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Annotated edit history of send(2) version 5, including all changes. View license author blame.
Rev Author # Line
1 perry 1 !!NAME
2 PerryLorier 2 send, sendto, sendmsg - send a message from a socket
1 perry 3 !!SYNOPSIS
2 PerryLorier 4 __#include <sys/types.h>__
5 __#include <sys/socket.h>__
1 perry 6
2 PerryLorier 7 __int send(int__ ''s''__, const void *__''msg''__, size_t__ ''len''__, int__ ''flags''__);__
3 JohnMcPherson 8
1 perry 9 !!DESCRIPTION
2 PerryLorier 10 send(2) is used to transmit a message to another socket. send(2) may be used only when the socket is in a ''connected'' state.
1 perry 11
2 PerryLorier 12 The address of the target is given by ''to'' with ''tolen'' specifying its size. The length of the message is given by ''len''. If the message is too long to pass atomically through the underlying protocol, the error [EMSGSIZE] is returned, and the message is not transmitted.
1 perry 13
2 PerryLorier 14 No indication of failure to deliver is implicit in a send(2). Locally detected errors are indicated by a return value of -1.
1 perry 15
2 PerryLorier 16 When the message does not fit into the send buffer of the socket, send(2) normally blocks, unless the socket has been placed in non-blocking I/O mode. In non-blocking mode it would return [EAGAIN] in this case. The select(2) call may be used to determine when it is possible to send more data.
1 perry 17
2 PerryLorier 18 The ''flags'' parameter is a flagword and can contain the following flags:
19 ;__MSG_OOB__: Sends ''out-of-band'' data on sockets that support this notion (e.g. __SOCK_STREAM__); the underlying protocol must also support ''out-of-band'' data.
1 perry 20
2 PerryLorier 21 ;__MSG_DONTROUTE__: Dont't use a gateway to send out the packet, only send to hosts on directly connected networks. This is usually used only by diagnostic or routing programs. This is only defined for protocol families that route; packet sockets don't.
1 perry 22
5 MartinPeylo 23 ;[MSG_DONTWAIT]: Enables non-blocking operation; if the operation would block, [EAGAIN] is returned (this can also be enabled using the __O_NONBLOCK__ with the __F_SETFL__ fcntl(2)).
1 perry 24
3 JohnMcPherson 25 ;[MSG_NOSIGNAL]: Requests not to send [SIGPIPE] on errors on stream oriented sockets when the other end breaks the connection. The [EPIPE] error is still returned.
1 perry 26
2 PerryLorier 27 ;__MSG_CONFIRM__: (Linux 2.3+ only) Tell the link layer that forward process happened: you got a successful reply from the other side. If the link layer
28 doesn't get this it'll regularly reprobe the neighbour (e.g. via a unicast ARP). Only valid on __SOCK_DGRAM__ and __SOCK_RAW__ sockets and currently only implemented for [IPv4] and [IPv6]. See arp(7) for details.
1 perry 29
2 PerryLorier 30 The definition of the ''msghdr'' structure follows. See recv(2) and below for an exact description of its fields.
1 perry 31
2 PerryLorier 32 struct msghdr {
33 void * msg_name; /* optional address */
34 socklen_t msg_namelen; /* size of address */
35 struct iovec * msg_iov; /* scatter/gather array */
36 size_t msg_iovlen; /* # elements in msg_iov */
37 void * msg_control; /* ancillary data, see below */
38 socklen_t msg_controllen; /* ancillary data buffer len */
39 int msg_flags; /* flags on received message */
40 };
1 perry 41
2 PerryLorier 42 You may send control information using the ''msg_control'' and ''msg_controllen'' members. The maximum control buffer length the kernel can process is
43 limited per socket by the __net.core.optmem_max__ sysctl; see socket(7).
1 perry 44
45 !!RETURN VALUE
2 PerryLorier 46 The calls return the number of characters sent, or -1 if an error occurred.
1 perry 47
48 !!ERRORS
2 PerryLorier 49 These are some standard errors generated by the socket layer. Additional errors may be generated and returned from the underlying protocol modules; see their respective manual pages.
1 perry 50
2 PerryLorier 51 ;[EBADF]: An invalid descriptor was specified.
52 ;[ENOTSOCK]: The argument ''s'' is not a socket.
53 ;[EFAULT]: An invalid user space address was specified for a parameter.
54 ;[EMSGSIZE]: The socket requires that message be sent atomically, and the size of the message to be sent made this impossible.
55 ;[EAGAIN] or [EWOULDBLOCK]: The socket is marked non-blocking and the requested operation would block.
4 PerryLorier 56 ;[ENOBUFS]: The output queue for a network interface was full. This generally indicates that the interface has stopped sending, but may be caused by transient congestion.
2 PerryLorier 57 ;[EINTR]: A signal occurred.
4 PerryLorier 58 ;[ENOMEM]: No memory available.
2 PerryLorier 59 ;[EINVAL]: Invalid argument passed.
60 ;[EPIPE]: The local end has been shut down on a connection oriented socket. In this case the process will also receive a [SIGPIPE] unless __MSG_NOSIGNAL__ is set.
1 perry 61
62 !!CONFORMING TO
3 JohnMcPherson 63 4.4BSD, SVr4, [POSIX] 1003.1g draft (these function calls appeared in 4.2BSD).
1 perry 64
2 PerryLorier 65 __MSG_CONFIRM__ is a Linux extension.
1 perry 66
67 !!NOTE
3 JohnMcPherson 68 The prototypes given above follow the Single Unix Specification, as glibc2 also does; the ''flags'' argument was `int' in [BSD] 4.*, but `unsigned int' in libc4 and libc5; the ''len'' argument was `int' in BSD 4.* and libc4, but `size_t' in libc5; the ''tolen'' argument was `int' in BSD 4.* and libc4 and libc5. See also accept(2).
1 perry 69
70 !!SEE ALSO
2 PerryLorier 71 fcntl(2), recv(2), select(2), getsockopt(2), sendfile(2), socket(2), write(2), socket(7), ip(7), tcp(7), udp(7)
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