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NSSWITCH.CONF !!!NSSWITCH.CONF NAME DESCRIPTION FILES NOTES ---- !!NAME nsswitch.conf - System Databases and Name Service Switch configuration file !!DESCRIPTION Various functions in the C Library need to be configured to work correctly in the local environment. Traditionally, this was done by using files (e.g., `/etc/passwd'), but other nameservices (like the Network Information Service (NIS) and the Domain Name Service (DNS)) became popular, and were hacked into the C library, usually with a fixed search order. The Linux libc5 with NYS support and the GNU C Library 2.x (libc.so.6) contain a cleaner solution of this problem. It is designed after a method used by Sun Microsystems in the C library of Solaris 2. We follow their name and call this scheme /etc/nsswitch.conf__ file. The following databases are available in the NSS: __aliases__ Mail aliases, used by sendmail(8). Presently ignored. __ethers__ Ethernet numbers. __group__ Groups of users, used by getgrent(3) functions. __hosts__ Host names and numbers, used by gethostbyname(3) and similar functions. __netgroup__ Network wide list of hosts and users, used for access rules. C libraries before glibc 2.1 only support netgroups over NIS. __network__ Network names and numbers, used by getnetent(3) functions. __passwd__ User passwords, used by getpwent(3) functions. __protocols__ Network protocols, used by getprotoent(3) functions. __publickey__ Public and secret keys for Secure_RPC used by NFS and NIS+. __rpc__ Remote procedure call names and numbers, used by getrpcbyname(3) and similar functions. __services__ Network services, used by getservent(3) functions. __shadow__ Shadow user passwords, used by getspnam(3). An example __/etc/nsswitch.conf__ file could be look like (This is also the default if __/etc/nsswitch.conf__ is missing): passwd: compat group: compat shadow: compat hosts: dns [[!UNAVAIL=return] files networks: nis [[NOTFOUND=return] files ethers: nis [[NOTFOUND=return] files protocols: nis [[NOTFOUND=return] files rpc: nis [[NOTFOUND=return] files services: nis [[NOTFOUND=return] files The first column is the database as you can guess from the table above. The rest of the line specifies how the lookup process works. You can specify the way it works for each database individually. The configuration specification for each database can contain two different items: * The service specification like `files', `db', or `nis'. * The reaction on lookup result like `[[NOTFOUND=return]'. For libc5 with NYS, the allowed service specifications are `files', `nis' and `nisplus'. For hosts, you could specify `dns' as extra service, for passwd and group `compat', but not for shadow. For glibc, you must have a file called __/lib/libnss_SERVICE.so.__''X'' for every SERVICE you are using. On a standard installation, you could use `files', `db', `nis' and `nisplus'. For hosts, you could specify `dns' as extra service, for passwd, group and shadow `compat'. These services will not be used by libc5 with NYS. The version number ''X'' is 1 for glibc 2.0 and 2 for glibc 2.1. The second item in the specification gives the user much finer control on the lookup process. Action items are placed between two service names and are written within brackets. The general form is `[[' ( `!'? STATUS `=' ACTION )+ `]' where STATUS = ACTION = The case of the keywords is insignificant. The STATUS values are the results of a call to a lookup function of a specific service. They mean: __success__ No error occurred and the wanted entry is returned. The default action for this is `return'. __notfound__ The lookup process works ok but the needed value was not found. The default action is `continue'. __unavail__ The service is permanently unavailable. This can either mean the needed file is not available, or, for DNS, the server is not available or does not allow queries. The default action is `continue'. __tryagain__ The service is temporarily unavailable. This could mean a file is locked or a server currently cannot accept more connections. The default action is `continue'. __Interaction with +/- syntax (compat mode)__ Linux libc5 without NYS does not have the name service switch but does allow the user some policy control. In __/etc/passwd__ you could have entries of the form +user or +@netgroup (include the specified user from the NIS passwd map), -user or -@netgroup (exclude the specified user) and + (include every user, except the excluded ones, from the NIS passwd map). Since most people only put a + at the end of __/etc/passwd__ to include everything from NIS, the switch provides a faster alternative for this case (`passwd: files nis') which doesn't require the single + entry in __/etc/passwd__, __/etc/group__ and __/etc/shadow__. If this is not sufficient, the NSS `compat' service provides full +/- semantics. By default, the source is `nis', but this may be overriden by specifying `nisplus' as source for the pseudo-databases __passwd_compat, group_compat__ and __shadow_compat.__ This pseudo-databases are only available in GNU C Library. !!FILES A service named SERVICE is implemented by a shared object library named __libnss_SERVICE.so.__''X'' that resides in ''/lib''. __/etc/nsswitch.conf__ configuration file __/lib/libnss_compat.so.__''X'' implements `compat' source for glibc2 __/lib/libnss_db.so.__''X'' implements `db' source for glibc2 __/lib/libnss_dns.so.__''X'' implements `dns' source for glibc2 __/lib/libnss_files.so.__''X'' implements `files' source for glibc2 __/lib/libnss_hesiod.so.__''X'' implements `hesiod' source for glibc2 __/lib/libnss_nis.so.__''X'' implements `nis' source for glibc2 __/lib/libnss_nisplus.so.2__ implements `nisplus' source for glibc 2.1 !!NOTES Within each process that uses __nsswitch.conf__, the entire file is read only once; if the file is later changed, the process will continue using the old configuration. With Solaris, it isn't possible to link programs using the NSS Service statically. With Linux, this is no problem. ----
4 pages link to
nsswitch.conf(5)
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Man5n
nscd.conf(5)
nscd(8)
NSS
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