version 1, including all changes.
.
Rev |
Author |
# |
Line |
1 |
perry |
1 |
LESS |
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!!!LESS |
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3 |
NAME |
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4 |
SYNOPSIS |
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5 |
DESCRIPTION |
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6 |
COMMANDS |
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7 |
OPTIONS |
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8 |
LINE EDITING |
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9 |
KEY BINDINGS |
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10 |
INPUT PREPROCESSOR |
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11 |
NATIONAL CHARACTER SETS |
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12 |
PROMPTS |
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13 |
SECURITY |
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14 |
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES |
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15 |
SEE ALSO |
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16 |
WARNINGS |
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17 |
COPYRIGHT |
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18 |
AUTHOR |
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19 |
---- |
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20 |
!!NAME |
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21 |
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22 |
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less - opposite of more |
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24 |
!!SYNOPSIS |
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25 |
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26 |
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27 |
__less -? |
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28 |
less --help |
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29 |
less -V |
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30 |
less --version |
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31 |
less [[-[[+]aBcCdeEfFgGiIJmMnNqQrRsSuUVwWX] |
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32 |
[[-b__ ''space''__] [[-h__ ''lines''__] [[-j__ |
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33 |
''line''__] [[-k__ ''keyfile''__] |
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34 |
[[-{oO}__ ''logfile''__] [[-p__ ''pattern''__] |
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35 |
[[-P__ ''prompt''__] [[-t__ ''tag''__] |
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[[-T__ ''tagsfile''__] [[-x__ ''tab''__,...] |
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[[-y__ ''lines''__] [[-[[z]__ ''lines''__] |
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[[+[[+]__''cmd''__] [[--] |
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[[__''filename''__]...__ |
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(See the OPTIONS section for alternate option syntax with |
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long option names.) |
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!!DESCRIPTION |
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43 |
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44 |
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''Less'' is a program similar to ''more'' (1), but |
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which allows backward movement in the file as well as |
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forward movement. Also, ''less'' does not have to read |
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the entire input file before starting, so with large input |
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files it starts up faster than text editors like ''vi'' |
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(1). ''Less'' uses termcap (or terminfo on some systems), |
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so it can run on a variety of terminals. There is even |
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limited support for hardcopy terminals. (On a hardcopy |
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terminal, lines which should be printed at the top of the |
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screen are prefixed with a caret.) |
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55 |
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56 |
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Commands are based on both ''more'' and ''vi.'' |
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Commands may be preceded by a decimal number, called N in |
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the descriptions below. The number is used by some commands, |
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as indicated. |
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61 |
!!COMMANDS |
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62 |
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63 |
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In the following descriptions, ^X means control-X. ESC |
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stands for the ESCAPE key; for example ESC-v means the two |
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character sequence |
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67 |
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68 |
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h or H |
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71 |
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Help: display a summary of these commands. If you forget all |
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the other commands, remember this one. |
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75 |
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SPACE or ^V or f or ^F |
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77 |
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78 |
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Scroll forward N lines, default one window (see option -z |
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below). If N is more than the screen size, only the final |
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screenful is displayed. Warning: some systems use ^V as a |
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special literalization character. |
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83 |
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84 |
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85 |
z |
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86 |
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87 |
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88 |
Like SPACE, but if N is specified, it becomes the new window |
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size. |
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90 |
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91 |
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92 |
ESC-SPACE |
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93 |
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94 |
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Like SPACE, but scrolls a full screenful, even if it reaches |
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end-of-file in the process. |
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97 |
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98 |
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RETURN or ^N or e or ^E or j or ^J |
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100 |
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101 |
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102 |
Scroll forward N lines, default 1. The entire N lines are |
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displayed, even if N is more than the screen |
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size. |
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105 |
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106 |
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d or ^D |
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108 |
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109 |
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110 |
Scroll forward N lines, default one half of the screen size. |
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If N is specified, it becomes the new default for subsequent |
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d and u commands. |
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113 |
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114 |
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b or ^B or ESC-v |
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116 |
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117 |
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Scroll backward N lines, default one window (see option -z |
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below). If N is more than the screen size, only the final |
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screenful is displayed. |
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121 |
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122 |
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123 |
w |
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124 |
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125 |
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126 |
Like ESC-v, but if N is specified, it becomes the new window |
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size. |
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128 |
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129 |
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y or ^Y or ^P or k or ^K |
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131 |
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132 |
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133 |
Scroll backward N lines, default 1. The entire N lines are |
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displayed, even if N is more than the screen size. Warning: |
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some systems use ^Y as a special job control |
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character. |
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137 |
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138 |
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139 |
u or ^U |
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140 |
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141 |
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142 |
Scroll backward N lines, default one half of the screen |
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size. If N is specified, it becomes the new default for |
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subsequent d and u commands. |
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145 |
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146 |
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147 |
ESC-) or RIGHTARROW |
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148 |
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149 |
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150 |
Scroll horizontally right N characters, default half the |
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screen width (see the -# option). If a number N is |
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specified, it becomes the default for future RIGHTARROW and |
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LEFTARROW commands. While the text is scrolled, it acts as |
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though the -S option (chop lines) were in |
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effect. |
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156 |
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157 |
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158 |
ESC-( or LEFTARROW |
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159 |
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160 |
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161 |
Scroll horizontally left N characters, default half the |
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screen width (see the -# option). If a number N is |
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specified, it becomes the default for future RIGHTARROW and |
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LEFTARROW commands. |
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165 |
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166 |
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r or ^R or ^L |
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168 |
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169 |
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170 |
Repaint the screen. |
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171 |
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172 |
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173 |
R |
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174 |
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175 |
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176 |
Repaint the screen, discarding any buffered input. Useful if |
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the file is changing while it is being viewed. |
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178 |
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179 |
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180 |
F |
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181 |
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182 |
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183 |
Scroll forward, and keep trying to read when the end of file |
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is reached. Normally this command would be used when already |
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at the end of the file. It is a way to monitor the tail of a |
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file which is growing while it is being viewed. (The |
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behavior is similar to the |
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189 |
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g or |
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191 |
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192 |
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193 |
Go to line N in the file, default 1 (beginning of file). |
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(Warning: this may be slow if N is large.) |
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195 |
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196 |
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G or |
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199 |
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200 |
Go to line N in the file, default the end of the file. |
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(Warning: this may be slow if N is large, or if N is not |
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specified and standard input, rather than a file, is being |
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read.) |
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204 |
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p or % |
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208 |
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Go to a position N percent into the file. N should be |
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between 0 and 100. |
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212 |
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{ |
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214 |
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215 |
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216 |
If a left curly bracket appears in the top line displayed on |
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the screen, the { command will go to the matching right |
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curly bracket. The matching right curly bracket is |
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positioned on the bottom line of the screen. If there is |
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more than one left curly bracket on the top line, a number N |
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may be used to specify the N-th bracket on the |
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line. |
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224 |
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} |
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226 |
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227 |
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If a right curly bracket appears in the bottom line |
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displayed on the screen, the } command will go to the |
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matching left curly bracket. The matching left curly bracket |
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is positioned on the top line of the screen. If there is |
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more than one right curly bracket on the top line, a number |
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N may be used to specify the N-th bracket on the |
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line. |
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236 |
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( |
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238 |
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239 |
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240 |
Like {, but applies to parentheses rather than curly |
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brackets. |
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242 |
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243 |
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) |
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245 |
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246 |
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Like }, but applies to parentheses rather than curly |
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brackets. |
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250 |
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[[ |
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252 |
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253 |
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Like {, but applies to square brackets rather than curly |
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brackets. |
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256 |
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257 |
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] |
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259 |
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260 |
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261 |
Like }, but applies to square brackets rather than curly |
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brackets. |
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263 |
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264 |
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ESC-^F |
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266 |
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267 |
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Followed by two characters, acts like {, but uses the two |
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characters as open and close brackets, respectively. For |
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example, |
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272 |
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ESC-^B |
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274 |
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275 |
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Followed by two characters, acts like }, but uses the two |
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characters as open and close brackets, respectively. For |
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example, |
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279 |
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280 |
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281 |
m |
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282 |
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283 |
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Followed by any lowercase letter, marks the current position |
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with that letter. |
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286 |
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287 |
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288 |
' |
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289 |
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290 |
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291 |
(Single quote.) Followed by any lowercase letter, returns to |
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the position which was previously marked with that letter. |
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Followed by another single quote, returns to the position at |
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which the last |
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296 |
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^X^X |
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298 |
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299 |
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Same as single quote. |
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301 |
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302 |
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/pattern |
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304 |
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305 |
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Search forward in the file for the N-th line containing the |
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pattern. N defaults to 1. The pattern is a regular |
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expression, as recognized by ''ed.'' The search starts at |
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the second line displayed (but see the -a and -j options, |
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which change this). |
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312 |
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Certain characters are special if entered at the beginning |
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of the pattern; they modify the type of search rather than |
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become part of the pattern: |
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317 |
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^N or ! |
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319 |
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320 |
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Search for lines which do NOT match the |
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pattern. |
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324 |
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^E or * |
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326 |
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327 |
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Search multiple files. That is, if the search reaches the |
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END of the current file without finding a match, the search |
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continues in the next file in the command line |
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331 |
list. |
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332 |
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333 |
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^F or @ |
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335 |
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336 |
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Begin the search at the first line of the FIRST file in the |
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command line list, regardless of what is currently displayed |
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on the screen or the settings of the -a or -j |
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340 |
options. |
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341 |
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342 |
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^K |
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344 |
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345 |
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346 |
Highlight any text which matches the pattern on the current |
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screen, but don't move to the first match (KEEP current |
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348 |
position). |
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349 |
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350 |
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351 |
^R |
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352 |
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353 |
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Don't interpret regular expression metacharacters; that is, |
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do a simple textual comparison. |
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?pattern |
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359 |
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360 |
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361 |
Search backward in the file for the N-th line containing the |
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pattern. The search starts at the line immediately before |
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the top line displayed. |
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364 |
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365 |
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366 |
Certain characters are special as in the / |
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367 |
command: |
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368 |
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369 |
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370 |
^N or ! |
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371 |
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372 |
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373 |
Search for lines which do NOT match the |
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374 |
pattern. |
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375 |
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376 |
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377 |
^E or * |
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378 |
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379 |
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380 |
Search multiple files. That is, if the search reaches the |
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381 |
beginning of the current file without finding a match, the |
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382 |
search continues in the previous file in the command line |
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383 |
list. |
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384 |
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385 |
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386 |
^F or @ |
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387 |
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388 |
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389 |
Begin the search at the last line of the last file in the |
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390 |
command line list, regardless of what is currently displayed |
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391 |
on the screen or the settings of the -a or -j |
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392 |
options. |
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393 |
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394 |
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395 |
^K |
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396 |
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397 |
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398 |
As in forward searches. |
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399 |
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400 |
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^R |
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402 |
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403 |
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As in forward searches. |
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405 |
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406 |
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ESC-/pattern |
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408 |
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409 |
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410 |
Same as |
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411 |
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412 |
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413 |
ESC-?pattern |
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414 |
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415 |
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416 |
Same as |
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417 |
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418 |
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419 |
n |
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420 |
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421 |
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422 |
Repeat previous search, for N-th line containing the last |
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423 |
pattern. If the previous search was modified by ^N, the |
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424 |
search is made for the N-th line NOT containing the pattern. |
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425 |
If the previous search was modified by ^E, the search |
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426 |
continues in the next (or previous) file if not satisfied in |
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427 |
the current file. If the previous search was modified by ^R, |
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428 |
the search is done without using regular expressions. There |
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429 |
is no effect if the previous search was modified by ^F or |
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430 |
^K. |
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431 |
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432 |
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433 |
N |
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434 |
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435 |
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436 |
Repeat previous search, but in the reverse |
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437 |
direction. |
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438 |
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439 |
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440 |
ESC-n |
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441 |
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442 |
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443 |
Repeat previous search, but crossing file boundaries. The |
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444 |
effect is as if the previous search were modified by |
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445 |
*. |
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446 |
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447 |
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448 |
ESC-N |
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449 |
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450 |
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451 |
Repeat previous search, but in the reverse direction and |
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452 |
crossing file boundaries. |
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453 |
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454 |
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455 |
ESC-u |
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456 |
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457 |
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458 |
Undo search highlighting. Turn off highlighting of strings |
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459 |
matching the current search pattern. If highlighting is |
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460 |
already off because of a previous ESC-u command, turn |
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461 |
highlighting back on. Any search command will also turn |
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462 |
highlighting back on. (Highlighting can also be disabled by |
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463 |
toggling the -G option; in that case search commands do not |
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464 |
turn highlighting back on.) |
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465 |
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|
|
466 |
|
|
|
467 |
:e [[filename] |
|
|
468 |
|
|
|
469 |
|
|
|
470 |
Examine a new file. If the filename is missing, the |
|
|
471 |
|
|
|
472 |
|
|
|
473 |
^X^V or E |
|
|
474 |
|
|
|
475 |
|
|
|
476 |
Same as :e. Warning: some systems use ^V as a special |
|
|
477 |
literalization character. On such systems, you may not be |
|
|
478 |
able to use ^V. |
|
|
479 |
|
|
|
480 |
|
|
|
481 |
:n |
|
|
482 |
|
|
|
483 |
|
|
|
484 |
Examine the next file (from the list of files given in the |
|
|
485 |
command line). If a number N is specified, the N-th next |
|
|
486 |
file is examined. |
|
|
487 |
|
|
|
488 |
|
|
|
489 |
:p |
|
|
490 |
|
|
|
491 |
|
|
|
492 |
Examine the previous file in the command line list. If a |
|
|
493 |
number N is specified, the N-th previous file is |
|
|
494 |
examined. |
|
|
495 |
|
|
|
496 |
|
|
|
497 |
:x |
|
|
498 |
|
|
|
499 |
|
|
|
500 |
Examine the first file in the command line list. If a number |
|
|
501 |
N is specified, the N-th file in the list is |
|
|
502 |
examined. |
|
|
503 |
|
|
|
504 |
|
|
|
505 |
:d |
|
|
506 |
|
|
|
507 |
|
|
|
508 |
Remove the current file from the list of files. |
|
|
509 |
|
|
|
510 |
|
|
|
511 |
t |
|
|
512 |
|
|
|
513 |
|
|
|
514 |
Go to the next tag, if there were more than one matches for |
|
|
515 |
the current tag. See the -t option for more details about |
|
|
516 |
tags. |
|
|
517 |
|
|
|
518 |
|
|
|
519 |
T |
|
|
520 |
|
|
|
521 |
|
|
|
522 |
Go to the previous tag, if there were more than one matches |
|
|
523 |
for the current tag. |
|
|
524 |
|
|
|
525 |
|
|
|
526 |
= or ^G or :f |
|
|
527 |
|
|
|
528 |
|
|
|
529 |
Prints some information about the file being viewed, |
|
|
530 |
including its name and the line number and byte offset of |
|
|
531 |
the bottom line being displayed. If possible, it also prints |
|
|
532 |
the length of the file, the number of lines in the file and |
|
|
533 |
the percent of the file above the last displayed |
|
|
534 |
line. |
|
|
535 |
|
|
|
536 |
|
|
|
537 |
- |
|
|
538 |
|
|
|
539 |
|
|
|
540 |
Followed by one of the command line option letters (see |
|
|
541 |
OPTIONS below), this will change the setting of that option |
|
|
542 |
and print a message describing the new setting. If a ^P |
|
|
543 |
(CONTROL-P) is entered immediately after the dash, the |
|
|
544 |
setting of the option is changed but no message is printed. |
|
|
545 |
If the option letter has a numeric value (such as -b or -h), |
|
|
546 |
or a string value (such as -P or -t), a new value may be |
|
|
547 |
entered after the option letter. If no new value is entered, |
|
|
548 |
a message describing the current setting is printed and |
|
|
549 |
nothing is changed. |
|
|
550 |
|
|
|
551 |
|
|
|
552 |
-- |
|
|
553 |
|
|
|
554 |
|
|
|
555 |
Like the - command, but takes a long option name (see |
|
|
556 |
OPTIONS below) rather than a single option letter. You must |
|
|
557 |
press RETURN after typing the option name. A ^P immediately |
|
|
558 |
after the second dash suppresses printing of a message |
|
|
559 |
describing the new setting, as in the - |
|
|
560 |
command. |
|
|
561 |
|
|
|
562 |
|
|
|
563 |
-+ |
|
|
564 |
|
|
|
565 |
|
|
|
566 |
Followed by one of the command line option letters this will |
|
|
567 |
reset the option to its default setting and print a message |
|
|
568 |
describing the new setting. (The X'' |
|
|
569 |
''X'' |
|
|
570 |
'' |
|
|
571 |
|
|
|
572 |
|
|
|
573 |
--+ |
|
|
574 |
|
|
|
575 |
|
|
|
576 |
Like the -+ command, but takes a long option name rather |
|
|
577 |
than a single option letter. |
|
|
578 |
|
|
|
579 |
|
|
|
580 |
-! |
|
|
581 |
|
|
|
582 |
|
|
|
583 |
Followed by one of the command line option letters, this |
|
|
584 |
will reset the option to the |
|
|
585 |
|
|
|
586 |
|
|
|
587 |
--! |
|
|
588 |
|
|
|
589 |
|
|
|
590 |
Like the -! command, but takes a long option name rather |
|
|
591 |
than a single option letter. |
|
|
592 |
|
|
|
593 |
|
|
|
594 |
_ |
|
|
595 |
|
|
|
596 |
|
|
|
597 |
(Underscore.) Followed by one of the command line option |
|
|
598 |
letters, this will print a message describing the current |
|
|
599 |
setting of that option. The setting of the option is not |
|
|
600 |
changed. |
|
|
601 |
|
|
|
602 |
|
|
|
603 |
__ |
|
|
604 |
|
|
|
605 |
|
|
|
606 |
(Double underscore.) Like the _ (underscore) command, but |
|
|
607 |
takes a long option name rather than a single option letter. |
|
|
608 |
You must press RETURN after typing the option |
|
|
609 |
name. |
|
|
610 |
|
|
|
611 |
|
|
|
612 |
+cmd |
|
|
613 |
|
|
|
614 |
|
|
|
615 |
Causes the specified cmd to be executed each time a new file |
|
|
616 |
is examined. For example, +G causes ''less'' to initially |
|
|
617 |
display each file starting at the end rather than the |
|
|
618 |
beginning. |
|
|
619 |
|
|
|
620 |
|
|
|
621 |
V |
|
|
622 |
|
|
|
623 |
|
|
|
624 |
Prints the version number of ''less'' being |
|
|
625 |
run. |
|
|
626 |
|
|
|
627 |
|
|
|
628 |
q or Q or :q or :Q or ZZ |
|
|
629 |
|
|
|
630 |
|
|
|
631 |
Exits ''less.'' |
|
|
632 |
|
|
|
633 |
|
|
|
634 |
The following four commands may or may not be valid, |
|
|
635 |
depending on your particular installation. |
|
|
636 |
|
|
|
637 |
|
|
|
638 |
v |
|
|
639 |
|
|
|
640 |
|
|
|
641 |
Invokes an editor to edit the current file being viewed. The |
|
|
642 |
editor is taken from the environment variable VISUAL if |
|
|
643 |
defined, or EDITOR if VISUAL is not defined, or defaults to |
|
|
644 |
|
|
|
645 |
|
|
|
646 |
! shell-command |
|
|
647 |
|
|
|
648 |
|
|
|
649 |
Invokes a shell to run the shell-command given. A percent |
|
|
650 |
sign (%) in the command is replaced by the name of the |
|
|
651 |
current file. A pound sign (#) is replaced by the name of |
|
|
652 |
the previously examined file. |
|
|
653 |
|
|
|
654 |
|
|
|
655 |
| |
|
|
656 |
|
|
|
657 |
|
|
|
658 |
|
|
|
659 |
|
|
|
660 |
s filename |
|
|
661 |
|
|
|
662 |
|
|
|
663 |
Save the input to a file. This only works if the input is a |
|
|
664 |
pipe, not an ordinary file. |
|
|
665 |
!!OPTIONS |
|
|
666 |
|
|
|
667 |
|
|
|
668 |
Command line options are described below. Most options may |
|
|
669 |
be changed while ''less'' is running, via the |
|
|
670 |
'' |
|
|
671 |
|
|
|
672 |
|
|
|
673 |
Most options may be given in one of two forms: either a dash |
|
|
674 |
followed by a single letter, or two dashes followed by a |
|
|
675 |
long option name. A long option name may be abbreviated as |
|
|
676 |
long as the abbreviation is unambiguous. For example, |
|
|
677 |
--quit-at-eof may be abbreviated --quit, but not --qui, |
|
|
678 |
since both --quit-at-eof and --quiet begin with --qui. Some |
|
|
679 |
long option names are in uppercase, such as --QUIT-AT-EOF, |
|
|
680 |
as distinct from --quit-at-eof. Such option names need only |
|
|
681 |
have their first letter capitalized; the remainder of the |
|
|
682 |
name may be in either case. For example, --Quit-at-eof is |
|
|
683 |
equivalent to --QUIT-AT-EOF. |
|
|
684 |
|
|
|
685 |
|
|
|
686 |
Options are also taken from the environment variable |
|
|
687 |
less'' is invoked, you |
|
|
688 |
might tell ''csh:'' |
|
|
689 |
|
|
|
690 |
|
|
|
691 |
setenv LESS |
|
|
692 |
|
|
|
693 |
|
|
|
694 |
or if you use ''sh:'' |
|
|
695 |
|
|
|
696 |
|
|
|
697 |
LESS= |
|
|
698 |
|
|
|
699 |
|
|
|
700 |
On MS-DOS, you don't need the quotes, but you should replace |
|
|
701 |
any percent signs in the options string by double percent |
|
|
702 |
signs. |
|
|
703 |
|
|
|
704 |
|
|
|
705 |
The environment variable is parsed before the command line, |
|
|
706 |
so command line options override the LESS environment |
|
|
707 |
variable. If an option appears in the LESS variable, it can |
|
|
708 |
be reset to its default value on the command line by |
|
|
709 |
beginning the command line option with |
|
|
710 |
|
|
|
711 |
|
|
|
712 |
For options like -P or -D which take a following string, a |
|
|
713 |
dollar sign ($) must be used to signal the end of the |
|
|
714 |
string. For example, to set two -D options on MS-DOS, you |
|
|
715 |
must have a dollar sign between them, like |
|
|
716 |
this: |
|
|
717 |
|
|
|
718 |
|
|
|
719 |
LESS= |
|
|
720 |
|
|
|
721 |
|
|
|
722 |
-? or --help |
|
|
723 |
|
|
|
724 |
|
|
|
725 |
This option displays a summary of the commands accepted by |
|
|
726 |
''less'' (the same as the h command). (Depending on how |
|
|
727 |
your shell interprets the question mark, it may be necessary |
|
|
728 |
to quote the question mark, thus: |
|
|
729 |
'' |
|
|
730 |
|
|
|
731 |
|
|
|
732 |
-a or --search-skip-screen |
|
|
733 |
|
|
|
734 |
|
|
|
735 |
Causes searches to start after the last line displayed on |
|
|
736 |
the screen, thus skipping all lines displayed on the screen. |
|
|
737 |
By default, searches start at the second line on the screen |
|
|
738 |
(or after the last found line; see the -j |
|
|
739 |
option). |
|
|
740 |
|
|
|
741 |
|
|
|
742 |
-b''n'' or --buffers=''n'' |
|
|
743 |
|
|
|
744 |
|
|
|
745 |
Specifies the amount of buffer space ''less'' will use |
|
|
746 |
for each file, in units of kilobytes (1024 bytes). By |
|
|
747 |
default 64K of buffer space is used for each file (unless |
|
|
748 |
the file is a pipe; see the -B option). The -b option |
|
|
749 |
specifies instead that ''n'' kilobytes of buffer space |
|
|
750 |
should be used for each file. If ''n'' is -1, buffer |
|
|
751 |
space is unlimited; that is, the entire file is read into |
|
|
752 |
memory. |
|
|
753 |
|
|
|
754 |
|
|
|
755 |
-B or --auto-buffers |
|
|
756 |
|
|
|
757 |
|
|
|
758 |
By default, when data is read from a pipe, buffers are |
|
|
759 |
allocated automatically as needed. If a large amount of data |
|
|
760 |
is read from the pipe, this can cause a large amount of |
|
|
761 |
memory to be allocated. The -B option disables this |
|
|
762 |
automatic allocation of buffers for pipes, so that only 64K |
|
|
763 |
(or the amount of space specified by the -b option) is used |
|
|
764 |
for the pipe. Warning: use of -B can result in erroneous |
|
|
765 |
display, since only the most recently viewed part of the |
|
|
766 |
file is kept in memory; any earlier data is |
|
|
767 |
lost. |
|
|
768 |
|
|
|
769 |
|
|
|
770 |
-c or --clear-screen |
|
|
771 |
|
|
|
772 |
|
|
|
773 |
Causes full screen repaints to be painted from the top line |
|
|
774 |
down. By default, full screen repaints are done by scrolling |
|
|
775 |
from the bottom of the screen. |
|
|
776 |
|
|
|
777 |
|
|
|
778 |
-C or --CLEAR-SCREEN |
|
|
779 |
|
|
|
780 |
|
|
|
781 |
The -C option is like -c, but the screen is cleared before |
|
|
782 |
it is repainted. |
|
|
783 |
|
|
|
784 |
|
|
|
785 |
-d or --dumb |
|
|
786 |
|
|
|
787 |
|
|
|
788 |
The -d option suppresses the error message normally |
|
|
789 |
displayed if the terminal is dumb; that is, lacks some |
|
|
790 |
important capability, such as the ability to clear the |
|
|
791 |
screen or scroll backward. The -d option does not otherwise |
|
|
792 |
change the behavior of ''less'' on a dumb |
|
|
793 |
terminal. |
|
|
794 |
|
|
|
795 |
|
|
|
796 |
-D__x__''color'' or |
|
|
797 |
--color=__x__''color'' |
|
|
798 |
|
|
|
799 |
|
|
|
800 |
[[MS-DOS only] Sets the color of the text displayed. __x__ |
|
|
801 |
is a single character which selects the type of text whose |
|
|
802 |
color is being set: n=normal, s=standout, d=bold, |
|
|
803 |
u=underlined, k=blink. ''color'' is a pair of numbers |
|
|
804 |
separated by a period. The first number selects the |
|
|
805 |
foreground color and the second selects the background color |
|
|
806 |
of the text. A single number ''N'' is the same as |
|
|
807 |
''N.0''. |
|
|
808 |
|
|
|
809 |
|
|
|
810 |
-e or --quit-at-eof |
|
|
811 |
|
|
|
812 |
|
|
|
813 |
Causes ''less'' to automatically exit the second time it |
|
|
814 |
reaches end-of-file. By default, the only way to exit |
|
|
815 |
''less'' is via the '' |
|
|
816 |
|
|
|
817 |
|
|
|
818 |
-E or --QUIT-AT-EOF |
|
|
819 |
|
|
|
820 |
|
|
|
821 |
Causes ''less'' to automatically exit the first time it |
|
|
822 |
reaches end-of-file. |
|
|
823 |
|
|
|
824 |
|
|
|
825 |
-f or --force |
|
|
826 |
|
|
|
827 |
|
|
|
828 |
Forces non-regular files to be opened. (A non-regular file |
|
|
829 |
is a directory or a device special file.) Also suppresses |
|
|
830 |
the warning message when a binary file is opened. By |
|
|
831 |
default, ''less'' will refuse to open non-regular |
|
|
832 |
files. |
|
|
833 |
|
|
|
834 |
|
|
|
835 |
-F or --quit-if-one-screen |
|
|
836 |
|
|
|
837 |
|
|
|
838 |
Causes ''less'' to automatically exit if the entire file |
|
|
839 |
can be displayed on the first screen. |
|
|
840 |
|
|
|
841 |
|
|
|
842 |
-g or --hilite-search |
|
|
843 |
|
|
|
844 |
|
|
|
845 |
Normally, ''less'' will highlight ALL strings which match |
|
|
846 |
the last search command. The -g option changes this behavior |
|
|
847 |
to highlight only the particular string which was found by |
|
|
848 |
the last search command. This can cause ''less'' to run |
|
|
849 |
somewhat faster than the default. |
|
|
850 |
|
|
|
851 |
|
|
|
852 |
-G or --HILITE-SEARCH |
|
|
853 |
|
|
|
854 |
|
|
|
855 |
The -G option suppresses all highlighting of strings found |
|
|
856 |
by search commands. |
|
|
857 |
|
|
|
858 |
|
|
|
859 |
-h''n'' or ---max-back-scroll=''n'' |
|
|
860 |
|
|
|
861 |
|
|
|
862 |
Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll backward. If |
|
|
863 |
it is necessary to scroll backward more than ''n'' lines, |
|
|
864 |
the screen is repainted in a forward direction instead. (If |
|
|
865 |
the terminal does not have the ability to scroll backward, |
|
|
866 |
-h0 is implied.) |
|
|
867 |
|
|
|
868 |
|
|
|
869 |
-i or --ignore-case |
|
|
870 |
|
|
|
871 |
|
|
|
872 |
Causes searches to ignore case; that is, uppercase and |
|
|
873 |
lowercase are considered identical. This option is ignored |
|
|
874 |
if any uppercase letters appear in the search pattern; in |
|
|
875 |
other words, if a pattern contains uppercase letters, then |
|
|
876 |
that search does not ignore case. |
|
|
877 |
|
|
|
878 |
|
|
|
879 |
-I or --IGNORE-CASE |
|
|
880 |
|
|
|
881 |
|
|
|
882 |
Like -i, but searches ignore case even if the pattern |
|
|
883 |
contains uppercase letters. |
|
|
884 |
|
|
|
885 |
|
|
|
886 |
-j''n'' or --jump-target=''n'' |
|
|
887 |
|
|
|
888 |
|
|
|
889 |
Specifies a line on the screen where the |
|
|
890 |
|
|
|
891 |
|
|
|
892 |
-J or --status-column |
|
|
893 |
|
|
|
894 |
|
|
|
895 |
Displays a status column at the left edge of the screen. The |
|
|
896 |
status column shows the lines that matched the current |
|
|
897 |
search. The status column is also used if the -w or -W |
|
|
898 |
option is in effect. |
|
|
899 |
|
|
|
900 |
|
|
|
901 |
-k''filename'' or |
|
|
902 |
--lesskey-file=''filename'' |
|
|
903 |
|
|
|
904 |
|
|
|
905 |
Causes ''less'' to open and interpret the named file as a |
|
|
906 |
''lesskey'' (1) file. Multiple -k options may be |
|
|
907 |
specified. If the LESSKEY or LESSKEY_SYSTEM environment |
|
|
908 |
variable is set, or if a lesskey file is found in a standard |
|
|
909 |
place (see KEY BINDINGS), it is also used as a |
|
|
910 |
''lesskey'' file. |
|
|
911 |
|
|
|
912 |
|
|
|
913 |
-m or --long-prompt |
|
|
914 |
|
|
|
915 |
|
|
|
916 |
Causes ''less'' to prompt verbosely (like ''more''), |
|
|
917 |
with the percent into the file. By default, ''less'' |
|
|
918 |
prompts with a colon. |
|
|
919 |
|
|
|
920 |
|
|
|
921 |
-M or --LONG-PROMPT |
|
|
922 |
|
|
|
923 |
|
|
|
924 |
Causes ''less'' to prompt even more verbosely than |
|
|
925 |
''more.'' |
|
|
926 |
|
|
|
927 |
|
|
|
928 |
-n or --line-numbers |
|
|
929 |
|
|
|
930 |
|
|
|
931 |
Suppresses line numbers. The default (to use line numbers) |
|
|
932 |
may cause ''less'' to run more slowly in some cases, |
|
|
933 |
especially with a very large input file. Suppressing line |
|
|
934 |
numbers with the -n option will avoid this problem. Using |
|
|
935 |
line numbers means: the line number will be displayed in the |
|
|
936 |
verbose prompt and in the = command, and the v command will |
|
|
937 |
pass the current line number to the editor (see also the |
|
|
938 |
discussion of LESSEDIT in PROMPTS below). |
|
|
939 |
|
|
|
940 |
|
|
|
941 |
-N or --LINE-NUMBERS |
|
|
942 |
|
|
|
943 |
|
|
|
944 |
Causes a line number to be displayed at the beginning of |
|
|
945 |
each line in the display. |
|
|
946 |
|
|
|
947 |
|
|
|
948 |
-o''filename'' or --log-file=''filename'' |
|
|
949 |
|
|
|
950 |
|
|
|
951 |
Causes ''less'' to copy its input to the named file as it |
|
|
952 |
is being viewed. This applies only when the input file is a |
|
|
953 |
pipe, not an ordinary file. If the file already exists, |
|
|
954 |
''less'' will ask for confirmation before overwriting |
|
|
955 |
it. |
|
|
956 |
|
|
|
957 |
|
|
|
958 |
-O''filename'' or --LOG-FILE=''filename'' |
|
|
959 |
|
|
|
960 |
|
|
|
961 |
The -O option is like -o, but it will overwrite an existing |
|
|
962 |
file without asking for confirmation. |
|
|
963 |
|
|
|
964 |
|
|
|
965 |
If no log file has been specified, the -o and -O options can |
|
|
966 |
be used from within ''less'' to specify a log file. |
|
|
967 |
Without a file name, they will simply report the name of the |
|
|
968 |
log file. The |
|
|
969 |
''less.'' |
|
|
970 |
|
|
|
971 |
|
|
|
972 |
-p''pattern'' or --pattern=''pattern'' |
|
|
973 |
|
|
|
974 |
|
|
|
975 |
The -p option on the command line is equivalent to |
|
|
976 |
specifying +/''pattern''; that is, it tells ''less'' |
|
|
977 |
to start at the first occurrence of ''pattern'' in the |
|
|
978 |
file. |
|
|
979 |
|
|
|
980 |
|
|
|
981 |
-P''prompt'' or --prompt=''prompt'' |
|
|
982 |
|
|
|
983 |
|
|
|
984 |
Provides a way to tailor the three prompt styles to your own |
|
|
985 |
preference. This option would normally be put in the LESS |
|
|
986 |
environment variable, rather than being typed in with each |
|
|
987 |
''less'' command. Such an option must either be the last |
|
|
988 |
option in the LESS variable, or be terminated by a dollar |
|
|
989 |
sign. -Ps followed by a string changes the default (short) |
|
|
990 |
prompt to that string. -Pm changes the medium (-m) prompt. |
|
|
991 |
-PM changes the long (-M) prompt. -Ph changes the prompt for |
|
|
992 |
the help screen. -P= changes the message printed by the = |
|
|
993 |
command. -Pw changes the message printed while waiting for |
|
|
994 |
data (in the F command). All prompt strings consist of a |
|
|
995 |
sequence of letters and special escape sequences. See the |
|
|
996 |
section on PROMPTS for more details. |
|
|
997 |
|
|
|
998 |
|
|
|
999 |
-q or --quiet or --silent |
|
|
1000 |
|
|
|
1001 |
|
|
|
1002 |
Causes moderately |
|
|
1003 |
|
|
|
1004 |
|
|
|
1005 |
-Q or --QUIET or --SILENT |
|
|
1006 |
|
|
|
1007 |
|
|
|
1008 |
Causes totally |
|
|
1009 |
|
|
|
1010 |
|
|
|
1011 |
-r or --raw-control-chars |
|
|
1012 |
|
|
|
1013 |
|
|
|
1014 |
Causes |
|
|
1015 |
less'' cannot keep track of the actual appearance of |
|
|
1016 |
the screen (since this depends on how the screen responds to |
|
|
1017 |
each type of control character). Thus, various display |
|
|
1018 |
problems may result, such as long lines being split in the |
|
|
1019 |
wrong place. |
|
|
1020 |
|
|
|
1021 |
|
|
|
1022 |
-R or --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS |
|
|
1023 |
|
|
|
1024 |
|
|
|
1025 |
Like -r, but tries to keep track of the screen appearance |
|
|
1026 |
where possible. This works only if the input consists of |
|
|
1027 |
normal text and possibly some ANSI |
|
|
1028 |
|
|
|
1029 |
|
|
|
1030 |
ESC [[ ... m |
|
|
1031 |
|
|
|
1032 |
|
|
|
1033 |
where the |
|
|
1034 |
less'' think that characters other than |
|
|
1035 |
'' |
|
|
1036 |
|
|
|
1037 |
|
|
|
1038 |
-s or --squeeze-blank-lines |
|
|
1039 |
|
|
|
1040 |
|
|
|
1041 |
Causes consecutive blank lines to be squeezed into a single |
|
|
1042 |
blank line. This is useful when viewing ''nroff'' |
|
|
1043 |
output. |
|
|
1044 |
|
|
|
1045 |
|
|
|
1046 |
-S or --chop-long-lines |
|
|
1047 |
|
|
|
1048 |
|
|
|
1049 |
Causes lines longer than the screen width to be chopped |
|
|
1050 |
rather than folded. That is, the remainder of a long line is |
|
|
1051 |
simply discarded. The default is to fold long lines; that |
|
|
1052 |
is, display the remainder on the next line. |
|
|
1053 |
|
|
|
1054 |
|
|
|
1055 |
-t''tag'' or --tag=''tag'' |
|
|
1056 |
|
|
|
1057 |
|
|
|
1058 |
The -t option, followed immediately by a TAG, will edit the |
|
|
1059 |
file containing that tag. For this to work, tag information |
|
|
1060 |
must be available; for example, there may be a file in the |
|
|
1061 |
current directory called |
|
|
1062 |
ctags'' (1) or an equivalent |
|
|
1063 |
command. If the environment variable LESSGLOBALTAGS is set, |
|
|
1064 |
it is taken to be the name of a command compatible with |
|
|
1065 |
''global'' (1), and that command is executed to find the |
|
|
1066 |
tag. (See http://www.gnu.org/software/global/global.html). |
|
|
1067 |
The -t option may also be specified from within ''less'' |
|
|
1068 |
(using the - command) as a way of examining a new file. The |
|
|
1069 |
command |
|
|
1070 |
''less.'' |
|
|
1071 |
|
|
|
1072 |
|
|
|
1073 |
-T''tagsfile'' or --tag-file=''tagsfile'' |
|
|
1074 |
|
|
|
1075 |
|
|
|
1076 |
Specifies a tags file to be used instead of |
|
|
1077 |
|
|
|
1078 |
|
|
|
1079 |
-u or --underline-special |
|
|
1080 |
|
|
|
1081 |
|
|
|
1082 |
Causes backspaces and carriage returns to be treated as |
|
|
1083 |
printable characters; that is, they are sent to the terminal |
|
|
1084 |
when they appear in the input. |
|
|
1085 |
|
|
|
1086 |
|
|
|
1087 |
-U or --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL |
|
|
1088 |
|
|
|
1089 |
|
|
|
1090 |
Causes backspaces, tabs and carriage returns to be treated |
|
|
1091 |
as control characters; that is, they are handled as |
|
|
1092 |
specified by the -r option. |
|
|
1093 |
|
|
|
1094 |
|
|
|
1095 |
By default, if neither -u nor -U is given, backspaces which |
|
|
1096 |
appear adjacent to an underscore character are treated |
|
|
1097 |
specially: the underlined text is displayed using the |
|
|
1098 |
terminal's hardware underlining capability. Also, backspaces |
|
|
1099 |
which appear between two identical characters are treated |
|
|
1100 |
specially: the overstruck text is printed using the |
|
|
1101 |
terminal's hardware boldface capability. Other backspaces |
|
|
1102 |
are deleted, along with the preceding character. Carriage |
|
|
1103 |
returns immediately followed by a newline are deleted. other |
|
|
1104 |
carriage returns are handled as specified by the -r option. |
|
|
1105 |
Text which is overstruck or underlined can be searched for |
|
|
1106 |
if neither -u nor -U is in effect. |
|
|
1107 |
|
|
|
1108 |
|
|
|
1109 |
-V or --version |
|
|
1110 |
|
|
|
1111 |
|
|
|
1112 |
Displays the version number of ''less.'' |
|
|
1113 |
|
|
|
1114 |
|
|
|
1115 |
-w or --hilite-unread |
|
|
1116 |
|
|
|
1117 |
|
|
|
1118 |
Temporarily highlights the first |
|
|
1119 |
|
|
|
1120 |
|
|
|
1121 |
-W or --HILITE-UNREAD |
|
|
1122 |
|
|
|
1123 |
|
|
|
1124 |
Like -w, but temporarily highlights the first new line after |
|
|
1125 |
any forward movement command larger than one |
|
|
1126 |
line. |
|
|
1127 |
|
|
|
1128 |
|
|
|
1129 |
-x''n'',... or --tabs=''n'',... |
|
|
1130 |
|
|
|
1131 |
|
|
|
1132 |
Sets tab stops. If only one ''n'' is specified, tab stops |
|
|
1133 |
are set at multiples of ''n''. If multiple values |
|
|
1134 |
separated by commas are specified, tab stops are set at |
|
|
1135 |
those positions, and then continue with the same spacing as |
|
|
1136 |
the last two. For example, ''-x9,17'' will set tabs at |
|
|
1137 |
positions 9, 17, 25, 33, etc. The default for ''n'' is |
|
|
1138 |
8. |
|
|
1139 |
|
|
|
1140 |
|
|
|
1141 |
-X or --no-init |
|
|
1142 |
|
|
|
1143 |
|
|
|
1144 |
Disables sending the termcap initialization and |
|
|
1145 |
deinitialization strings to the terminal. This is sometimes |
|
|
1146 |
desirable if the deinitialization string does something |
|
|
1147 |
unnecessary, like clearing the screen. |
|
|
1148 |
|
|
|
1149 |
|
|
|
1150 |
--no-keypad |
|
|
1151 |
|
|
|
1152 |
|
|
|
1153 |
Disables sending the keypad initialization and |
|
|
1154 |
deinitialization strings to the terminal. This is sometimes |
|
|
1155 |
useful if the keypad strings make the numeric keypad behave |
|
|
1156 |
in an undesirable manner. |
|
|
1157 |
|
|
|
1158 |
|
|
|
1159 |
-y''n'' or --max-forw-scroll=''n'' |
|
|
1160 |
|
|
|
1161 |
|
|
|
1162 |
Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll forward. If it |
|
|
1163 |
is necessary to scroll forward more than ''n'' lines, the |
|
|
1164 |
screen is repainted instead. The -c or -C option may be used |
|
|
1165 |
to repaint from the top of the screen if desired. By |
|
|
1166 |
default, any forward movement causes scrolling. |
|
|
1167 |
|
|
|
1168 |
|
|
|
1169 |
-[[z]''n'' or --window=''n'' |
|
|
1170 |
|
|
|
1171 |
|
|
|
1172 |
Changes the default scrolling window size to ''n'' lines. |
|
|
1173 |
The default is one screenful. The z and w commands can also |
|
|
1174 |
be used to change the window size. The |
|
|
1175 |
''more.'' If the number |
|
|
1176 |
''n'' is negative, it indicates ''n'' lines less than |
|
|
1177 |
the current screen size. For example, if the screen is 24 |
|
|
1178 |
lines, ''-z-4'' sets the scrolling window to 20 lines. If |
|
|
1179 |
the screen is resized to 40 lines, the scrolling window |
|
|
1180 |
automatically changes to 36 lines. |
|
|
1181 |
|
|
|
1182 |
|
|
|
1183 |
-cc'' or --quotes=''cc'' |
|
|
1184 |
|
|
|
1185 |
|
|
|
1186 |
Changes the filename quoting character. This may be |
|
|
1187 |
necessary if you are trying to name a file which contains |
|
|
1188 |
both spaces and quote characters. Followed by a single |
|
|
1189 |
character, this changes the quote character to that |
|
|
1190 |
character. Filenames containing a space should then be |
|
|
1191 |
surrounded by that character rather than by double quotes. |
|
|
1192 |
Followed by two characters, changes the open quote to the |
|
|
1193 |
first character, and the close quote to the second |
|
|
1194 |
character. Filenames containing a space should then be |
|
|
1195 |
preceded by the open quote character and followed by the |
|
|
1196 |
close quote character. Note that even after the quote |
|
|
1197 |
characters are changed, this option remains - |
|
|
1198 |
|
|
|
1199 |
|
|
|
1200 |
-~ or --tilde |
|
|
1201 |
|
|
|
1202 |
|
|
|
1203 |
Normally lines after end of file are displayed as a single |
|
|
1204 |
tilde (~). This option causes lines after end of file to be |
|
|
1205 |
displayed as blank lines. |
|
|
1206 |
|
|
|
1207 |
|
|
|
1208 |
-# or --shift |
|
|
1209 |
|
|
|
1210 |
|
|
|
1211 |
Specifies the default number of positions to scroll |
|
|
1212 |
horizontally in the RIGHTARROW and LEFTARROW commands. If |
|
|
1213 |
the number specified is zero, it sets the default number of |
|
|
1214 |
positions to one half of the screen width. |
|
|
1215 |
|
|
|
1216 |
|
|
|
1217 |
-- |
|
|
1218 |
|
|
|
1219 |
|
|
|
1220 |
A command line argument of |
|
|
1221 |
|
|
|
1222 |
|
|
|
1223 |
+ |
|
|
1224 |
|
|
|
1225 |
|
|
|
1226 |
If a command line option begins with __+__, the remainder |
|
|
1227 |
of that option is taken to be an initial command to |
|
|
1228 |
''less.'' For example, +G tells ''less'' to start at |
|
|
1229 |
the end of the file rather than the beginning, and +/xyz |
|
|
1230 |
tells it to start at the first occurrence of |
|
|
1231 |
'' |
|
|
1232 |
!!LINE EDITING |
|
|
1233 |
|
|
|
1234 |
|
|
|
1235 |
When entering command line at the bottom of the screen (for |
|
|
1236 |
example, a filename for the :e command, or the pattern for a |
|
|
1237 |
search command), certain keys can be used to manipulate the |
|
|
1238 |
command line. Most commands have an alternate form in [[ |
|
|
1239 |
brackets ] which can be used if a key does not exist on a |
|
|
1240 |
particular keyboard. (The bracketed forms do not work in the |
|
|
1241 |
MS-DOS version.) Any of these special keys may be entered |
|
|
1242 |
literally by preceding it with the |
|
|
1243 |
|
|
|
1244 |
|
|
|
1245 |
LEFTARROW [[ ESC-h ] |
|
|
1246 |
|
|
|
1247 |
|
|
|
1248 |
Move the cursor one space to the left. |
|
|
1249 |
|
|
|
1250 |
|
|
|
1251 |
RIGHTARROW [[ ESC-l ] |
|
|
1252 |
|
|
|
1253 |
|
|
|
1254 |
Move the cursor one space to the right. |
|
|
1255 |
|
|
|
1256 |
|
|
|
1257 |
^LEFTARROW [[ ESC-b or ESC-LEFTARROW ] |
|
|
1258 |
|
|
|
1259 |
|
|
|
1260 |
(That is, CONTROL and LEFTARROW simultaneously.) Move the |
|
|
1261 |
cursor one word to the left. |
|
|
1262 |
|
|
|
1263 |
|
|
|
1264 |
^RIGHTARROW [[ ESC-w or ESC-RIGHTARROW ] |
|
|
1265 |
|
|
|
1266 |
|
|
|
1267 |
(That is, CONTROL and RIGHTARROW simultaneously.) Move the |
|
|
1268 |
cursor one word to the right. |
|
|
1269 |
|
|
|
1270 |
|
|
|
1271 |
HOME [[ ESC-0 ] |
|
|
1272 |
|
|
|
1273 |
|
|
|
1274 |
Move the cursor to the beginning of the line. |
|
|
1275 |
|
|
|
1276 |
|
|
|
1277 |
END [[ ESC-$ ] |
|
|
1278 |
|
|
|
1279 |
|
|
|
1280 |
Move the cursor to the end of the line. |
|
|
1281 |
|
|
|
1282 |
|
|
|
1283 |
BACKSPACE |
|
|
1284 |
|
|
|
1285 |
|
|
|
1286 |
Delete the character to the left of the cursor, or cancel |
|
|
1287 |
the command if the command line is empty. |
|
|
1288 |
|
|
|
1289 |
|
|
|
1290 |
DELETE or [[ ESC-x ] |
|
|
1291 |
|
|
|
1292 |
|
|
|
1293 |
Delete the character under the cursor. |
|
|
1294 |
|
|
|
1295 |
|
|
|
1296 |
^BACKSPACE [[ ESC-BACKSPACE ] |
|
|
1297 |
|
|
|
1298 |
|
|
|
1299 |
(That is, CONTROL and BACKSPACE simultaneously.) Delete the |
|
|
1300 |
word to the left of the cursor. |
|
|
1301 |
|
|
|
1302 |
|
|
|
1303 |
^DELETE [[ ESC-X or ESC-DELETE ] |
|
|
1304 |
|
|
|
1305 |
|
|
|
1306 |
(That is, CONTROL and DELETE simultaneously.) Delete the |
|
|
1307 |
word under the cursor. |
|
|
1308 |
|
|
|
1309 |
|
|
|
1310 |
UPARROW [[ ESC-k ] |
|
|
1311 |
|
|
|
1312 |
|
|
|
1313 |
Retrieve the previous command line. |
|
|
1314 |
|
|
|
1315 |
|
|
|
1316 |
DOWNARROW [[ ESC-j ] |
|
|
1317 |
|
|
|
1318 |
|
|
|
1319 |
Retrieve the next command line. |
|
|
1320 |
|
|
|
1321 |
|
|
|
1322 |
TAB |
|
|
1323 |
|
|
|
1324 |
|
|
|
1325 |
Complete the partial filename to the left of the cursor. If |
|
|
1326 |
it matches more than one filename, the first match is |
|
|
1327 |
entered into the command line. Repeated TABs will cycle thru |
|
|
1328 |
the other matching filenames. If the completed filename is a |
|
|
1329 |
directory, a |
|
|
1330 |
|
|
|
1331 |
|
|
|
1332 |
BACKTAB [[ ESC-TAB ] |
|
|
1333 |
|
|
|
1334 |
|
|
|
1335 |
Like, TAB, but cycles in the reverse direction thru the |
|
|
1336 |
matching filenames. |
|
|
1337 |
|
|
|
1338 |
|
|
|
1339 |
^L |
|
|
1340 |
|
|
|
1341 |
|
|
|
1342 |
Complete the partial filename to the left of the cursor. If |
|
|
1343 |
it matches more than one filename, all matches are entered |
|
|
1344 |
into the command line (if they fit). |
|
|
1345 |
|
|
|
1346 |
|
|
|
1347 |
^U (Unix and OS/2) or ESC (MS-DOS) |
|
|
1348 |
|
|
|
1349 |
|
|
|
1350 |
Delete the entire command line, or cancel the command if the |
|
|
1351 |
command line is empty. If you have changed your line-kill |
|
|
1352 |
character in Unix to something other than ^U, that character |
|
|
1353 |
is used instead of ^U. |
|
|
1354 |
!!KEY BINDINGS |
|
|
1355 |
|
|
|
1356 |
|
|
|
1357 |
You may define your own ''less'' commands by using the |
|
|
1358 |
program ''lesskey'' (1) to create a lesskey file. This |
|
|
1359 |
file specifies a set of command keys and an action |
|
|
1360 |
associated with each key. You may also use ''lesskey'' to |
|
|
1361 |
change the line-editing keys (see LINE EDITING), and to set |
|
|
1362 |
environment variables. If the environment variable LESSKEY |
|
|
1363 |
is set, ''less'' uses that as the name of the lesskey |
|
|
1364 |
file. Otherwise, ''less'' looks in a standard place for |
|
|
1365 |
the lesskey file: On Unix systems, ''less'' looks for a |
|
|
1366 |
lesskey file called |
|
|
1367 |
''less'' looks for a lesskey file called |
|
|
1368 |
''less'' looks for a lesskey file called |
|
|
1369 |
''lesskey'' manual page for |
|
|
1370 |
more details. |
|
|
1371 |
|
|
|
1372 |
|
|
|
1373 |
A system-wide lesskey file may also be set up to provide key |
|
|
1374 |
bindings. If a key is defined in both a local lesskey file |
|
|
1375 |
and in the system-wide file, key bindings in the local file |
|
|
1376 |
take precedence over those in the system-wide file. If the |
|
|
1377 |
environment variable LESSKEY_SYSTEM is set, ''less'' uses |
|
|
1378 |
that as the name of the system-wide lesskey file. Otherwise, |
|
|
1379 |
''less'' looks in a standard place for the system-wide |
|
|
1380 |
lesskey file: On Unix systems, the system-wide lesskey file |
|
|
1381 |
is /usr/local/etc/sysless. (However, if ''less'' was |
|
|
1382 |
built with a different sysconf directory than |
|
|
1383 |
/usr/local/etc, that directory is where the sysless file is |
|
|
1384 |
found.) On MS-DOS and Windows systems, the system-wide |
|
|
1385 |
lesskey file is c:_sysless. On OS/2 systems, the system-wide |
|
|
1386 |
lesskey file is c:sysless.ini. |
|
|
1387 |
!!INPUT PREPROCESSOR |
|
|
1388 |
|
|
|
1389 |
|
|
|
1390 |
You may define an |
|
|
1391 |
less.'' Before ''less'' opens a file, it first gives |
|
|
1392 |
your input preprocessor a chance to modify the way the |
|
|
1393 |
contents of the file are displayed. An input preprocessor is |
|
|
1394 |
simply an executable program (or shell script), which writes |
|
|
1395 |
the contents of the file to a different file, called the |
|
|
1396 |
replacement file. The contents of the replacement file are |
|
|
1397 |
then displayed in place of the contents of the original |
|
|
1398 |
file. However, it will appear to the user as if the original |
|
|
1399 |
file is opened; that is, ''less'' will display the |
|
|
1400 |
original filename as the name of the current |
|
|
1401 |
file. |
|
|
1402 |
|
|
|
1403 |
|
|
|
1404 |
An input preprocessor receives one command line argument, |
|
|
1405 |
the original filename, as entered by the user. It should |
|
|
1406 |
create the replacement file, and when finished, print the |
|
|
1407 |
name of the replacement file to its standard output. If the |
|
|
1408 |
input preprocessor does not output a replacement filename, |
|
|
1409 |
''less'' uses the original file, as normal. The input |
|
|
1410 |
preprocessor is not called when viewing standard input. To |
|
|
1411 |
set up an input preprocessor, set the LESSOPEN environment |
|
|
1412 |
variable to a command line which will invoke your input |
|
|
1413 |
preprocessor. This command line should include one |
|
|
1414 |
occurrence of the string |
|
|
1415 |
'' |
|
|
1416 |
|
|
|
1417 |
|
|
|
1418 |
When ''less'' closes a file opened in such a way, it will |
|
|
1419 |
call another program, called the input postprocessor, which |
|
|
1420 |
may perform any desired clean-up action (such as deleting |
|
|
1421 |
the replacement file created by LESSOPEN). This program |
|
|
1422 |
receives two command line arguments, the original filename |
|
|
1423 |
as entered by the user, and the name of the replacement |
|
|
1424 |
file. To set up an input postprocessor, set the LESSCLOSE |
|
|
1425 |
environment variable to a command line which will invoke |
|
|
1426 |
your input postprocessor. It may include two occurrences of |
|
|
1427 |
the string |
|
|
1428 |
'' |
|
|
1429 |
|
|
|
1430 |
|
|
|
1431 |
For example, on many Unix systems, these two scripts will |
|
|
1432 |
allow you to keep files in compressed format, but still let |
|
|
1433 |
''less'' view them directly: |
|
|
1434 |
|
|
|
1435 |
|
|
|
1436 |
lessopen.sh: |
|
|
1437 |
#! /bin/sh |
|
|
1438 |
case |
|
|
1439 |
*.Z) uncompress -c $1 |
|
|
1440 |
if [[ -s /tmp/less.$$ ]; then |
|
|
1441 |
echo /tmp/less.$$ |
|
|
1442 |
else |
|
|
1443 |
rm -f /tmp/less.$$ |
|
|
1444 |
fi |
|
|
1445 |
;; |
|
|
1446 |
esac |
|
|
1447 |
|
|
|
1448 |
|
|
|
1449 |
lessclose.sh: |
|
|
1450 |
#! /bin/sh |
|
|
1451 |
rm $2 |
|
|
1452 |
|
|
|
1453 |
|
|
|
1454 |
To use these scripts, put them both where they can be |
|
|
1455 |
executed and set LESSOPEN= |
|
|
1456 |
|
|
|
1457 |
|
|
|
1458 |
It is also possible to set up an input preprocessor to pipe |
|
|
1459 |
the file data directly to ''less,'' rather than putting |
|
|
1460 |
the data into a replacement file. This avoids the need to |
|
|
1461 |
decompress the entire file before starting to view it. An |
|
|
1462 |
input preprocessor that works this way is called an input |
|
|
1463 |
pipe. An input pipe, instead of writing the name of a |
|
|
1464 |
replacement file on its standard output, writes the entire |
|
|
1465 |
contents of the replacement file on its standard output. If |
|
|
1466 |
the input pipe does not write any characters on its standard |
|
|
1467 |
output, then there is no replacement file and ''less'' |
|
|
1468 |
uses the original file, as normal. To use an input pipe, |
|
|
1469 |
make the first character in the LESSOPEN environment |
|
|
1470 |
variable a vertical bar (|) to signify that the input |
|
|
1471 |
preprocessor is an input pipe. |
|
|
1472 |
|
|
|
1473 |
|
|
|
1474 |
For example, on many Unix systems, this script will work |
|
|
1475 |
like the previous example scripts: |
|
|
1476 |
|
|
|
1477 |
|
|
|
1478 |
lesspipe.sh: |
|
|
1479 |
#! /bin/sh |
|
|
1480 |
case |
|
|
1481 |
*.Z) uncompress -c $1 2 |
|
|
1482 |
;; |
|
|
1483 |
esac |
|
|
1484 |
|
|
|
1485 |
|
|
|
1486 |
To use this script, put it where it can be executed and set |
|
|
1487 |
LESSOPEN= |
|
|
1488 |
!!NATIONAL CHARACTER SETS |
|
|
1489 |
|
|
|
1490 |
|
|
|
1491 |
There are three types of characters in the input |
|
|
1492 |
file: |
|
|
1493 |
|
|
|
1494 |
|
|
|
1495 |
normal characters |
|
|
1496 |
|
|
|
1497 |
|
|
|
1498 |
can be displayed directly to the screen. |
|
|
1499 |
|
|
|
1500 |
|
|
|
1501 |
control characters |
|
|
1502 |
|
|
|
1503 |
|
|
|
1504 |
should not be displayed directly, but are expected to be |
|
|
1505 |
found in ordinary text files (such as backspace and |
|
|
1506 |
tab). |
|
|
1507 |
|
|
|
1508 |
|
|
|
1509 |
binary characters |
|
|
1510 |
|
|
|
1511 |
|
|
|
1512 |
should not be displayed directly and are not expected to be |
|
|
1513 |
found in text files. |
|
|
1514 |
|
|
|
1515 |
|
|
|
1516 |
A |
|
|
1517 |
|
|
|
1518 |
|
|
|
1519 |
ascii |
|
|
1520 |
|
|
|
1521 |
|
|
|
1522 |
BS, TAB, NL, CR, and formfeed are control characters, all |
|
|
1523 |
chars with values between 32 and 126 are normal, and all |
|
|
1524 |
others are binary. |
|
|
1525 |
|
|
|
1526 |
|
|
|
1527 |
iso8859 |
|
|
1528 |
|
|
|
1529 |
|
|
|
1530 |
Selects an ISO 8859 character set. This is the same as |
|
|
1531 |
ASCII, except characters between 160 and 255 are treated as |
|
|
1532 |
normal characters. |
|
|
1533 |
|
|
|
1534 |
|
|
|
1535 |
latin1 |
|
|
1536 |
|
|
|
1537 |
|
|
|
1538 |
Same as iso8859. |
|
|
1539 |
|
|
|
1540 |
|
|
|
1541 |
latin9 |
|
|
1542 |
|
|
|
1543 |
|
|
|
1544 |
Same as iso8859. |
|
|
1545 |
|
|
|
1546 |
|
|
|
1547 |
dos |
|
|
1548 |
|
|
|
1549 |
|
|
|
1550 |
Selects a character set appropriate for MS-DOS. |
|
|
1551 |
|
|
|
1552 |
|
|
|
1553 |
ebcdic |
|
|
1554 |
|
|
|
1555 |
|
|
|
1556 |
Selects an EBCDIC character set. |
|
|
1557 |
|
|
|
1558 |
|
|
|
1559 |
IBM-1047 |
|
|
1560 |
|
|
|
1561 |
|
|
|
1562 |
Selects an EBCDIC character set used by OS/390 Unix |
|
|
1563 |
Services. This is the EBCDIC analogue of latin1. You get |
|
|
1564 |
similar results by setting either LESSCHARSET=IBM-1047 or |
|
|
1565 |
LC_CTYPE=en_US in your environment. |
|
|
1566 |
|
|
|
1567 |
|
|
|
1568 |
koi8-r |
|
|
1569 |
|
|
|
1570 |
|
|
|
1571 |
Selects a Russian character set. |
|
|
1572 |
|
|
|
1573 |
|
|
|
1574 |
next |
|
|
1575 |
|
|
|
1576 |
|
|
|
1577 |
Selects a character set appropriate for NeXT |
|
|
1578 |
computers. |
|
|
1579 |
|
|
|
1580 |
|
|
|
1581 |
utf-8 |
|
|
1582 |
|
|
|
1583 |
|
|
|
1584 |
Selects the UTF-8 encoding of the ISO 10646 character |
|
|
1585 |
set. |
|
|
1586 |
|
|
|
1587 |
|
|
|
1588 |
In special cases, it may be desired to tailor ''less'' to |
|
|
1589 |
use a character set other than the ones definable by |
|
|
1590 |
LESSCHARSET. In this case, the environment variable |
|
|
1591 |
LESSCHARDEF can be used to define a character set. It should |
|
|
1592 |
be set to a string where each character in the string |
|
|
1593 |
represents one character in the character set. The character |
|
|
1594 |
'' |
|
|
1595 |
|
|
|
1596 |
|
|
|
1597 |
This table shows the value of LESSCHARDEF which is |
|
|
1598 |
equivalent to each of the possible values for |
|
|
1599 |
LESSCHARSET: |
|
|
1600 |
|
|
|
1601 |
|
|
|
1602 |
ascii 8bcccbcc18b95.b |
|
|
1603 |
dos 8bcccbcc12bc5b95.b. |
|
|
1604 |
ebcdic 5bc6bcc7bcc41b.9b7.9b5.b..8b6.10b6.b9.7b |
|
|
1605 |
9.8b8.17b3.3b9.7b9.8b8.6b10.b.b.b. |
|
|
1606 |
IBM-1047 4cbcbc3b9cbccbccbb4c6bcc5b3cbbc4bc4bccbc 191.b |
|
|
1607 |
iso8859 8bcccbcc18b95.33b. |
|
|
1608 |
koi8-r 8bcccbcc18b95.b128. |
|
|
1609 |
latin1 8bcccbcc18b95.33b. |
|
|
1610 |
next 8bcccbcc18b95.bb125.bb |
|
|
1611 |
|
|
|
1612 |
|
|
|
1613 |
If neither LESSCHARSET nor LESSCHARDEF is set, but the |
|
|
1614 |
string |
|
|
1615 |
|
|
|
1616 |
|
|
|
1617 |
If that string is not found, but your system supports the |
|
|
1618 |
''setlocale'' interface, ''less'' will use setlocale |
|
|
1619 |
to determine the character set. setlocale is controlled by |
|
|
1620 |
setting the LANG or LC_CTYPE environment |
|
|
1621 |
variables. |
|
|
1622 |
|
|
|
1623 |
|
|
|
1624 |
Finally, if the ''setlocale'' interface is also not |
|
|
1625 |
available, the default character set is latin1. |
|
|
1626 |
|
|
|
1627 |
|
|
|
1628 |
Control and binary characters are displayed in standout |
|
|
1629 |
(reverse video). Each such character is displayed in caret |
|
|
1630 |
notation if possible (e.g. ^A for control-A). Caret notation |
|
|
1631 |
is used only if inverting the 0100 bit results in a normal |
|
|
1632 |
printable character. Otherwise, the character is displayed |
|
|
1633 |
as a hex number in angle brackets. This format can be |
|
|
1634 |
changed by setting the LESSBINFMT environment variable. |
|
|
1635 |
LESSBINFMT may begin with a |
|
|
1636 |
!!PROMPTS |
|
|
1637 |
|
|
|
1638 |
|
|
|
1639 |
The -P option allows you to tailor the prompt to your |
|
|
1640 |
preference. The string given to the -P option replaces the |
|
|
1641 |
specified prompt string. Certain characters in the string |
|
|
1642 |
are interpreted specially. The prompt mechanism is rather |
|
|
1643 |
complicated to provide flexibility, but the ordinary user |
|
|
1644 |
need not understand the details of constructing personalized |
|
|
1645 |
prompt strings. |
|
|
1646 |
|
|
|
1647 |
|
|
|
1648 |
A percent sign followed by a single character is expanded |
|
|
1649 |
according to what the following character is: |
|
|
1650 |
|
|
|
1651 |
|
|
|
1652 |
%b''X'' |
|
|
1653 |
|
|
|
1654 |
|
|
|
1655 |
Replaced by the byte offset into the current input file. The |
|
|
1656 |
b is followed by a single character (shown as ''X'' |
|
|
1657 |
above) which specifies the line whose byte offset is to be |
|
|
1658 |
used. If the character is a |
|
|
1659 |
'' |
|
|
1660 |
|
|
|
1661 |
|
|
|
1662 |
%B |
|
|
1663 |
|
|
|
1664 |
|
|
|
1665 |
Replaced by the size of the current input file. |
|
|
1666 |
|
|
|
1667 |
|
|
|
1668 |
%c |
|
|
1669 |
|
|
|
1670 |
|
|
|
1671 |
Replaced by the column number of the text appearing in the |
|
|
1672 |
first column of the screen. |
|
|
1673 |
|
|
|
1674 |
|
|
|
1675 |
%d''X'' |
|
|
1676 |
|
|
|
1677 |
|
|
|
1678 |
Replaced by the page number of a line in the input file. The |
|
|
1679 |
line to be used is determined by the ''X'', as with the |
|
|
1680 |
%b option. |
|
|
1681 |
|
|
|
1682 |
|
|
|
1683 |
%D |
|
|
1684 |
|
|
|
1685 |
|
|
|
1686 |
Replaced by the number of pages in the input file, or |
|
|
1687 |
equivalently, the page number of the last line in the input |
|
|
1688 |
file. |
|
|
1689 |
|
|
|
1690 |
|
|
|
1691 |
%E |
|
|
1692 |
|
|
|
1693 |
|
|
|
1694 |
Replaced by the name of the editor (from the VISUAL |
|
|
1695 |
environment variable, or the EDITOR environment variable if |
|
|
1696 |
VISUAL is not defined). See the discussion of the LESSEDIT |
|
|
1697 |
feature below. |
|
|
1698 |
|
|
|
1699 |
|
|
|
1700 |
%f |
|
|
1701 |
|
|
|
1702 |
|
|
|
1703 |
Replaced by the name of the current input file. |
|
|
1704 |
|
|
|
1705 |
|
|
|
1706 |
%i |
|
|
1707 |
|
|
|
1708 |
|
|
|
1709 |
Replaced by the index of the current file in the list of |
|
|
1710 |
input files. |
|
|
1711 |
|
|
|
1712 |
|
|
|
1713 |
%l''X'' |
|
|
1714 |
|
|
|
1715 |
|
|
|
1716 |
Replaced by the line number of a line in the input file. The |
|
|
1717 |
line to be used is determined by the ''X'', as with the |
|
|
1718 |
%b option. |
|
|
1719 |
|
|
|
1720 |
|
|
|
1721 |
%L |
|
|
1722 |
|
|
|
1723 |
|
|
|
1724 |
Replaced by the line number of the last line in the input |
|
|
1725 |
file. |
|
|
1726 |
|
|
|
1727 |
|
|
|
1728 |
%m |
|
|
1729 |
|
|
|
1730 |
|
|
|
1731 |
Replaced by the total number of input files. |
|
|
1732 |
|
|
|
1733 |
|
|
|
1734 |
%p''X'' |
|
|
1735 |
|
|
|
1736 |
|
|
|
1737 |
Replaced by the percent into the current input file, based |
|
|
1738 |
on byte offsets. The line used is determined by the ''X'' |
|
|
1739 |
as with the %b option. |
|
|
1740 |
|
|
|
1741 |
|
|
|
1742 |
%P''X'' |
|
|
1743 |
|
|
|
1744 |
|
|
|
1745 |
Replaced by the percent into the current input file, based |
|
|
1746 |
on line numbers. The line used is determined by the ''X'' |
|
|
1747 |
as with the %b option. |
|
|
1748 |
|
|
|
1749 |
|
|
|
1750 |
%s |
|
|
1751 |
|
|
|
1752 |
|
|
|
1753 |
Same as %B. |
|
|
1754 |
|
|
|
1755 |
|
|
|
1756 |
%t |
|
|
1757 |
|
|
|
1758 |
|
|
|
1759 |
Causes any trailing spaces to be removed. Usually used at |
|
|
1760 |
the end of the string, but may appear anywhere. |
|
|
1761 |
|
|
|
1762 |
|
|
|
1763 |
%x |
|
|
1764 |
|
|
|
1765 |
|
|
|
1766 |
Replaced by the name of the next input file in the |
|
|
1767 |
list. |
|
|
1768 |
|
|
|
1769 |
|
|
|
1770 |
If any item is unknown (for example, the file size if input |
|
|
1771 |
is a pipe), a question mark is printed instead. |
|
|
1772 |
|
|
|
1773 |
|
|
|
1774 |
The format of the prompt string can be changed depending on |
|
|
1775 |
certain conditions. A question mark followed by a single |
|
|
1776 |
character acts like an |
|
|
1777 |
|
|
|
1778 |
|
|
|
1779 |
?a |
|
|
1780 |
|
|
|
1781 |
|
|
|
1782 |
True if any characters have been included in the prompt so |
|
|
1783 |
far. |
|
|
1784 |
|
|
|
1785 |
|
|
|
1786 |
?b''X'' |
|
|
1787 |
|
|
|
1788 |
|
|
|
1789 |
True if the byte offset of the specified line is |
|
|
1790 |
known. |
|
|
1791 |
|
|
|
1792 |
|
|
|
1793 |
?B |
|
|
1794 |
|
|
|
1795 |
|
|
|
1796 |
True if the size of current input file is |
|
|
1797 |
known. |
|
|
1798 |
|
|
|
1799 |
|
|
|
1800 |
?c |
|
|
1801 |
|
|
|
1802 |
|
|
|
1803 |
True if the text is horizontally shifted (%c is not |
|
|
1804 |
zero). |
|
|
1805 |
|
|
|
1806 |
|
|
|
1807 |
?d''X'' |
|
|
1808 |
|
|
|
1809 |
|
|
|
1810 |
True if the page number of the specified line is |
|
|
1811 |
known. |
|
|
1812 |
|
|
|
1813 |
|
|
|
1814 |
?e |
|
|
1815 |
|
|
|
1816 |
|
|
|
1817 |
True if at end-of-file. |
|
|
1818 |
|
|
|
1819 |
|
|
|
1820 |
?f |
|
|
1821 |
|
|
|
1822 |
|
|
|
1823 |
True if there is an input filename (that is, if input is not |
|
|
1824 |
a pipe). |
|
|
1825 |
|
|
|
1826 |
|
|
|
1827 |
?l''X'' |
|
|
1828 |
|
|
|
1829 |
|
|
|
1830 |
True if the line number of the specified line is |
|
|
1831 |
known. |
|
|
1832 |
|
|
|
1833 |
|
|
|
1834 |
?L |
|
|
1835 |
|
|
|
1836 |
|
|
|
1837 |
True if the line number of the last line in the file is |
|
|
1838 |
known. |
|
|
1839 |
|
|
|
1840 |
|
|
|
1841 |
?m |
|
|
1842 |
|
|
|
1843 |
|
|
|
1844 |
True if there is more than one input file. |
|
|
1845 |
|
|
|
1846 |
|
|
|
1847 |
?n |
|
|
1848 |
|
|
|
1849 |
|
|
|
1850 |
True if this is the first prompt in a new input |
|
|
1851 |
file. |
|
|
1852 |
|
|
|
1853 |
|
|
|
1854 |
?p''X'' |
|
|
1855 |
|
|
|
1856 |
|
|
|
1857 |
True if the percent into the current input file, based on |
|
|
1858 |
byte offsets, of the specified line is known. |
|
|
1859 |
|
|
|
1860 |
|
|
|
1861 |
?P''X'' |
|
|
1862 |
|
|
|
1863 |
|
|
|
1864 |
True if the percent into the current input file, based on |
|
|
1865 |
line numbers, of the specified line is known. |
|
|
1866 |
|
|
|
1867 |
|
|
|
1868 |
?s |
|
|
1869 |
|
|
|
1870 |
|
|
|
1871 |
Same as |
|
|
1872 |
|
|
|
1873 |
|
|
|
1874 |
?x |
|
|
1875 |
|
|
|
1876 |
|
|
|
1877 |
True if there is a next input file (that is, if the current |
|
|
1878 |
input file is not the last one). |
|
|
1879 |
|
|
|
1880 |
|
|
|
1881 |
Any characters other than the special ones (question mark, |
|
|
1882 |
colon, period, percent, and backslash) become literally part |
|
|
1883 |
of the prompt. Any of the special characters may be included |
|
|
1884 |
in the prompt literally by preceding it with a |
|
|
1885 |
backslash. |
|
|
1886 |
|
|
|
1887 |
|
|
|
1888 |
Some examples: |
|
|
1889 |
|
|
|
1890 |
|
|
|
1891 |
?f%f:Standard input. |
|
|
1892 |
|
|
|
1893 |
|
|
|
1894 |
This prompt prints the filename, if known; otherwise the |
|
|
1895 |
string |
|
|
1896 |
|
|
|
1897 |
|
|
|
1898 |
?f%f .?ltLine %lt:?pt%pt%:?btByte %bt:-... |
|
|
1899 |
|
|
|
1900 |
|
|
|
1901 |
This prompt would print the filename, if known. The filename |
|
|
1902 |
is followed by the line number, if known, otherwise the |
|
|
1903 |
percent if known, otherwise the byte offset if known. |
|
|
1904 |
Otherwise, a dash is printed. Notice how each question mark |
|
|
1905 |
has a matching period, and how the % after the %pt is |
|
|
1906 |
included literally by escaping it with a |
|
|
1907 |
backslash. |
|
|
1908 |
|
|
|
1909 |
|
|
|
1910 |
?n?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) ..?e(END) ?x- Next: |
|
|
1911 |
%x..%t |
|
|
1912 |
|
|
|
1913 |
|
|
|
1914 |
This prints the filename if this is the first prompt in a |
|
|
1915 |
file, followed by the |
|
|
1916 |
|
|
|
1917 |
|
|
|
1918 |
?n?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) ..?e(END) ?x- Next: %x.: |
|
|
1919 |
?pB%pB%:byte %bB?s/%s...%t |
|
|
1920 |
?f%f .?n?m(file %i of %m) ..?ltlines %lt-%lb?L/%L. : |
|
|
1921 |
byte %bB?s/%s. .?e(END) ?x- Next: %x.:?pB%pB%..%t |
|
|
1922 |
And here is the default message produced by the = command: |
|
|
1923 |
|
|
|
1924 |
|
|
|
1925 |
?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) .?ltlines %lt-%lb?L/%L. . |
|
|
1926 |
byte %bB?s/%s. ?e(END) :?pB%pB%..%t |
|
|
1927 |
The prompt expansion features are also used for another purpose: if an environment variable LESSEDIT is defined, it is used as the command to be executed when the v command is invoked. The LESSEDIT string is expanded in the same way as the prompt strings. The default value for LESSEDIT is: |
|
|
1928 |
|
|
|
1929 |
|
|
|
1930 |
%E ?lm+%lm. %f |
|
|
1931 |
Note that this expands to the editor name, followed by a + and the line number, followed by the file name. If your editor does not accept the |
|
|
1932 |
!!SECURITY |
|
|
1933 |
|
|
|
1934 |
|
|
|
1935 |
When the environment variable LESSSECURE is set to 1, |
|
|
1936 |
''less'' runs in a |
|
|
1937 |
'' |
|
|
1938 |
|
|
|
1939 |
|
|
|
1940 |
! |
|
|
1941 |
|
|
|
1942 |
|
|
|
1943 |
the shell command |
|
|
1944 |
|
|
|
1945 |
|
|
|
1946 |
| |
|
|
1947 |
|
|
|
1948 |
|
|
|
1949 |
the pipe command |
|
|
1950 |
|
|
|
1951 |
|
|
|
1952 |
:e |
|
|
1953 |
|
|
|
1954 |
|
|
|
1955 |
the examine command. |
|
|
1956 |
|
|
|
1957 |
|
|
|
1958 |
v |
|
|
1959 |
|
|
|
1960 |
|
|
|
1961 |
the editing command |
|
|
1962 |
|
|
|
1963 |
|
|
|
1964 |
s -o |
|
|
1965 |
|
|
|
1966 |
|
|
|
1967 |
log files |
|
|
1968 |
|
|
|
1969 |
|
|
|
1970 |
-k |
|
|
1971 |
|
|
|
1972 |
|
|
|
1973 |
use of lesskey files |
|
|
1974 |
|
|
|
1975 |
|
|
|
1976 |
-t |
|
|
1977 |
|
|
|
1978 |
|
|
|
1979 |
use of tags files |
|
|
1980 |
|
|
|
1981 |
|
|
|
1982 |
metacharacters in filenames, such as * |
|
|
1983 |
|
|
|
1984 |
|
|
|
1985 |
filename completion (TAB, ^L) |
|
|
1986 |
|
|
|
1987 |
|
|
|
1988 |
Less can also be compiled to be permanently in |
|
|
1989 |
!!ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES |
|
|
1990 |
|
|
|
1991 |
|
|
|
1992 |
Environment variables may be specified either in the system |
|
|
1993 |
environment as usual, or in a ''lesskey'' (1) file. If |
|
|
1994 |
environment variables are defined in more than one place, |
|
|
1995 |
variables defined in a local lesskey file take precedence |
|
|
1996 |
over variables defined in the system environment, which take |
|
|
1997 |
precedence over variables defined in the system-wide lesskey |
|
|
1998 |
file. |
|
|
1999 |
|
|
|
2000 |
|
|
|
2001 |
COLUMNS |
|
|
2002 |
|
|
|
2003 |
|
|
|
2004 |
Sets the number of columns on the screen. Takes precedence |
|
|
2005 |
over the number of columns specified by the TERM variable. |
|
|
2006 |
(But if you have a windowing system which supports |
|
|
2007 |
TIOCGWINSZ or WIOCGETD, the window system's idea of the |
|
|
2008 |
screen size takes precedence over the LINES and COLUMNS |
|
|
2009 |
environment variables.) |
|
|
2010 |
|
|
|
2011 |
|
|
|
2012 |
EDITOR |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
|
2014 |
|
|
|
2015 |
The name of the editor (used for the v |
|
|
2016 |
command). |
|
|
2017 |
|
|
|
2018 |
|
|
|
2019 |
HOME |
|
|
2020 |
|
|
|
2021 |
|
|
|
2022 |
Name of the user's home directory (used to find a lesskey |
|
|
2023 |
file on Unix and OS/2 systems). |
|
|
2024 |
|
|
|
2025 |
|
|
|
2026 |
HOMEDRIVE, HOMEPATH |
|
|
2027 |
|
|
|
2028 |
|
|
|
2029 |
Concatenation of the HOMEDRIVE and HOMEPATH environment |
|
|
2030 |
variables is the name of the user's home directory if the |
|
|
2031 |
HOME variable is not set (only in the Windows |
|
|
2032 |
version). |
|
|
2033 |
|
|
|
2034 |
|
|
|
2035 |
INIT |
|
|
2036 |
|
|
|
2037 |
|
|
|
2038 |
Name of the user's init directory (used to find a lesskey |
|
|
2039 |
file on OS/2 systems). |
|
|
2040 |
|
|
|
2041 |
|
|
|
2042 |
LANG |
|
|
2043 |
|
|
|
2044 |
|
|
|
2045 |
Language for determining the character set. |
|
|
2046 |
|
|
|
2047 |
|
|
|
2048 |
LC_CTYPE |
|
|
2049 |
|
|
|
2050 |
|
|
|
2051 |
Language for determining the character set. |
|
|
2052 |
|
|
|
2053 |
|
|
|
2054 |
LESS |
|
|
2055 |
|
|
|
2056 |
|
|
|
2057 |
Options which are passed to ''less'' |
|
|
2058 |
automatically. |
|
|
2059 |
|
|
|
2060 |
|
|
|
2061 |
LESSANSIENDCHARS |
|
|
2062 |
|
|
|
2063 |
|
|
|
2064 |
Characters which are assumed to end an ANSI color escape |
|
|
2065 |
sequence (default |
|
|
2066 |
|
|
|
2067 |
|
|
|
2068 |
LESSBINFMT |
|
|
2069 |
|
|
|
2070 |
|
|
|
2071 |
Format for displaying non-printable, non-control |
|
|
2072 |
characters. |
|
|
2073 |
|
|
|
2074 |
|
|
|
2075 |
LESSCHARDEF |
|
|
2076 |
|
|
|
2077 |
|
|
|
2078 |
Defines a character set. |
|
|
2079 |
|
|
|
2080 |
|
|
|
2081 |
LESSCHARSET |
|
|
2082 |
|
|
|
2083 |
|
|
|
2084 |
Selects a predefined character set. |
|
|
2085 |
|
|
|
2086 |
|
|
|
2087 |
LESSCLOSE |
|
|
2088 |
|
|
|
2089 |
|
|
|
2090 |
Command line to invoke the (optional) |
|
|
2091 |
input-postprocessor. |
|
|
2092 |
|
|
|
2093 |
|
|
|
2094 |
LESSECHO |
|
|
2095 |
|
|
|
2096 |
|
|
|
2097 |
Name of the lessecho program (default |
|
|
2098 |
|
|
|
2099 |
|
|
|
2100 |
LESSEDIT |
|
|
2101 |
|
|
|
2102 |
|
|
|
2103 |
Editor prototype string (used for the v command). See |
|
|
2104 |
discussion under PROMPTS. |
|
|
2105 |
|
|
|
2106 |
|
|
|
2107 |
LESSGLOBALTAGS |
|
|
2108 |
|
|
|
2109 |
|
|
|
2110 |
Name of the command used by the -t option to find global |
|
|
2111 |
tags. Normally should be set to |
|
|
2112 |
global'' (1) command. If not set, global |
|
|
2113 |
tags are not used. |
|
|
2114 |
|
|
|
2115 |
|
|
|
2116 |
LESSKEY |
|
|
2117 |
|
|
|
2118 |
|
|
|
2119 |
Name of the default lesskey(1) file. |
|
|
2120 |
|
|
|
2121 |
|
|
|
2122 |
LESSKEY_SYSTEM |
|
|
2123 |
|
|
|
2124 |
|
|
|
2125 |
Name of the default system-wide lesskey(1) |
|
|
2126 |
file. |
|
|
2127 |
|
|
|
2128 |
|
|
|
2129 |
LESSMETACHARS |
|
|
2130 |
|
|
|
2131 |
|
|
|
2132 |
List of characters which are considered |
|
|
2133 |
|
|
|
2134 |
|
|
|
2135 |
LESSMETAESCAPE |
|
|
2136 |
|
|
|
2137 |
|
|
|
2138 |
Prefix which less will add before each metacharacter in a |
|
|
2139 |
command sent to the shell. If LESSMETAESCAPE is an empty |
|
|
2140 |
string, commands containing metacharacters will not be |
|
|
2141 |
passed to the shell. |
|
|
2142 |
|
|
|
2143 |
|
|
|
2144 |
LESSOPEN |
|
|
2145 |
|
|
|
2146 |
|
|
|
2147 |
Command line to invoke the (optional) |
|
|
2148 |
input-preprocessor. |
|
|
2149 |
|
|
|
2150 |
|
|
|
2151 |
LESSSECURE |
|
|
2152 |
|
|
|
2153 |
|
|
|
2154 |
Runs less in |
|
|
2155 |
|
|
|
2156 |
|
|
|
2157 |
LESSSEPARATOR |
|
|
2158 |
|
|
|
2159 |
|
|
|
2160 |
String to be appended to a directory name in filename |
|
|
2161 |
completion. |
|
|
2162 |
|
|
|
2163 |
|
|
|
2164 |
LINES |
|
|
2165 |
|
|
|
2166 |
|
|
|
2167 |
Sets the number of lines on the screen. Takes precedence |
|
|
2168 |
over the number of lines specified by the TERM variable. |
|
|
2169 |
(But if you have a windowing system which supports |
|
|
2170 |
TIOCGWINSZ or WIOCGETD, the window system's idea of the |
|
|
2171 |
screen size takes precedence over the LINES and COLUMNS |
|
|
2172 |
environment variables.) |
|
|
2173 |
|
|
|
2174 |
|
|
|
2175 |
PATH |
|
|
2176 |
|
|
|
2177 |
|
|
|
2178 |
User's search path (used to find a lesskey file on MS-DOS |
|
|
2179 |
and OS/2 systems). |
|
|
2180 |
|
|
|
2181 |
|
|
|
2182 |
SHELL |
|
|
2183 |
|
|
|
2184 |
|
|
|
2185 |
The shell used to execute the ! command, as well as to |
|
|
2186 |
expand filenames. |
|
|
2187 |
|
|
|
2188 |
|
|
|
2189 |
TERM |
|
|
2190 |
|
|
|
2191 |
|
|
|
2192 |
The type of terminal on which ''less'' is being |
|
|
2193 |
run. |
|
|
2194 |
|
|
|
2195 |
|
|
|
2196 |
VISUAL |
|
|
2197 |
|
|
|
2198 |
|
|
|
2199 |
The name of the editor (used for the v |
|
|
2200 |
command). |
|
|
2201 |
!!SEE ALSO |
|
|
2202 |
|
|
|
2203 |
|
|
|
2204 |
lesskey(1) |
|
|
2205 |
!!WARNINGS |
|
|
2206 |
|
|
|
2207 |
|
|
|
2208 |
The = command and prompts (unless changed by -P) report the |
|
|
2209 |
line numbers of the lines at the top and bottom of the |
|
|
2210 |
screen, but the byte and percent of the line after the one |
|
|
2211 |
at the bottom of the screen. |
|
|
2212 |
|
|
|
2213 |
|
|
|
2214 |
If the :e command is used to name more than one file, and |
|
|
2215 |
one of the named files has been viewed previously, the new |
|
|
2216 |
files may be entered into the list in an unexpected |
|
|
2217 |
order. |
|
|
2218 |
|
|
|
2219 |
|
|
|
2220 |
On certain older terminals (the so-called |
|
|
2221 |
|
|
|
2222 |
|
|
|
2223 |
In certain cases, when search highlighting is enabled and a |
|
|
2224 |
search pattern begins with a ^, more text than the matching |
|
|
2225 |
string may be highlighted. (This problem does not occur when |
|
|
2226 |
less is compiled to use the POSIX regular expression |
|
|
2227 |
package.) |
|
|
2228 |
|
|
|
2229 |
|
|
|
2230 |
When viewing text containing ANSI color escape sequences |
|
|
2231 |
using the -R option, searching will not find text containing |
|
|
2232 |
an embedded escape sequence. Also, search highlighting may |
|
|
2233 |
change the color of some of the text which follows the |
|
|
2234 |
highlighted text. |
|
|
2235 |
|
|
|
2236 |
|
|
|
2237 |
On some systems, ''setlocale'' claims that ASCII |
|
|
2238 |
characters 0 thru 31 are control characters rather than |
|
|
2239 |
binary characters. This causes ''less'' to treat some |
|
|
2240 |
binary files as ordinary, non-binary files. To workaround |
|
|
2241 |
this problem, set the environment variable LESSCHARSET to |
|
|
2242 |
'' |
|
|
2243 |
|
|
|
2244 |
|
|
|
2245 |
See http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less for the latest |
|
|
2246 |
list of known bugs in this version of less. |
|
|
2247 |
!!COPYRIGHT |
|
|
2248 |
|
|
|
2249 |
|
|
|
2250 |
Copyright (C) 2001 Mark Nudelman |
|
|
2251 |
|
|
|
2252 |
|
|
|
2253 |
less is part of the GNU project and is free software. You |
|
|
2254 |
can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of |
|
|
2255 |
either (1) the GNU General Public License as published by |
|
|
2256 |
the Free Software Foundation; or (2) the Less License. See |
|
|
2257 |
the file README in the less distribution for more details |
|
|
2258 |
regarding redistribution. You should have received a copy of |
|
|
2259 |
the GNU General Public License along with the source for |
|
|
2260 |
less; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free |
|
|
2261 |
Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA |
|
|
2262 |
02111-1307, USA. You should also have received a copy of the |
|
|
2263 |
Less License; see the file LICENSE. |
|
|
2264 |
|
|
|
2265 |
|
|
|
2266 |
less is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but |
|
|
2267 |
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of |
|
|
2268 |
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the |
|
|
2269 |
GNU General Public License for more details. |
|
|
2270 |
!!AUTHOR |
|
|
2271 |
|
|
|
2272 |
|
|
|
2273 |
Mark Nudelman |
|
|
2274 |
Send bug reports or comments to the above address or to |
|
|
2275 |
bug-less@gnu.org. |
|
|
2276 |
For more information, see the less homepage at |
|
|
2277 |
http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less. |
|
|
2278 |
---- |