhash
-
-
-
-*
-*
-
- To use Belarusian in LaTeX: add the
-following lines in the preamble:
-
-\documentclass
[[belarusian]{article} \usepackage[[cp1251]{inputenc}
-\usepackage{babel}
-
-or
-
-\documentclass[[belarusian]{article} \usepackage[[iso88595
]{inputenc}
-\usepackage{babel}
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-
-----
-!!!4. Browsers
-!!4.1. Netscape
-
- It is often a problem to correctly visualize
-Belarusian-specific characters with Netscape. This is due to
-that Netscape 4.x looks for
-''any'' koi8-r font and, if it finds one,
-they refuse to use other fonts for displaying Cyrillic pages.
-
-
-
-
- The problem is solved by removing koi8-r fonts from everywhere - X
-Window System font path and font server path.Then install koi8-ru,
-iso-8859-5 or windows-1251 and run
-
-xset fp rehash
-
-or restart X server. You will probably have to delete
-bpreferences and
-preferences.js from the Netscape home
-directory .netscape and even then you are
-not guaranteed to have Netscape work right. Netscape's
-handling of fonts has always been an obscure issue.
-
-
-
-
- Links to koi8-ru, iso-8859-5 and windows-1251 cyrillic fonts for X
-Window System can be found at
-the bellinux page
-
-
-----
-!!4.2. Lynx
-
- In order to view Belarusian sites, you have to set up you console to
-handle the encoding you need. See section Section 2.5
-for more details.
-
-
-
-
- Add the following lines to your .linxrc file.
-
-character_set=Cyrillic (windows-1251) preferred_language=be
-preferred_charset=windows-1251
-
-or
-
-character_set=Cyrillic (ISO-8859-5) preferred_language=be
-preferred_charset=iso-8859-5
-
-if you have set up iso-8859-5 in console.
-
-
-
-
- If the page you are browsing does not have an explicit charset
-declaration, press __o__ and set the document
-charset manually.
-
-
-----
-!!!5. Mailers
-!!5.1. Netscape Messenger
-
- Netscape Messenger can not handle belarusian texts properly.
-The same applies to Mozilla.
-
-
-----
-!!5.2. Mutt
-
- Mutt handles a multitude of charsets and encodings with ease. If your
-console has windows-1251 support, add the following lines to your
-.muttrc:
-
- charset-hook "windows-1251" "cp1251" set charset="windows-1251"
-
-
-
-
-
- Mutt automatically converts all incoming messages for the screen
-output. It can also convert outgoing messages basing itself on a
-versatile pattern matching mechanism, e.g. the following line in
-.muttrc will force mutt to convert all messages sent to
-be-locale@iatp.unibel.by to ''koi8-r''.
-
-send-hook '~t ^be-locale@iatp\.unibel\.by$' 'set
-send_charset="koi8-r"'
-
-
-
-----
-!!!6. Further support
-
- A mailing list devoted entirely to Belarusian language support
-is available at
-be-locale@iatp.unibel.by.
-To subscribe, send a message to
-majordomo@iatp.unibel.by
-with the string "subscribe be-locale youremailaddress"
-in the body of the message
-
-
-
-
- Another mailing list that treats mostly linguistic issues is
-available at
-movaznaustva@egroups.com.
-To subscribe to it, send a message with empty body to
-movaznaustva-subscribe@egroups.com
.
+Describe
[HowToBelarusianHOWTO
] here
.
