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PYTHON !!!PYTHON NAME SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION COMMAND LINE OPTIONS INTERPRETER INTERFACE FILES AND DIRECTORIES ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES AUTHOR INTERNET RESOURCES LICENSING ---- !!NAME python - an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language !!SYNOPSIS __python__ [[ __-d__ ] [[ __-E__ ] [[ __-h__ ] [[ __-i__ ] [[ __-O__ ] [[ __-Q__ ''argument'' ] [[ __-S__ ] [[ __-t__ ] [[ __-u__ ] [[ __-U__ ] [[ __-v__ ] [[ __-V__ ] [[ __-W__ ''argument'' ] [[ __-x__ ] [[ __-c__ ''command'' | ''script'' | - ] [[ ''arguments'' ] !!DESCRIPTION Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language that combines remarkable power with very clear syntax. For an introduction to programming in Python you are referred to the Python Tutorial. The Python Library Reference documents built-in and standard types, constants, functions and modules. Finally, the Python Reference Manual describes the syntax and semantics of the core language in (perhaps too) much detail. (These documents may be located via the __INTERNET RESOURCES__ below; they may be installed on your system as well.) Python's basic power can be extended with your own modules written in C or C++. On most systems such modules may be dynamically loaded. Python is also adaptable as an extension language for existing applications. See the internal documentation for hints. Documentation for installed Python modules and packages can be viewed by running the __pydoc__ program. !!COMMAND LINE OPTIONS __-c__ ''command'' Specify the command to execute (see next section). This terminates the option list (following options are passed as arguments to the command). __-d__ Turn on parser debugging output (for wizards only, depending on compilation options). __-E__ Ignore environment variables like PYTHONPATH and PYTHONHOME that modify the behavior of the interpreter. __-h__ Prints the usage for the interpreter executable and exits. __-i__ When a script is passed as first argument or the __-c__ option is used, enter interactive mode after executing the script or the command. It does not read the $PYTHONSTARTUP file. This can be useful to inspect global variables or a stack trace when a script raises an exception. __-O__ Turn on basic optimizations. This changes the filename extension for compiled (bytecode) files from ''.pyc'' to ''.pyo''. Given twice, causes docstrings to be discarded. __-Q__ ''argument'' Division control; see PEP 238. The argument must be one of __-S__ Disable the import of the module ''site'' and the site-dependent manipulations of ''sys.path'' that it entails. __-t__ Issue a warning when a source file mixes tabs and spaces for indentation in a way that makes it depend on the worth of a tab expressed in spaces. Issue an error when the option is given twice. __-u__ Force stdin, stdout and stderr to be totally unbuffered. __-v__ Print a message each time a module is initialized, showing the place (filename or built-in module) from which it is loaded. When given twice, print a message for each file that is checked for when searching for a module. Also provides information on module cleanup at exit. __-V__ Prints the Python version number of the executable and exits. __-W__ ''argument'' Warning control. Python sometimes prints warning message to ''sys.stderr''. A typical warning message has the following form: ''file''__:__''line''__:__ ''category''__:__ ''message.'' By default, each warning is printed once for each source line where it occurs. This option controls how often warnings are printed. Multiple __-W__ options may be given; when a warning matches more than one option, the action for the last matching option is performed. Invalid __-W__ options are ignored (a warning message is printed about invalid options when the first warning is issued). Warnings can also be controlled from within a Python program using the ''warnings'' module. The simplest form of ''argument'' is one of the following ''action'' strings (or a unique abbreviation): __ignore__ to ignore all warnings; __default__ to explicitly request the default behavior (printing each warning once per source line); __all__ to print a warning each time it occurs (this may generate many messages if a warning is triggered repeatedly for the same source line, such as inside a loop); __module__ to print each warning only only the first time it occurs in each module; __once__ to print each warning only the first time it occurs in the program; or __error__ to raise an exception instead of printing a warning message. The full form of ''argument'' is ''action''__:__''message''__:__''category''__:__''module''__:__''line.'' Here, ''action'' is as explained above but only applies to messages that match the remaining fields. Empty fields match all values; trailing empty fields may be omitted. The ''message'' field matches the start of the warning message printed; this match is case-insensitive. The ''category'' field matches the warning category. This must be a class name; the match test whether the actual warning category of the message is a subclass of the specified warning category. The full class name must be given. The ''module'' field matches the (fully-qualified) module name; this match is case-sensitive. The ''line'' field matches the line number, where zero matches all line numbers and is thus equivalent to an omitted line number. __-x__ Skip the first line of the source. This is intended for a DOS specific hack only. Warning: the line numbers in error messages will be off by one! !!INTERPRETER INTERFACE The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell: when called with standard input connected to a tty device, it prompts for commands and executes them until an EOF is read; when called with a file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads and executes a ''script'' from that file; when called with __-c__ ''command,'' it executes the Python statement(s) given as ''command.'' Here ''command'' may contain multiple statements separated by newlines. Leading whitespace is significant in Python statements! In non-interactive mode, the entire input is parsed befored it is executed. If available, the script name and additional arguments thereafter are passed to the script in the Python variable ''sys.argv ,'' which is a list of strings (you must first ''import sys'' to be able to access it). If no script name is given, ''sys.argv[[0]'' is an empty string; if __-c__ is used, ''sys.argv[[0]'' contains the string '''-c'.'' Note that options interpreted by the Python interpreter itself are not placed in ''sys.argv.'' In interactive mode, the primary prompt is ` sys.ps1'' or ''sys.ps2.'' The interpreter quits when it reads an EOF at a prompt. When an unhandled exception occurs, a stack trace is printed and control returns to the primary prompt; in non-interactive mode, the interpreter exits after printing the stack trace. The interrupt signal raises the ''!KeyboardInterrupt'' exception; other UNIX signals are not caught (except that SIGPIPE is sometimes ignored, in favor of the ''IOError'' exception). Error messages are written to stderr. !!FILES AND DIRECTORIES These are subject to difference depending on local installation conventions; ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix} are installation-dependent and should be interpreted as for GNU software; they may be the same. The default for both is ''/usr/local''. ''${exec_prefix}/bin/python'' Recommended location of the interpreter. ''${prefix}/lib/python'' ${exec_prefix}/lib/python'' Recommended locations of the directories containing the standard modules. ''${prefix}/include/python'' ${exec_prefix}/include/python'' Recommended locations of the directories containing the include files needed for developing Python extensions and embedding the interpreter. ''~/.pythonrc.py'' User-specific initialization file loaded by the ''user'' module; not used by default or by most applications. !!ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES PYTHONHOME Change the location of the standard Python libraries. By default, the libraries are searched in ${prefix}/lib/python /usr/local''. When $PYTHONHOME is set to a single directory, its value replaces both ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix}. To specify different values for these, set $PYTHONHOME to ${prefix}:${exec_prefix}. PYTHONPATH Augments the default search path for module files. The format is the same as the shell's $PATH: one or more directory pathnames separated by colons. Non-existant directories are silently ignored. The default search path is installation dependent, but generally begins with ${prefix}/lib/python sys.path .'' PYTHONSTARTUP If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in that file are executed before the first prompt is displayed in interactive mode. The file is executed in the same name space where interactive commands are executed so that objects defined or imported in it can be used without qualification in the interactive session. You can also change the prompts ''sys.ps1'' and ''sys.ps2'' in this file. PYTHONY2K Set this to a non-empty string to cause the ''time'' module to require dates specified as strings to include 4-digit years, otherwise 2-digit years are converted based on rules described in the ''time'' module documnetation. PYTHONOPTIMIZE If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the __-O__ option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying __-O__ multiple times. PYTHONDEBUG If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the __-d__ option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying __-d__ multiple times. PYTHONINSPECT If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the __-i__ option. PYTHONUNBUFFERED If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the __-u__ option. PYTHONVERBOSE If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the __-v__ option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying __-v__ multiple times. !!AUTHOR Guido van Rossum E-mail: guido@python.org And a cast of thousands. !!INTERNET RESOURCES Main website: http://www.python.org/ Documentation: http://www.python.org/doc/ Community website: http://starship.python.net/ Developer resources: http://sourceforge.net/project/python/ FTP: ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/ Module repository: http://www.vex.net/parnassus/ Newsgroups: comp.lang.python, comp.lang.python.announce !!LICENSING Python is distributed under an Open Source license. See the file ----
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