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ISPELL !!!ISPELL NAME SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ENVIRONMENT FILES SEE ALSO BUGS AUTHOR VERSION ---- !!NAME ispell, buildhash, munchlist, findaffix, tryaffix, icombine, ijoin - Interactive spelling checking !!SYNOPSIS __ispell__ [[''common-flags''] [[__-M__|__-N__] [[__-L__''context''__]__ [[__-V__] files__ ispell__ [[''common-flags''] __-l ispell__ [[''common-flags''] [[__-f__ file] [[__-s__] {__-a__|__-A__}__ ispell__ [[__-d__ ''file''] [[__-w__ ''chars''] __-c ispell__ [[__-d__ ''file''] [[__-w__ ''chars''] __-e__[[__e__]__ ispell__ [[__-d__ ''file''] __-D ispell -v__[[__v__] ''common-flags'': [[__-t__] [[__-n__] [[__-h__] [[__-b__] [[__-x__] [[__-B__] [[__-C__] [[__-P__] [[__-m__] [[__-S__] [[__-d__ ''file''] [[__-p__ ''file''] [[__-w__ ''chars''] [[__-W__ ''n''] [[__-T__ ''type''] __buildhash__ [[__-s__] ''dict-file affix-file hash-file''__ buildhash -s__ ''count affix-file'' __munchlist__ [[__-l__ ''aff-file''] [[__-c__ ''conv-file''] [[__-T__ ''suffix''] [[__-s__ ''hash-file''] [[__-D__] [[__-v__] [[__-w__ ''chars''] [[''files''] __findaffix__ [[__-p__|__-s__] [[__-f__] [[__-c__] [[__-m__ ''min''] [[__-M__ ''max''] [[__-e__ ''elim''] [[__-t__ ''tabchar''] [[__-l__ ''low''] [[''files''] __tryaffix__ [[__-p__|__-s]__ [[__-c__] ''expanded-file affix''[[''+addition''] __icombine__ [[__-T__ ''type''] [[''aff-file''] __ijoin__ [[__-s__|__-u__] ''join-options file1 file2'' !!DESCRIPTION ''Ispell'' is fashioned after the ''spell'' program from ITS (called ''ispell'' on Twenex systems.) The most common usage is ''ispell'' will display each word which does not appear in the dictionary at the top of the screen and allow you to change it. If there are '' R Replace the misspelled word completely. Space Accept the word this time only. A Accept the word for the rest of this ''ispell'' session. I Accept the word, capitalized as it is in the file, and update private dictionary. U Accept the word, and add an uncapitalized (actually, all lower-case) version to the private dictionary. 0-''n'' Replace with one of the suggested words. L Look up words in system dictionary (controlled by the WORDS compilation option). X Write the rest of this file, ignoring misspellings, and start next file. Q Exit immediately and leave the file unchanged. ! Shell escape. ^L Redraw screen. ^Z Suspend ispell. ? Give help screen. If the __-M__ switch is specified, a one-line mini-menu at the bottom of the screen will summarize these options. Conversely, the __-N__ switch may be used to suppress the mini-menu. (The minimenu is displayed by default if ''ispell'' was compiled with the MINIMENU option, but these two switches will always override the default). If the __-L__ flag is given, the specified number is used as the number of lines of context to be shown at the bottom of the screen (The default is to calculate the amount of context as a certain percentage of the screen size). The amount of context is subject to a system-imposed limit. If the __-V__ flag is given, characters that are not in the 7-bit ANSI printable character set will always be displayed in the style of __ispell'' thinks that these characters are legal ISO Latin-1 on your system. This is useful when working with older terminals. Without this switch, ''ispell'' will display 8-bit characters '' -l__, __-a__, and __-A__ options (see below) also accepts the following __ __-t__ The input file is in TeX or LaTeX format. __-n__ The input file is in nroff/troff format. __-h__ The input file is in html format. (This works well for XML and SGML format, too.) __-g__ The input file is in Debian control file format. Ispell will ignore everything outside the Description(s). __-b__ Create a backup file by appending __-x__ Don't create a backup file. __-B__ Report run-together words with missing blanks as spelling errors. __-C__ Consider run-together words as legal compounds. __-P__ Don't generate extra root/affix combinations. __-m__ Make possible root/affix combinations that aren't in the dictionary. __-S__ Sort the list of guesses by probable correctness. __-d__ file Specify an alternate dictionary file. For example, use __-d deutsch__ to choose a German dictionary in a German installation. __-p__ file Specify an alternate personal dictionary. __-w__ chars Specify additional characters that can be part of a word. __-W__ n Specify length of words that are always legal. __-T__ type Assume a given formatter type for all files. The __-n__ and __-t__ options select whether ''ispell'' runs in nroff/troff (__-n__) or TeX/LaTeX (__-t__) input mode (This does not work for html (__-h__) mode. However html-mode is assumed for any files with a __-n__ switch. In TeX/LaTeX mode, whenever a backslash ( __ispell'' will skip to the next whitespace or TeX/LaTeX delimiter. Certain commands contain arguments which should not be checked, such as labels and reference keys as are found in the cite command, since they contain arbitrary, non-word arguments. Spell checking is also suppressed when in math mode. Thus, for example, given chapter {This is a Ckapter} cite{SCH86} ''ispell'' will find ''-t__ option does not recognize the TeX comment character __ispell'' was compiled with __IGNOREBIB__ defined. Otherwise, the bibliography will be checked but the reference key will not. References for the tib(1) bibliography system, that is, text between a ``[[.'' or `` '' The __-b__ and __-x__ options control whether ''ispell'' leaves a backup (.bak) file for each input file. The .bak file contains the pre-corrected text. If there are file opening / writing errors, the .bak file may be left for recovery purposes even with the __-x__ option. The default for this option is controlled by the DEFNOBACKUPFLAG installation option. The __-B__ and __-C__ options control how ''ispell'' handles run-together words, such as ''-B__ is specified, such words will be considered as errors, and ''ispell'' will list variations with an inserted blank or hyphen as possible replacements. If __-C__ is specified, run-together words will be considered to be legal compounds, so long as both components are in the dictionary, and each component is at least as long as a language-dependent minimum (3 characters, by default). This is useful for languages such as German and Norwegian, where many compound words are formed by concatenation. (Note that compounds formed from three or more root words will still be considered errors). The default for this option is language-dependent; in a multi-lingual installation the default may vary depending on which dictionary you choose. The __-P__ and __-m__ options control when ''ispell'' automatically generates suggested root/affix combinations for possible addition to your personal dictionary. (These are the entries in the ''-P__ is specified, such guesses are displayed only if ''ispell'' cannot generate any possibilities that match the current dictionary. If __-m__ is specified, such guesses are always displayed. This can be useful if the dictionary has a limited word list, or a word list with few suffixes. However, you should be careful when using this option, as it can generate guesses that produce illegal words. The default for this option is controlled by the dictionary file used. The __-S__ option suppresses ''ispell'''s normal behavior of sorting the list of possible replacement words. Some people may prefer this, since it somewhat enhances the probability that the correct word will be low-numbered. The __-d__ option is used to specify an alternate hashed dictionary file, other than the default. If the filename does not contain a __ispell'', a dictionary of ''/dev/null'' is illegal, because the dictionary contains the affix table. If you need an effectively empty dictionary, create a one-entry list with an unlikely string (e.g., '' The __-p__ option is used to specify an alternate personal dictionary file. If the file name does not begin with __-p__ switch nor the WORDLIST environment variable is given, ''ispell'' will search for a personal dictionary in both the current directory and $HOME, creating one in $HOME if none is found. The preferred name is constructed by appending '' If the __-p__ option is ''not'' specified, ''ispell'' will look for personal dictionaries in both the current directory and the home directory. If dictionaries exist in both places, they will be merged. If any words are added to the personal dictionary, they will be written to the current directory if a dictionary already existed in that place; otherwise they will be written to the dictionary in the home directory. The __-w__ option may be used to specify characters other than alphabetics which may also appear in words. For instance, __-w__ __ n007n012 Numeric digits other than the three following Ispell'' will typically be used with input from a file, meaning that preserving parity for possible 8 bit characters from the input text is OK. If you specify the -l option, and actually type text from the terminal, this may create problems if your stty settings preserve parity. The __-W__ option may be used to change the length of words that ''ispell'' always accepts as legal. Normally, ''ispell'' will accept all 1-character words as legal, which is equivalent to specifying ''-W 1__. __-W 0__. __-W 3__ __ispell'' will only generate words that are in the dictionary as suggested replacements for words; this prevents the list from becoming too long. Obviously, this option can be very dangerous, since short misspellings may be missed. If you use this option a lot, you should probably make a last pass without it before you publish your document, to protect yourself against errors. The __-T__ option is used to specify a default formatter type for use in generating string characters. This switch overrides the default type determined from the file name. The ''type'' argument may be either one of the unique names defined in the language affix file (e.g., __nroff__) or a file suffix including the dot (e.g., __.tex__). If no __-T__ option appears and no type can be determined from the file name, the default string character type declared in the language affix file will be used. The __-l__ or __ispell'' is used to produce a list of misspelled words from the standard input. The __-a__ option is intended to be used from other programs through a pipe. In this mode, ''ispell'' prints a one-line version identification message, and then begins reading lines of input. For each input line, a single line is written to the standard output for each word checked for spelling on the line. If the word was found in the main dictionary, or your personal dictionary, then the line contains only a '*'. If the word was found through affix removal, then the line contains a '+', a space, and the root word. If the word was found through compound formation (concatenation of two words, controlled by the __-C__ option), then the line contains only a '-'. If the word is not in the dictionary, but there are near misses, then the line contains an ' [[prefix+] root [[-prefix] [[-suffix] [[+suffix] (e.g., pfx'' and ''sfx'' is a string. Also, each near miss or guess is capitalized the same as the input word unless such capitalization is illegal; in the latter case each near miss is capitalized correctly according to the dictionary. Finally, if the word does not appear in the dictionary, and there are no near misses, then the line contains a '#', a space, the misspelled word, a space, and the character offset from the beginning of the line. Each sentence of text input is terminated with an additional blank line, indicating that ''ispell'' has completed processing the input line. These output lines can be summarized as follows: OK: * Root: + Compound: - Miss: Guess: ? None: # For example, a dummy dictionary containing the words (#) International Ispell Version 3.0.05 (beta), 08/10/91 This mode is also suitable for interactive use when you want to figure out the spelling of a single word. The __-A__ option works just like __-a__, except that if a line begins with the string __INCLUDE_STRING__ (the ampersands, if any, must be included). When in the __-a__ mode, ''ispell'' will also accept lines of single words prefixed with any of '*', ' ''ispell'' to insert the word into the user's dictionary (similar to the I command). A line starting with '''ispell'' to insert an all-lowercase version of the word into the user's dictionary (similar to the U command). A line starting with '@' causes ''ispell'' to accept this word in the future (similar to the A command). A line starting with '+', followed immediately by __tex__ or __nroff__ will cause ''ispell'' to parse future input according the syntax of that formatter. A line consisting solely of a '+' will place ''ispell'' in TeX/LaTeX mode (similar to the __-t__ option) and '-' returns ''ispell'' to nroff/troff mode (but these commands are obsolete). However, string character type is ''not'' changed; the '~' command must be used to do this. A line starting with '~' causes ''ispell'' to set internal parameters (in particular, the default string character type) based on the filename given in the rest of the line. (A file suffix is sufficient, but the period must be included. Instead of a file name or suffix, a unique name, as listed in the language affix file, may be specified.) However, the formatter parsing is ''not'' changed; the '+' command must be used to change the formatter. A line prefixed with '#' will cause the personal dictionary to be saved. A line prefixed with '!' will turn on ''terse'' mode (see below), and a line prefixed with '%' will return ''ispell'' to normal (non-terse) mode. Any input following the prefix characters '+', '-', '#', '!', or '%' is ignored, as is any input following the filename on a '~' line. To allow spell-checking of lines beginning with these characters, a line starting with '^' has that character removed before it is passed to the spell-checking code. It is recommended that programmatic interfaces prefix every data line with an uparrow to protect themselves against future changes in ''ispell''. To summarize these: * Add to personal dictionary @ Accept word, but leave out of dictionary # Save current personal dictionary ~ Set parameters based on filename + Enter TeX mode - Exit TeX mode ! Enter terse mode % Exit terse mode ^ Spell-check rest of line In ''terse'' mode, ''ispell'' will not print lines beginning with '*', '+', or '-', all of which indicate correct words. This significantly improves running speed when the driving program is going to ignore correct words anyway. The __-s__ option is only valid in conjunction with the __-a__ or __-A__ options, and only on BSD-derived systems. If specified, ''ispell'' will stop itself with a __SIGTSTP__ signal after each line of input. It will not read more input until it receives a __SIGCONT__ signal. This may be useful for handshaking with certain text editors. The __-f__ option is only valid in conjunction with the __-a__ or __-A__ options. If __-f__ is specified, ''ispell'' will write its results to the given file, rather than to standard output. The __-v__ option causes ''ispell'' to print its current version identification on the standard output and exit. If the switch is doubled, ''ispell'' will also print the options that it was compiled with. The __-c__, __-e__[[__1-4__], and __-D__ options of ''ispell'', are primarily intended for use by the ''munchlist'' shell script. The __-c__ switch causes a list of words to be read from the standard input. For each word, a list of possible root words and affixes will be written to the standard output. Some of the root words will be illegal and must be filtered from the output by other means; the ''munchlist'' script does this. As an example, the command: echo BOTHER | ispell -c produces: BOTHER BOTHE/R BOTH/R The __-e__ switch is the reverse of __-c__; it expands affix flags to produce a list of words. For example, the command: echo BOTH/R | ispell -e produces: BOTH BOTHER An optional expansion level can also be specified. A level of 1 (__-e1__) is the same as __-e__ alone. A level of 2 causes the original root/affix combination to be prepended to the line: BOTH/R BOTH BOTHER A level of 3 causes multiple lines to be output, one for each generated word, with the original root/affix combination followed by the word it creates: BOTH/R BOTH BOTH/R BOTHER A level of 4 causes a floating-point number to be appended to each of the level-3 lines, giving the ratio between the length of the root and the total length of all generated words including the root: BOTH/R BOTH 2.500000 BOTH/R BOTHER 2.500000 Finally, the __-D__ flag causes the affix tables from the dictionary file to be dumped to standard output. Unless your system administrator has suppressed the feature to save space, ''ispell'' is aware of the correct capitalizations of words in the dictionary and in your personal dictionary. As well as recognizing words that must be capitalized (e.g., George) and words that must be all-capitals (e.g., NASA), it can also handle words with '' Normally, this feature will not cause you surprises, but there is one circumstance you need to be aware of. If you use ispell'', and it will suggest the capitalized version. You must then compare the actual spellings by eye, and then type '' The rules for capitalization are as follows: (1) Any word may appear in all capitals, as in headings. (2) Any word that is in the dictionary in all-lowercase form may appear either in lowercase or capitalized (as at the beginning of a sentence). (3) Any word that has __buildhash__ The ''buildhash'' program builds hashed dictionary files for later use by ''ispell.'' The raw word list (with affix flags) is given in ''dict-file'', and the the affix flags are defined by ''affix-file''. The hashed output is written to ''hash-file''. The formats of the two input files are described in ispell(5). The __-s__ (silent) option suppresses the usual status messages that are written to the standard error device. __munchlist__ The ''munchlist'' shell script is used to reduce the size of dictionary files, primarily personal dictionary files. It is also capable of combining dictionaries from various sources. The given ''files'' are read (standard input if no arguments are given), reduced to a minimal set of roots and affixes that will match the same list of words, and written to standard output. Input for munchlist contains of raw words (e.g from your personal dictionary files) or root and affix combinations (probably generated in earlier munchlist runs). Each word or root/affix combination must be on a separate line. The __-D__ (debug) option leaves temporary files around under standard names instead of deleting them, so that the script can be debugged. Warning: this option can eat up an enormous amount of temporary file space. The __-v__ (verbose) option causes progress messages to be reported to stderr so you won't get nervous that ''munchlist'' has hung. If the __-s__ (strip) option is specified, words that are in the specified ''hash-file'' are removed from the word list. This can be useful with personal dictionaries. The __-l__ option can be used to specify an alternate ''affix-file'' for munching dictionaries in languages other than English. The __-c__ option can be used to convert dictionaries that were built with an older affix file, without risk of accidentally introducing unintended affix combinations into the dictionary. The __-T__ option allows dictionaries to be converted to a canonical string-character format. The suffix specified is looked up in the affix file (__-l__ switch) to determine the string-character format used for the input file; the output always uses the canonical string-character format. For example, a dictionary collected from TeX source files might be converted to canonical format by specifying __-T tex__. The __-w__ option is passed on to ''ispell''. __findaffix__ The ''findaffix'' shell script is an aid to writers of new language descriptions in choosing affixes. The given dictionary ''files'' (standard input if none are given) are examined for possible prefixes (__-p__ switch) or suffixes (__-s__ switch, the default). Each commonly-occurring affix is presented along with a count of the number of times it appears and an estimate of the number of bytes that would be saved in a dictionary hash file if it were added to the language table. Only affixes that generate legal roots (found in the original input) are listed. If the strip/add/count/bytes where ''strip'' is the string that should be stripped from a root word before adding the affix, ''add'' is the affix to be added, ''count'' is a count of the number of times that this ''strip''/''add'' combination appears, and ''bytes'' is an estimate of the number of bytes that might be saved in the raw dictionary file if this combination is added to the affix file. The field separator in the output will be the tab character specified by the __-t__ switch; the default is a slash (__ If the __-c__ ( __ -strip+add where ''strip'', ''add'', ''count'', and ''bytes'' are as before, and '''' represents the ASCII tab character. The method used to generate possible affixes will also generate longer affixes which have common headers or trailers. For example, the two words min''). To prevent cluttering the output with such affixes, any affix pair that shares a common header (or, for prefixes, trailer) string longer than ''elim'' characters (default 1) will be suppressed. You may want to set ''findaffix'' run. Normally, the affixes are sorted according to the estimate of bytes saved. The __-f__ switch may be used to cause the affixes to be sorted by frequency of appearance. To save output file space, affixes which occur fewer than 10 times are eliminated; this limit may be changed with the __-l__ switch. The __-M__ switch specifies a maximum affix length (default 8). Affixes longer than this will not be reported. (This saves on temporary disk space and makes the script run faster.) Affixes which generate stems shorter than 3 characters are suppressed. (A stem is the word after the ''strip'' string has been removed, and before the ''add'' string has been added.) This reduces both the running time and the size of the output file. This limit may be changed with the __-m__ switch. The minimum stem length should only be set to 1 if you have a ''lot'' of free time and disk space (in the range of many days and hundreds of megabytes). The ''findaffix'' script requires a non-blank field-separator character for internal use. Normally, this character is a slash ( ''-t__ switch. Ispell dictionaries should be expanded before being fed to ''findaffix''; in addition, characters that are not in the English alphabet (if any) should be translated to lowercase. __tryaffix__ The ''tryaffix'' shell script is used to estimate the effectiveness of a proposed prefix (__-p__ switch) or suffix (__-s__ switch, the default) with a given ''expanded-file''. Only one affix can be tried with each execution of ''tryaffix'', although multiple arguments can be used to describe varying forms of the same affix flag (e.g., the __D__ flag for English can add either ''D'' or ''ED'' depending on whether a trailing E is already present). Each word in the expanded dictionary that ends (or begins) with the chosen suffix (or prefix) has that suffix (prefix) removed; the dictionary is then searched for root words that match the stripped word. Normally, all matching roots are written to standard output, but if the __-c__ (count) flag is given, only a statistical summary of the results is written. The statistics given are a count of words the affix potentially applies to and an estimate of the number of dictionary bytes that a flag using the affix would save. The estimate will be high if the flag generates words that are currently generated by other affix flags (e.g., in English, ''bathers'' can be generated by either ''bath/X'' or ''bather/S''). The dictionary file, ''expanded-file'', must already be expanded (using the __-e__ switch of ''ispell'') and sorted, and things will usually work best if uppercase has been folded to lower with 'tr'. The ''affix'' arguments are things to be stripped from the dictionary file to produce trial roots: for English, ''con'' (prefix) and ''ing'' (suffix) are examples. The ''addition'' parts of the argument are letters that would have been stripped off the root before adding the affix. For example, in English the affix ''ing'' normally strips ''e'' for words ending in that letter (e.g., ''like'' becomes ''liking'') so we might run: tryaffix ing ing+e to cover both cases. All of the shell scripts contain documentation as commentary at the beginning; sometimes these comments contain useful information beyond the scope of this manual page. It is possible to install ''ispell'' in such a way as to only support ASCII range text if desired. __icombine__ The ''icombine'' program is a helper for ''munchlist''. It reads a list of words in dictionary format (roots plus flags) from the standard input, and produces a reduced list on standard output which combines common roots found on adjacent entries. Identical roots which have differing flags will have their flags combined, and roots which have differing capitalizations will be combined in a way which only preserves important capitalization information. The optional ''aff-file'' specifies a language file which defines the character sets used and the meanings of the various flags. The __-T__ switch can be used to select among alternative string character types by giving a dummy suffix that can be found in an __altstringtype__ statement. __ijoin__ The ''ijoin'' program is a re-implementation of join(1) which handles long lines and 8-bit characters correctly. The __-s__ switch specifies that the sort(1) program used to prepare the input to ''ijoin'' uses signed comparisons on 8-bit characters; the __-u__ switch specifies that sort(1) uses unsigned comparisons. All other options and behaviors of join(1) are duplicated as exactly as possible based on the manual page, except that ''ijoin'' will not handle newline as a field separator. See the join(1) manual page for more information. !!ENVIRONMENT DICTIONARY Default dictionary to use, if no __-d__ flag is given. WORDLIST Personal dictionary file name INCLUDE_STRING Code for file inclusion under the __-A__ option TMPDIR Directory used for some of munchlist's temporary files !!FILES /usr/lib/ispell/default.hash Hashed dictionary (may be found in some other local directory, depending on the system). /usr/lib/ispell/default.aff Affix-definition file for ''munchlist'' /usr/dict/web2 or /usr/share/dict/words For the Lookup function (depending on the WORDS compilation option). $HOME/.ispell_''hashfile'' User's private dictionary .ispell_''hashfile'' Directory-specific private dictionary !!SEE ALSO spell(1), egrep(1), look(1), join(1), sort(1), ''sq''(1L), ''tib''(1L), ''ispell''(5L), ''english''(5L) !!BUGS It takes several to many seconds for ''ispell'' to read in the hash table, depending on size. When all options are enabled, ''ispell'' may take several seconds to generate all the guesses at corrections for a misspelled word; on slower machines this time is long enough to be annoying. The hash table is stored as a quarter-megabyte (or larger) array, so a PDP-11 or 286 version does not seem likely. ''Ispell'' should understand more ''troff'' syntax, and deal more intelligently with contractions. Although small personal dictionaries are sorted before they are written out, the order of capitalizations of the same word is somewhat random. When the __-x__ flag is specified, ''ispell'' will unlink any existing .bak file. There are too many flags, and many of them have non-mnemonic names. ''Munchlist'' does not deal very gracefully with dictionaries which contain '' ''Findaffix'' and ''munchlist'' require tremendous amounts of temporary file space for large dictionaries. They do respect the TMPDIR environment variable, so this space can be redirected. However, a lot of the temporary space needed is for sorting, so TMPDIR is only a partial help on systems with an uncooperative sort(1). ( ''munchlist'' takes 10 to 40 times the original dictionary's size in Kb. (The larger ratio is for dictionaries that already have heavy affix use, such as the one distributed with ''ispell''). ''Munchlist'' is also very slow; munching a normal-sized dictionary (15K roots, 45K expanded words) takes around an hour on a small workstation. (Most of this time is spent in sort(1), and ''munchlist'' can run much faster on machines that have a more modern ''sort'' that makes better use of the memory available to it.) ''Findaffix'' is even worse; the smallest English dictionary cannot be processed with this script in a mere 50Kb of free space, and even after specifying switches to reduce the temporary space required, the script will run for over 24 hours on a small workstation. !!AUTHOR Pace Willisson (pace@mit-vax), 1983, based on the PDP-10 assembly version. That version was written by R. E. Gorin in 1971, and later revised by W. E. Matson (1974) and W. B. Ackerman (1978). Collected, revised, and enhanced for the Usenet by Walt Buehring, 1987. Table-driven multi-lingual version by Geoff Kuenning, 1987-88. Large dictionaries provided by Bob Devine (vianet!devine). A complete list of contributors is too large to list here, but is distributed with the ispell sources in the file !!VERSION The version of ispell described by this manual page is International Ispell Version 3.1.00, 10/08/93. ----
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ispell(5)
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