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1 perry 1 PYTHON
2 !!!PYTHON
3 NAME
4 SYNOPSIS
5 DESCRIPTION
6 COMMAND LINE OPTIONS
7 INTERPRETER INTERFACE
8 FILES AND DIRECTORIES
9 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
10 AUTHOR
11 INTERNET RESOURCES
12 LICENSING
13 ----
14 !!NAME
15
16
17 python - an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
18 !!SYNOPSIS
19
20
21 __python__ [[ __-d__ ] [[ __-E__ ] [[ __-h__ ] [[
22 __-i__ ] [[ __-O__ ]
23 [[ __-Q__ ''argument'' ] [[ __-S__ ] [[ __-t__ ] [[
24 __-u__ ] [[ __-U__ ]
25 [[ __-v__ ] [[ __-V__ ] [[ __-W__ ''argument'' ] [[
26 __-x__ ]
27 [[ __-c__ ''command'' | ''script'' | - ] [[
28 ''arguments'' ]
29 !!DESCRIPTION
30
31
32 Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented
33 programming language that combines remarkable power with
34 very clear syntax. For an introduction to programming in
35 Python you are referred to the Python Tutorial. The Python
36 Library Reference documents built-in and standard types,
37 constants, functions and modules. Finally, the Python
38 Reference Manual describes the syntax and semantics of the
39 core language in (perhaps too) much detail. (These documents
40 may be located via the __INTERNET RESOURCES__ below; they
41 may be installed on your system as well.)
42
43
44 Python's basic power can be extended with your own modules
45 written in C or C++. On most systems such modules may be
46 dynamically loaded. Python is also adaptable as an extension
47 language for existing applications. See the internal
48 documentation for hints.
49
50
51 Documentation for installed Python modules and packages can
52 be viewed by running the __pydoc__ program.
53 !!COMMAND LINE OPTIONS
54
55
56 __-c__ ''command''
57
58
59 Specify the command to execute (see next section). This
60 terminates the option list (following options are passed as
61 arguments to the command).
62
63
64 __-d__
65
66
67 Turn on parser debugging output (for wizards only, depending
68 on compilation options).
69
70
71 __-E__
72
73
74 Ignore environment variables like PYTHONPATH and PYTHONHOME
75 that modify the behavior of the interpreter.
76
77
78 __-h__
79
80
81 Prints the usage for the interpreter executable and
82 exits.
83
84
85 __-i__
86
87
88 When a script is passed as first argument or the __-c__
89 option is used, enter interactive mode after executing the
90 script or the command. It does not read the $PYTHONSTARTUP
91 file. This can be useful to inspect global variables or a
92 stack trace when a script raises an exception.
93
94
95 __-O__
96
97
98 Turn on basic optimizations. This changes the filename
99 extension for compiled (bytecode) files from ''.pyc'' to
100 ''.pyo''. Given twice, causes docstrings to be
101 discarded.
102
103
104 __-Q__ ''argument''
105
106
107 Division control; see PEP 238. The argument must be one of
108
109
110 __-S__
111
112
113 Disable the import of the module ''site'' and the
114 site-dependent manipulations of ''sys.path'' that it
115 entails.
116
117
118 __-t__
119
120
121 Issue a warning when a source file mixes tabs and spaces for
122 indentation in a way that makes it depend on the worth of a
123 tab expressed in spaces. Issue an error when the option is
124 given twice.
125
126
127 __-u__
128
129
130 Force stdin, stdout and stderr to be totally
131 unbuffered.
132
133
134 __-v__
135
136
137 Print a message each time a module is initialized, showing
138 the place (filename or built-in module) from which it is
139 loaded. When given twice, print a message for each file that
140 is checked for when searching for a module. Also provides
141 information on module cleanup at exit.
142
143
144 __-V__
145
146
147 Prints the Python version number of the executable and
148 exits.
149
150
151 __-W__ ''argument''
152
153
154 Warning control. Python sometimes prints warning message to
155 ''sys.stderr''. A typical warning message has the
156 following form: ''file''__:__''line''__:__
157 ''category''__:__ ''message.'' By default, each
158 warning is printed once for each source line where it
159 occurs. This option controls how often warnings are printed.
160 Multiple __-W__ options may be given; when a warning
161 matches more than one option, the action for the last
162 matching option is performed. Invalid __-W__ options are
163 ignored (a warning message is printed about invalid options
164 when the first warning is issued). Warnings can also be
165 controlled from within a Python program using the
166 ''warnings'' module.
167
168
169 The simplest form of ''argument'' is one of the following
170 ''action'' strings (or a unique abbreviation):
171 __ignore__ to ignore all warnings; __default__ to
172 explicitly request the default behavior (printing each
173 warning once per source line); __all__ to print a warning
174 each time it occurs (this may generate many messages if a
175 warning is triggered repeatedly for the same source line,
176 such as inside a loop); __module__ to print each warning
177 only only the first time it occurs in each module;
178 __once__ to print each warning only the first time it
179 occurs in the program; or __error__ to raise an exception
180 instead of printing a warning message.
181
182
183 The full form of ''argument'' is
184 ''action''__:__''message''__:__''category''__:__''module''__:__''line.''
185 Here, ''action'' is as explained above but only applies
186 to messages that match the remaining fields. Empty fields
187 match all values; trailing empty fields may be omitted. The
188 ''message'' field matches the start of the warning
189 message printed; this match is case-insensitive. The
190 ''category'' field matches the warning category. This
191 must be a class name; the match test whether the actual
192 warning category of the message is a subclass of the
193 specified warning category. The full class name must be
194 given. The ''module'' field matches the (fully-qualified)
195 module name; this match is case-sensitive. The ''line''
196 field matches the line number, where zero matches all line
197 numbers and is thus equivalent to an omitted line
198 number.
199
200
201 __-x__
202
203
204 Skip the first line of the source. This is intended for a
205 DOS specific hack only. Warning: the line numbers in error
206 messages will be off by one!
207 !!INTERPRETER INTERFACE
208
209
210 The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell:
211 when called with standard input connected to a tty device,
212 it prompts for commands and executes them until an EOF is
213 read; when called with a file name argument or with a file
214 as standard input, it reads and executes a ''script''
215 from that file; when called with __-c__ ''command,''
216 it executes the Python statement(s) given as ''command.''
217 Here ''command'' may contain multiple statements
218 separated by newlines. Leading whitespace is significant in
219 Python statements! In non-interactive mode, the entire input
220 is parsed befored it is executed.
221
222
223 If available, the script name and additional arguments
224 thereafter are passed to the script in the Python variable
225 ''sys.argv ,'' which is a list of strings (you must first
226 ''import sys'' to be able to access it). If no script
227 name is given, ''sys.argv[[0]'' is an empty string; if
228 __-c__ is used, ''sys.argv[[0]'' contains the string
229 '''-c'.'' Note that options interpreted by the Python
230 interpreter itself are not placed in
231 ''sys.argv.''
232
233
234 In interactive mode, the primary prompt is `
235 sys.ps1'' or ''sys.ps2.'' The interpreter quits
236 when it reads an EOF at a prompt. When an unhandled
237 exception occurs, a stack trace is printed and control
238 returns to the primary prompt; in non-interactive mode, the
239 interpreter exits after printing the stack trace. The
2 perry 240 interrupt signal raises the ''!KeyboardInterrupt''
1 perry 241 exception; other UNIX signals are not caught (except that
242 SIGPIPE is sometimes ignored, in favor of the ''IOError''
243 exception). Error messages are written to
244 stderr.
245 !!FILES AND DIRECTORIES
246
247
248 These are subject to difference depending on local
249 installation conventions; ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix} are
250 installation-dependent and should be interpreted as for GNU
251 software; they may be the same. The default for both is
252 ''/usr/local''.
253
254
255 ''${exec_prefix}/bin/python''
256
257
258 Recommended location of the interpreter.
259
260
261 ''${prefix}/lib/python''
262 ${exec_prefix}/lib/python''
263
264
265 Recommended locations of the directories containing the
266 standard modules.
267
268
269 ''${prefix}/include/python''
270 ${exec_prefix}/include/python''
271
272
273 Recommended locations of the directories containing the
274 include files needed for developing Python extensions and
275 embedding the interpreter.
276
277
278 ''~/.pythonrc.py''
279
280
281 User-specific initialization file loaded by the ''user''
282 module; not used by default or by most
283 applications.
284 !!ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
285
286
287 PYTHONHOME
288
289
290 Change the location of the standard Python libraries. By
291 default, the libraries are searched in
292 ${prefix}/lib/python
293 /usr/local''. When $PYTHONHOME is
294 set to a single directory, its value replaces both ${prefix}
295 and ${exec_prefix}. To specify different values for these,
296 set $PYTHONHOME to ${prefix}:${exec_prefix}.
297
298
299 PYTHONPATH
300
301
302 Augments the default search path for module files. The
303 format is the same as the shell's $PATH: one or more
304 directory pathnames separated by colons. Non-existant
305 directories are silently ignored. The default search path is
306 installation dependent, but generally begins with
307 ${prefix}/lib/python
308 sys.path .''
309
310
311 PYTHONSTARTUP
312
313
314 If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands
315 in that file are executed before the first prompt is
316 displayed in interactive mode. The file is executed in the
317 same name space where interactive commands are executed so
318 that objects defined or imported in it can be used without
319 qualification in the interactive session. You can also
320 change the prompts ''sys.ps1'' and ''sys.ps2'' in this
321 file.
322
323
324 PYTHONY2K
325
326
327 Set this to a non-empty string to cause the ''time''
328 module to require dates specified as strings to include
329 4-digit years, otherwise 2-digit years are converted based
330 on rules described in the ''time'' module
331 documnetation.
332
333
334 PYTHONOPTIMIZE
335
336
337 If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to
338 specifying the __-O__ option. If set to an integer, it is
339 equivalent to specifying __-O__ multiple
340 times.
341
342
343 PYTHONDEBUG
344
345
346 If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to
347 specifying the __-d__ option. If set to an integer, it is
348 equivalent to specifying __-d__ multiple
349 times.
350
351
352 PYTHONINSPECT
353
354
355 If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to
356 specifying the __-i__ option.
357
358
359 PYTHONUNBUFFERED
360
361
362 If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to
363 specifying the __-u__ option.
364
365
366 PYTHONVERBOSE
367
368
369 If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to
370 specifying the __-v__ option. If set to an integer, it is
371 equivalent to specifying __-v__ multiple
372 times.
373 !!AUTHOR
374
375
376 Guido van Rossum
377 E-mail: guido@python.org
378 And a cast of thousands.
379 !!INTERNET RESOURCES
380
381
382 Main website: http://www.python.org/
383 Documentation: http://www.python.org/doc/
384 Community website: http://starship.python.net/
385 Developer resources:
386 http://sourceforge.net/project/python/
387 FTP: ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/
388 Module repository: http://www.vex.net/parnassus/
389 Newsgroups: comp.lang.python,
390 comp.lang.python.announce
391 !!LICENSING
392
393
394 Python is distributed under an Open Source license. See the
395 file
396 ----
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