version 1 showing authors affecting page license.
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perry |
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ISPELL |
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!!!ISPELL |
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NAME |
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SYNOPSIS |
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DESCRIPTION |
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ENVIRONMENT |
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FILES |
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SEE ALSO |
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BUGS |
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AUTHOR |
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VERSION |
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---- |
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!!NAME |
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ispell, buildhash, munchlist, findaffix, tryaffix, icombine, ijoin - Interactive spelling checking |
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!!SYNOPSIS |
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__ispell__ [[''common-flags''] [[__-M__|__-N__] |
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[[__-L__''context''__]__ [[__-V__] files__ |
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ispell__ [[''common-flags''] __-l |
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ispell__ [[''common-flags''] [[__-f__ file] |
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[[__-s__] {__-a__|__-A__}__ |
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ispell__ [[__-d__ ''file''] [[__-w__ ''chars''] |
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__-c |
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ispell__ [[__-d__ ''file''] [[__-w__ ''chars''] |
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__-e__[[__e__]__ |
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ispell__ [[__-d__ ''file''] __-D |
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ispell -v__[[__v__] |
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''common-flags'': |
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[[__-t__] [[__-n__] [[__-h__] [[__-b__] [[__-x__] |
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[[__-B__] [[__-C__] [[__-P__] [[__-m__] [[__-S__] |
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[[__-d__ ''file''] [[__-p__ ''file''] [[__-w__ |
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''chars''] [[__-W__ ''n''] [[__-T__ |
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''type''] |
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__buildhash__ [[__-s__] ''dict-file affix-file |
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hash-file''__ |
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buildhash -s__ ''count affix-file'' |
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__munchlist__ [[__-l__ ''aff-file''] [[__-c__ |
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''conv-file''] [[__-T__ ''suffix''] [[__-s__ |
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''hash-file''] [[__-D__] [[__-v__] [[__-w__ |
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''chars''] [[''files''] |
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__findaffix__ [[__-p__|__-s__] [[__-f__] |
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[[__-c__] [[__-m__ ''min''] [[__-M__ ''max''] |
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[[__-e__ ''elim''] [[__-t__ ''tabchar''] |
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[[__-l__ ''low''] [[''files''] |
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__tryaffix__ [[__-p__|__-s]__ [[__-c__] |
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''expanded-file affix''[[''+addition''] |
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__icombine__ [[__-T__ ''type''] |
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[[''aff-file''] |
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__ijoin__ [[__-s__|__-u__] ''join-options file1 |
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file2'' |
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!!DESCRIPTION |
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''Ispell'' is fashioned after the ''spell'' program |
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from ITS (called ''ispell'' on Twenex systems.) The most |
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common usage is |
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''ispell'' will display each word which does not appear |
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in the dictionary at the top of the screen and allow you to |
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change it. If there are |
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'' |
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R |
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Replace the misspelled word completely. |
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Space |
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Accept the word this time only. |
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A |
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Accept the word for the rest of this ''ispell'' |
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session. |
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I |
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Accept the word, capitalized as it is in the file, and |
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update private dictionary. |
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U |
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Accept the word, and add an uncapitalized (actually, all |
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lower-case) version to the private dictionary. |
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0-''n'' |
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Replace with one of the suggested words. |
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L |
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Look up words in system dictionary (controlled by the WORDS |
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compilation option). |
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X |
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Write the rest of this file, ignoring misspellings, and |
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start next file. |
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Q |
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Exit immediately and leave the file unchanged. |
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! |
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Shell escape. |
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^L |
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Redraw screen. |
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^Z |
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Suspend ispell. |
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? |
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Give help screen. |
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If the __-M__ switch is specified, a one-line mini-menu |
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at the bottom of the screen will summarize these options. |
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Conversely, the __-N__ switch may be used to suppress the |
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mini-menu. (The minimenu is displayed by default if |
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''ispell'' was compiled with the MINIMENU option, but |
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these two switches will always override the |
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default). |
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If the __-L__ flag is given, the specified number is used |
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as the number of lines of context to be shown at the bottom |
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of the screen (The default is to calculate the amount of |
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context as a certain percentage of the screen size). The |
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amount of context is subject to a system-imposed |
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limit. |
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If the __-V__ flag is given, characters that are not in |
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the 7-bit ANSI printable character set will always be |
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displayed in the style of |
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__ispell'' thinks that these characters are legal ISO |
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Latin-1 on your system. This is useful when working with |
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older terminals. Without this switch, ''ispell'' will |
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display 8-bit characters |
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'' |
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-l__, |
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__-a__, and __-A__ options (see below) also accepts |
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the following |
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__ |
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__-t__ |
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The input file is in TeX or LaTeX format. |
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__-n__ |
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The input file is in nroff/troff format. |
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__-h__ |
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The input file is in html format. (This works well for XML |
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and SGML format, too.) |
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__-g__ |
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The input file is in Debian control file format. Ispell will |
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ignore everything outside the Description(s). |
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__-b__ |
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Create a backup file by appending |
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__-x__ |
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Don't create a backup file. |
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__-B__ |
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Report run-together words with missing blanks as spelling |
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errors. |
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__-C__ |
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Consider run-together words as legal compounds. |
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__-P__ |
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Don't generate extra root/affix combinations. |
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__-m__ |
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Make possible root/affix combinations that aren't in the |
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dictionary. |
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__-S__ |
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Sort the list of guesses by probable |
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correctness. |
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__-d__ file |
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Specify an alternate dictionary file. For example, use __-d |
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deutsch__ to choose a German dictionary in a German |
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installation. |
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__-p__ file |
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Specify an alternate personal dictionary. |
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__-w__ chars |
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Specify additional characters that can be part of a |
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word. |
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__-W__ n |
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Specify length of words that are always legal. |
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__-T__ type |
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Assume a given formatter type for all files. |
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The __-n__ and __-t__ options select whether |
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''ispell'' runs in nroff/troff (__-n__) or TeX/LaTeX |
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(__-t__) input mode (This does not work for html |
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(__-h__) mode. However html-mode is assumed for any files |
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with a |
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__-n__ switch. |
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In TeX/LaTeX mode, whenever a backslash ( |
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__ispell'' will skip to the next whitespace or |
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TeX/LaTeX delimiter. Certain commands contain arguments |
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which should not be checked, such as labels and reference |
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keys as are found in the cite command, since they contain |
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arbitrary, non-word arguments. Spell checking is also |
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suppressed when in math mode. Thus, for example, |
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given |
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chapter {This is a Ckapter} cite{SCH86} |
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''ispell'' will find |
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''-t__ option does not recognize the |
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TeX comment character |
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__ispell'' was |
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compiled with __IGNOREBIB__ defined. Otherwise, the |
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bibliography will be checked but the reference key will |
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not. |
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References for the tib(1) bibliography system, that |
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is, text between a ``[[.'' or `` |
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'' |
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The __-b__ and __-x__ options control whether |
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''ispell'' leaves a backup (.bak) file for each input |
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file. The .bak file contains the pre-corrected text. If |
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there are file opening / writing errors, the .bak file may |
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be left for recovery purposes even with the __-x__ |
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option. The default for this option is controlled by the |
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DEFNOBACKUPFLAG installation option. |
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The __-B__ and __-C__ options control how |
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''ispell'' handles run-together words, such as |
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''-B__ is |
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specified, such words will be considered as errors, and |
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''ispell'' will list variations with an inserted blank or |
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hyphen as possible replacements. If __-C__ is specified, |
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run-together words will be considered to be legal compounds, |
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so long as both components are in the dictionary, and each |
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component is at least as long as a language-dependent |
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minimum (3 characters, by default). This is useful for |
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languages such as German and Norwegian, where many compound |
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words are formed by concatenation. (Note that compounds |
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formed from three or more root words will still be |
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considered errors). The default for this option is |
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language-dependent; in a multi-lingual installation the |
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default may vary depending on which dictionary you |
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choose. |
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The __-P__ and __-m__ options control when |
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''ispell'' automatically generates suggested root/affix |
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combinations for possible addition to your personal |
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dictionary. (These are the entries in the |
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''-P__ is |
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specified, such guesses are displayed only if ''ispell'' |
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cannot generate any possibilities that match the current |
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dictionary. If __-m__ is specified, such guesses are |
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always displayed. This can be useful if the dictionary has a |
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limited word list, or a word list with few suffixes. |
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However, you should be careful when using this option, as it |
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can generate guesses that produce illegal words. The default |
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for this option is controlled by the dictionary file |
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used. |
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The __-S__ option suppresses ''ispell'''s normal |
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behavior of sorting the list of possible replacement words. |
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Some people may prefer this, since it somewhat enhances the |
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probability that the correct word will be |
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low-numbered. |
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The __-d__ option is used to specify an alternate hashed |
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dictionary file, other than the default. If the filename |
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does not contain a |
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__ispell'', a dictionary of ''/dev/null'' is illegal, |
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because the dictionary contains the affix table. If you need |
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an effectively empty dictionary, create a one-entry list |
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with an unlikely string (e.g., |
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'' |
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The __-p__ option is used to specify an alternate |
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personal dictionary file. If the file name does not begin |
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with |
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__-p__ switch nor |
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the WORDLIST environment variable is given, ''ispell'' |
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will search for a personal dictionary in both the current |
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directory and $HOME, creating one in $HOME if none is found. |
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The preferred name is constructed by appending |
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'' |
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If the __-p__ option is ''not'' specified, |
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''ispell'' will look for personal dictionaries in both |
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the current directory and the home directory. If |
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dictionaries exist in both places, they will be merged. If |
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any words are added to the personal dictionary, they will be |
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written to the current directory if a dictionary already |
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existed in that place; otherwise they will be written to the |
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dictionary in the home directory. |
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The __-w__ option may be used to specify characters other |
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than alphabetics which may also appear in words. For |
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instance, __-w__ |
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__ |
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n007n012 |
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Numeric digits other than the three following |
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Ispell'' |
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will typically be used with input from a file, meaning that |
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preserving parity for possible 8 bit characters from the |
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input text is OK. If you specify the -l option, and actually |
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type text from the terminal, this may create problems if |
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your stty settings preserve parity. |
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The __-W__ option may be used to change the length of |
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words that ''ispell'' always accepts as legal. Normally, |
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''ispell'' will accept all 1-character words as legal, |
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which is equivalent to specifying ''-W 1__. |
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|
439 |
__-W 0__. |
|
|
440 |
__-W 3__ |
|
|
441 |
__ispell'' will only generate words that are in the |
|
|
442 |
dictionary as suggested replacements for words; this |
|
|
443 |
prevents the list from becoming too long. Obviously, this |
|
|
444 |
option can be very dangerous, since short misspellings may |
|
|
445 |
be missed. If you use this option a lot, you should probably |
|
|
446 |
make a last pass without it before you publish your |
|
|
447 |
document, to protect yourself against errors. |
|
|
448 |
|
|
|
449 |
|
|
|
450 |
The __-T__ option is used to specify a default formatter |
|
|
451 |
type for use in generating string characters. This switch |
|
|
452 |
overrides the default type determined from the file name. |
|
|
453 |
The ''type'' argument may be either one of the unique |
|
|
454 |
names defined in the language affix file (e.g., |
|
|
455 |
__nroff__) or a file suffix including the dot (e.g., |
|
|
456 |
__.tex__). If no __-T__ option appears and no type can |
|
|
457 |
be determined from the file name, the default string |
|
|
458 |
character type declared in the language affix file will be |
|
|
459 |
used. |
|
|
460 |
|
|
|
461 |
|
|
|
462 |
The __-l__ or __ispell'' is |
|
|
463 |
used to produce a list of misspelled words from the standard |
|
|
464 |
input. |
|
|
465 |
|
|
|
466 |
|
|
|
467 |
The __-a__ option is intended to be used from other |
|
|
468 |
programs through a pipe. In this mode, ''ispell'' prints |
|
|
469 |
a one-line version identification message, and then begins |
|
|
470 |
reading lines of input. For each input line, a single line |
|
|
471 |
is written to the standard output for each word checked for |
|
|
472 |
spelling on the line. If the word was found in the main |
|
|
473 |
dictionary, or your personal dictionary, then the line |
|
|
474 |
contains only a '*'. If the word was found through affix |
|
|
475 |
removal, then the line contains a '+', a space, and the root |
|
|
476 |
word. If the word was found through compound formation |
|
|
477 |
(concatenation of two words, controlled by the __-C__ |
|
|
478 |
option), then the line contains only a '-'. |
|
|
479 |
|
|
|
480 |
|
|
|
481 |
If the word is not in the dictionary, but there are near |
|
|
482 |
misses, then the line contains an ' |
|
|
483 |
|
|
|
484 |
|
|
|
485 |
[[prefix+] root [[-prefix] [[-suffix] [[+suffix] |
|
|
486 |
|
|
|
487 |
|
|
|
488 |
(e.g., |
|
|
489 |
pfx'' and ''sfx'' is a string. |
|
|
490 |
Also, each near miss or guess is capitalized the same as the |
|
|
491 |
input word unless such capitalization is illegal; in the |
|
|
492 |
latter case each near miss is capitalized correctly |
|
|
493 |
according to the dictionary. |
|
|
494 |
|
|
|
495 |
|
|
|
496 |
Finally, if the word does not appear in the dictionary, and |
|
|
497 |
there are no near misses, then the line contains a '#', a |
|
|
498 |
space, the misspelled word, a space, and the character |
|
|
499 |
offset from the beginning of the line. Each sentence of text |
|
|
500 |
input is terminated with an additional blank line, |
|
|
501 |
indicating that ''ispell'' has completed processing the |
|
|
502 |
input line. |
|
|
503 |
|
|
|
504 |
|
|
|
505 |
These output lines can be summarized as |
|
|
506 |
follows: |
|
|
507 |
|
|
|
508 |
|
|
|
509 |
OK: |
|
|
510 |
|
|
|
511 |
|
|
|
512 |
* |
|
|
513 |
|
|
|
514 |
|
|
|
515 |
Root: |
|
|
516 |
|
|
|
517 |
|
|
|
518 |
+ |
|
|
519 |
|
|
|
520 |
|
|
|
521 |
Compound: |
|
|
522 |
|
|
|
523 |
|
|
|
524 |
- |
|
|
525 |
|
|
|
526 |
|
|
|
527 |
Miss: |
|
|
528 |
|
|
|
529 |
|
|
|
530 |
|
|
|
531 |
|
|
|
532 |
Guess: |
|
|
533 |
|
|
|
534 |
|
|
|
535 |
? |
|
|
536 |
|
|
|
537 |
|
|
|
538 |
None: |
|
|
539 |
|
|
|
540 |
|
|
|
541 |
# |
|
|
542 |
|
|
|
543 |
|
|
|
544 |
For example, a dummy dictionary containing the words |
|
|
545 |
|
|
|
546 |
|
|
|
547 |
(#) International Ispell Version 3.0.05 (beta), 08/10/91 |
|
|
548 |
|
|
|
549 |
|
|
|
550 |
This mode is also suitable for interactive use when you want |
|
|
551 |
to figure out the spelling of a single word. |
|
|
552 |
|
|
|
553 |
|
|
|
554 |
The __-A__ option works just like __-a__, except that |
|
|
555 |
if a line begins with the string |
|
|
556 |
__INCLUDE_STRING__ (the ampersands, if any, must be |
|
|
557 |
included). |
|
|
558 |
|
|
|
559 |
|
|
|
560 |
When in the __-a__ mode, ''ispell'' will also accept |
|
|
561 |
lines of single words prefixed with any of '*', ' |
|
|
562 |
''ispell'' to insert the word into the |
|
|
563 |
user's dictionary (similar to the I command). A line |
|
|
564 |
starting with '''ispell'' to insert an |
|
|
565 |
all-lowercase version of the word into the user's dictionary |
|
|
566 |
(similar to the U command). A line starting with '@' causes |
|
|
567 |
''ispell'' to accept this word in the future (similar to |
|
|
568 |
the A command). A line starting with '+', followed |
|
|
569 |
immediately by __tex__ or __nroff__ will cause |
|
|
570 |
''ispell'' to parse future input according the syntax of |
|
|
571 |
that formatter. A line consisting solely of a '+' will place |
|
|
572 |
''ispell'' in TeX/LaTeX mode (similar to the __-t__ |
|
|
573 |
option) and '-' returns ''ispell'' to nroff/troff mode |
|
|
574 |
(but these commands are obsolete). However, string character |
|
|
575 |
type is ''not'' changed; the '~' command must be used to |
|
|
576 |
do this. A line starting with '~' causes ''ispell'' to |
|
|
577 |
set internal parameters (in particular, the default string |
|
|
578 |
character type) based on the filename given in the rest of |
|
|
579 |
the line. (A file suffix is sufficient, but the period must |
|
|
580 |
be included. Instead of a file name or suffix, a unique |
|
|
581 |
name, as listed in the language affix file, may be |
|
|
582 |
specified.) However, the formatter parsing is ''not'' |
|
|
583 |
changed; the '+' command must be used to change the |
|
|
584 |
formatter. A line prefixed with '#' will cause the personal |
|
|
585 |
dictionary to be saved. A line prefixed with '!' will turn |
|
|
586 |
on ''terse'' mode (see below), and a line prefixed with |
|
|
587 |
'%' will return ''ispell'' to normal (non-terse) mode. |
|
|
588 |
Any input following the prefix characters '+', '-', '#', |
|
|
589 |
'!', or '%' is ignored, as is any input following the |
|
|
590 |
filename on a '~' line. To allow spell-checking of lines |
|
|
591 |
beginning with these characters, a line starting with '^' |
|
|
592 |
has that character removed before it is passed to the |
|
|
593 |
spell-checking code. It is recommended that programmatic |
|
|
594 |
interfaces prefix every data line with an uparrow to protect |
|
|
595 |
themselves against future changes in |
|
|
596 |
''ispell''. |
|
|
597 |
|
|
|
598 |
|
|
|
599 |
To summarize these: |
|
|
600 |
|
|
|
601 |
|
|
|
602 |
* |
|
|
603 |
|
|
|
604 |
|
|
|
605 |
Add to personal dictionary |
|
|
606 |
|
|
|
607 |
|
|
|
608 |
@ |
|
|
609 |
|
|
|
610 |
|
|
|
611 |
Accept word, but leave out of dictionary |
|
|
612 |
|
|
|
613 |
|
|
|
614 |
# |
|
|
615 |
|
|
|
616 |
|
|
|
617 |
Save current personal dictionary |
|
|
618 |
|
|
|
619 |
|
|
|
620 |
~ |
|
|
621 |
|
|
|
622 |
|
|
|
623 |
Set parameters based on filename |
|
|
624 |
|
|
|
625 |
|
|
|
626 |
+ |
|
|
627 |
|
|
|
628 |
|
|
|
629 |
Enter TeX mode |
|
|
630 |
|
|
|
631 |
|
|
|
632 |
- |
|
|
633 |
|
|
|
634 |
|
|
|
635 |
Exit TeX mode |
|
|
636 |
|
|
|
637 |
|
|
|
638 |
! |
|
|
639 |
|
|
|
640 |
|
|
|
641 |
Enter terse mode |
|
|
642 |
|
|
|
643 |
|
|
|
644 |
% |
|
|
645 |
|
|
|
646 |
|
|
|
647 |
Exit terse mode |
|
|
648 |
|
|
|
649 |
|
|
|
650 |
^ |
|
|
651 |
|
|
|
652 |
|
|
|
653 |
Spell-check rest of line |
|
|
654 |
|
|
|
655 |
|
|
|
656 |
In ''terse'' mode, ''ispell'' will not print lines |
|
|
657 |
beginning with '*', '+', or '-', all of which indicate |
|
|
658 |
correct words. This significantly improves running speed |
|
|
659 |
when the driving program is going to ignore correct words |
|
|
660 |
anyway. |
|
|
661 |
|
|
|
662 |
|
|
|
663 |
The __-s__ option is only valid in conjunction with the |
|
|
664 |
__-a__ or __-A__ options, and only on BSD-derived |
|
|
665 |
systems. If specified, ''ispell'' will stop itself with a |
|
|
666 |
__SIGTSTP__ signal after each line of input. It will not |
|
|
667 |
read more input until it receives a __SIGCONT__ signal. |
|
|
668 |
This may be useful for handshaking with certain text |
|
|
669 |
editors. |
|
|
670 |
|
|
|
671 |
|
|
|
672 |
The __-f__ option is only valid in conjunction with the |
|
|
673 |
__-a__ or __-A__ options. If __-f__ is specified, |
|
|
674 |
''ispell'' will write its results to the given file, |
|
|
675 |
rather than to standard output. |
|
|
676 |
|
|
|
677 |
|
|
|
678 |
The __-v__ option causes ''ispell'' to print its |
|
|
679 |
current version identification on the standard output and |
|
|
680 |
exit. If the switch is doubled, ''ispell'' will also |
|
|
681 |
print the options that it was compiled with. |
|
|
682 |
|
|
|
683 |
|
|
|
684 |
The __-c__, __-e__[[__1-4__], and __-D__ options |
|
|
685 |
of ''ispell'', are primarily intended for use by the |
|
|
686 |
''munchlist'' shell script. The __-c__ switch causes a |
|
|
687 |
list of words to be read from the standard input. For each |
|
|
688 |
word, a list of possible root words and affixes will be |
|
|
689 |
written to the standard output. Some of the root words will |
|
|
690 |
be illegal and must be filtered from the output by other |
|
|
691 |
means; the ''munchlist'' script does this. As an example, |
|
|
692 |
the command: |
|
|
693 |
|
|
|
694 |
|
|
|
695 |
echo BOTHER | ispell -c |
|
|
696 |
|
|
|
697 |
|
|
|
698 |
produces: |
|
|
699 |
|
|
|
700 |
|
|
|
701 |
BOTHER BOTHE/R BOTH/R |
|
|
702 |
|
|
|
703 |
|
|
|
704 |
The __-e__ switch is the reverse of __-c__; it expands |
|
|
705 |
affix flags to produce a list of words. For example, the |
|
|
706 |
command: |
|
|
707 |
|
|
|
708 |
|
|
|
709 |
echo BOTH/R | ispell -e |
|
|
710 |
|
|
|
711 |
|
|
|
712 |
produces: |
|
|
713 |
|
|
|
714 |
|
|
|
715 |
BOTH BOTHER |
|
|
716 |
|
|
|
717 |
|
|
|
718 |
An optional expansion level can also be specified. A level |
|
|
719 |
of 1 (__-e1__) is the same as __-e__ alone. A level of |
|
|
720 |
2 causes the original root/affix combination to be prepended |
|
|
721 |
to the line: |
|
|
722 |
|
|
|
723 |
|
|
|
724 |
BOTH/R BOTH BOTHER |
|
|
725 |
|
|
|
726 |
|
|
|
727 |
A level of 3 causes multiple lines to be output, one for |
|
|
728 |
each generated word, with the original root/affix |
|
|
729 |
combination followed by the word it creates: |
|
|
730 |
|
|
|
731 |
|
|
|
732 |
BOTH/R BOTH |
|
|
733 |
BOTH/R BOTHER |
|
|
734 |
|
|
|
735 |
|
|
|
736 |
A level of 4 causes a floating-point number to be appended |
|
|
737 |
to each of the level-3 lines, giving the ratio between the |
|
|
738 |
length of the root and the total length of all generated |
|
|
739 |
words including the root: |
|
|
740 |
|
|
|
741 |
|
|
|
742 |
BOTH/R BOTH 2.500000 |
|
|
743 |
BOTH/R BOTHER 2.500000 |
|
|
744 |
|
|
|
745 |
|
|
|
746 |
Finally, the __-D__ flag causes the affix tables from the |
|
|
747 |
dictionary file to be dumped to standard |
|
|
748 |
output. |
|
|
749 |
|
|
|
750 |
|
|
|
751 |
Unless your system administrator has suppressed the feature |
|
|
752 |
to save space, ''ispell'' is aware of the correct |
|
|
753 |
capitalizations of words in the dictionary and in your |
|
|
754 |
personal dictionary. As well as recognizing words that must |
|
|
755 |
be capitalized (e.g., George) and words that must be |
|
|
756 |
all-capitals (e.g., NASA), it can also handle words with |
|
|
757 |
'' |
|
|
758 |
|
|
|
759 |
|
|
|
760 |
Normally, this feature will not cause you surprises, but |
|
|
761 |
there is one circumstance you need to be aware of. If you |
|
|
762 |
use |
|
|
763 |
ispell'', |
|
|
764 |
and it will suggest the capitalized version. You must then |
|
|
765 |
compare the actual spellings by eye, and then type |
|
|
766 |
'' |
|
|
767 |
|
|
|
768 |
|
|
|
769 |
The rules for capitalization are as follows: |
|
|
770 |
|
|
|
771 |
|
|
|
772 |
(1) |
|
|
773 |
|
|
|
774 |
|
|
|
775 |
Any word may appear in all capitals, as in |
|
|
776 |
headings. |
|
|
777 |
|
|
|
778 |
|
|
|
779 |
(2) |
|
|
780 |
|
|
|
781 |
|
|
|
782 |
Any word that is in the dictionary in all-lowercase form may |
|
|
783 |
appear either in lowercase or capitalized (as at the |
|
|
784 |
beginning of a sentence). |
|
|
785 |
|
|
|
786 |
|
|
|
787 |
(3) |
|
|
788 |
|
|
|
789 |
|
|
|
790 |
Any word that has |
|
|
791 |
|
|
|
792 |
|
|
|
793 |
__buildhash__ |
|
|
794 |
|
|
|
795 |
|
|
|
796 |
The ''buildhash'' program builds hashed dictionary files |
|
|
797 |
for later use by ''ispell.'' The raw word list (with |
|
|
798 |
affix flags) is given in ''dict-file'', and the the affix |
|
|
799 |
flags are defined by ''affix-file''. The hashed output is |
|
|
800 |
written to ''hash-file''. The formats of the two input |
|
|
801 |
files are described in ispell(5). The __-s__ |
|
|
802 |
(silent) option suppresses the usual status messages that |
|
|
803 |
are written to the standard error device. |
|
|
804 |
|
|
|
805 |
|
|
|
806 |
__munchlist__ |
|
|
807 |
|
|
|
808 |
|
|
|
809 |
The ''munchlist'' shell script is used to reduce the size |
|
|
810 |
of dictionary files, primarily personal dictionary files. It |
|
|
811 |
is also capable of combining dictionaries from various |
|
|
812 |
sources. The given ''files'' are read (standard input if |
|
|
813 |
no arguments are given), reduced to a minimal set of roots |
|
|
814 |
and affixes that will match the same list of words, and |
|
|
815 |
written to standard output. |
|
|
816 |
|
|
|
817 |
|
|
|
818 |
Input for munchlist contains of raw words (e.g from your |
|
|
819 |
personal dictionary files) or root and affix combinations |
|
|
820 |
(probably generated in earlier munchlist runs). Each word or |
|
|
821 |
root/affix combination must be on a separate |
|
|
822 |
line. |
|
|
823 |
|
|
|
824 |
|
|
|
825 |
The __-D__ (debug) option leaves temporary files around |
|
|
826 |
under standard names instead of deleting them, so that the |
|
|
827 |
script can be debugged. Warning: this option can eat up an |
|
|
828 |
enormous amount of temporary file space. |
|
|
829 |
|
|
|
830 |
|
|
|
831 |
The __-v__ (verbose) option causes progress messages to |
|
|
832 |
be reported to stderr so you won't get nervous that |
|
|
833 |
''munchlist'' has hung. |
|
|
834 |
|
|
|
835 |
|
|
|
836 |
If the __-s__ (strip) option is specified, words that are |
|
|
837 |
in the specified ''hash-file'' are removed from the word |
|
|
838 |
list. This can be useful with personal |
|
|
839 |
dictionaries. |
|
|
840 |
|
|
|
841 |
|
|
|
842 |
The __-l__ option can be used to specify an alternate |
|
|
843 |
''affix-file'' for munching dictionaries in languages |
|
|
844 |
other than English. |
|
|
845 |
|
|
|
846 |
|
|
|
847 |
The __-c__ option can be used to convert dictionaries |
|
|
848 |
that were built with an older affix file, without risk of |
|
|
849 |
accidentally introducing unintended affix combinations into |
|
|
850 |
the dictionary. |
|
|
851 |
|
|
|
852 |
|
|
|
853 |
The __-T__ option allows dictionaries to be converted to |
|
|
854 |
a canonical string-character format. The suffix specified is |
|
|
855 |
looked up in the affix file (__-l__ switch) to determine |
|
|
856 |
the string-character format used for the input file; the |
|
|
857 |
output always uses the canonical string-character format. |
|
|
858 |
For example, a dictionary collected from TeX source files |
|
|
859 |
might be converted to canonical format by specifying __-T |
|
|
860 |
tex__. |
|
|
861 |
|
|
|
862 |
|
|
|
863 |
The __-w__ option is passed on to |
|
|
864 |
''ispell''. |
|
|
865 |
|
|
|
866 |
|
|
|
867 |
__findaffix__ |
|
|
868 |
|
|
|
869 |
|
|
|
870 |
The ''findaffix'' shell script is an aid to writers of |
|
|
871 |
new language descriptions in choosing affixes. The given |
|
|
872 |
dictionary ''files'' (standard input if none are given) |
|
|
873 |
are examined for possible prefixes (__-p__ switch) or |
|
|
874 |
suffixes (__-s__ switch, the default). Each |
|
|
875 |
commonly-occurring affix is presented along with a count of |
|
|
876 |
the number of times it appears and an estimate of the number |
|
|
877 |
of bytes that would be saved in a dictionary hash file if it |
|
|
878 |
were added to the language table. Only affixes that generate |
|
|
879 |
legal roots (found in the original input) are |
|
|
880 |
listed. |
|
|
881 |
|
|
|
882 |
|
|
|
883 |
If the |
|
|
884 |
|
|
|
885 |
|
|
|
886 |
strip/add/count/bytes |
|
|
887 |
|
|
|
888 |
|
|
|
889 |
where ''strip'' is the string that should be stripped |
|
|
890 |
from a root word before adding the affix, ''add'' is the |
|
|
891 |
affix to be added, ''count'' is a count of the number of |
|
|
892 |
times that this ''strip''/''add'' combination appears, |
|
|
893 |
and ''bytes'' is an estimate of the number of bytes that |
|
|
894 |
might be saved in the raw dictionary file if this |
|
|
895 |
combination is added to the affix file. The field separator |
|
|
896 |
in the output will be the tab character specified by the |
|
|
897 |
__-t__ switch; the default is a slash |
|
|
898 |
(__ |
|
|
899 |
|
|
|
900 |
|
|
|
901 |
If the __-c__ ( |
|
|
902 |
__ |
|
|
903 |
|
|
|
904 |
|
|
|
905 |
-strip+add |
|
|
906 |
|
|
|
907 |
|
|
|
908 |
where ''strip'', ''add'', ''count'', and |
|
|
909 |
''bytes'' are as before, and '''' |
|
|
910 |
represents the ASCII tab character. |
|
|
911 |
|
|
|
912 |
|
|
|
913 |
The method used to generate possible affixes will also |
|
|
914 |
generate longer affixes which have common headers or |
|
|
915 |
trailers. For example, the two words |
|
|
916 |
min''). To prevent cluttering |
|
|
917 |
the output with such affixes, any affix pair that shares a |
|
|
918 |
common header (or, for prefixes, trailer) string longer than |
|
|
919 |
''elim'' characters (default 1) will be suppressed. You |
|
|
920 |
may want to set |
|
|
921 |
''findaffix'' run. |
|
|
922 |
|
|
|
923 |
|
|
|
924 |
Normally, the affixes are sorted according to the estimate |
|
|
925 |
of bytes saved. The __-f__ switch may be used to cause |
|
|
926 |
the affixes to be sorted by frequency of |
|
|
927 |
appearance. |
|
|
928 |
|
|
|
929 |
|
|
|
930 |
To save output file space, affixes which occur fewer than 10 |
|
|
931 |
times are eliminated; this limit may be changed with the |
|
|
932 |
__-l__ switch. The __-M__ switch specifies a maximum |
|
|
933 |
affix length (default 8). Affixes longer than this will not |
|
|
934 |
be reported. (This saves on temporary disk space and makes |
|
|
935 |
the script run faster.) |
|
|
936 |
|
|
|
937 |
|
|
|
938 |
Affixes which generate stems shorter than 3 characters are |
|
|
939 |
suppressed. (A stem is the word after the ''strip'' |
|
|
940 |
string has been removed, and before the ''add'' string |
|
|
941 |
has been added.) This reduces both the running time and the |
|
|
942 |
size of the output file. This limit may be changed with the |
|
|
943 |
__-m__ switch. The minimum stem length should only be set |
|
|
944 |
to 1 if you have a ''lot'' of free time and disk space |
|
|
945 |
(in the range of many days and hundreds of |
|
|
946 |
megabytes). |
|
|
947 |
|
|
|
948 |
|
|
|
949 |
The ''findaffix'' script requires a non-blank |
|
|
950 |
field-separator character for internal use. Normally, this |
|
|
951 |
character is a slash ( |
|
|
952 |
''-t__ |
|
|
953 |
switch. |
|
|
954 |
|
|
|
955 |
|
|
|
956 |
Ispell dictionaries should be expanded before being fed to |
|
|
957 |
''findaffix''; in addition, characters that are not in |
|
|
958 |
the English alphabet (if any) should be translated to |
|
|
959 |
lowercase. |
|
|
960 |
|
|
|
961 |
|
|
|
962 |
__tryaffix__ |
|
|
963 |
|
|
|
964 |
|
|
|
965 |
The ''tryaffix'' shell script is used to estimate the |
|
|
966 |
effectiveness of a proposed prefix (__-p__ switch) or |
|
|
967 |
suffix (__-s__ switch, the default) with a given |
|
|
968 |
''expanded-file''. Only one affix can be tried with each |
|
|
969 |
execution of ''tryaffix'', although multiple arguments |
|
|
970 |
can be used to describe varying forms of the same affix flag |
|
|
971 |
(e.g., the __D__ flag for English can add either ''D'' |
|
|
972 |
or ''ED'' depending on whether a trailing E is already |
|
|
973 |
present). Each word in the expanded dictionary that ends (or |
|
|
974 |
begins) with the chosen suffix (or prefix) has that suffix |
|
|
975 |
(prefix) removed; the dictionary is then searched for root |
|
|
976 |
words that match the stripped word. Normally, all matching |
|
|
977 |
roots are written to standard output, but if the __-c__ |
|
|
978 |
(count) flag is given, only a statistical summary of the |
|
|
979 |
results is written. The statistics given are a count of |
|
|
980 |
words the affix potentially applies to and an estimate of |
|
|
981 |
the number of dictionary bytes that a flag using the affix |
|
|
982 |
would save. The estimate will be high if the flag generates |
|
|
983 |
words that are currently generated by other affix flags |
|
|
984 |
(e.g., in English, ''bathers'' can be generated by either |
|
|
985 |
''bath/X'' or ''bather/S''). |
|
|
986 |
|
|
|
987 |
|
|
|
988 |
The dictionary file, ''expanded-file'', must already be |
|
|
989 |
expanded (using the __-e__ switch of ''ispell'') and |
|
|
990 |
sorted, and things will usually work best if uppercase has |
|
|
991 |
been folded to lower with 'tr'. |
|
|
992 |
|
|
|
993 |
|
|
|
994 |
The ''affix'' arguments are things to be stripped from |
|
|
995 |
the dictionary file to produce trial roots: for English, |
|
|
996 |
''con'' (prefix) and ''ing'' (suffix) are examples. |
|
|
997 |
The ''addition'' parts of the argument are letters that |
|
|
998 |
would have been stripped off the root before adding the |
|
|
999 |
affix. For example, in English the affix ''ing'' normally |
|
|
1000 |
strips ''e'' for words ending in that letter (e.g., |
|
|
1001 |
''like'' becomes ''liking'') so we might |
|
|
1002 |
run: |
|
|
1003 |
|
|
|
1004 |
|
|
|
1005 |
tryaffix ing ing+e |
|
|
1006 |
|
|
|
1007 |
|
|
|
1008 |
to cover both cases. |
|
|
1009 |
|
|
|
1010 |
|
|
|
1011 |
All of the shell scripts contain documentation as commentary |
|
|
1012 |
at the beginning; sometimes these comments contain useful |
|
|
1013 |
information beyond the scope of this manual |
|
|
1014 |
page. |
|
|
1015 |
|
|
|
1016 |
|
|
|
1017 |
It is possible to install ''ispell'' in such a way as to |
|
|
1018 |
only support ASCII range text if desired. |
|
|
1019 |
|
|
|
1020 |
|
|
|
1021 |
__icombine__ |
|
|
1022 |
|
|
|
1023 |
|
|
|
1024 |
The ''icombine'' program is a helper for |
|
|
1025 |
''munchlist''. It reads a list of words in dictionary |
|
|
1026 |
format (roots plus flags) from the standard input, and |
|
|
1027 |
produces a reduced list on standard output which combines |
|
|
1028 |
common roots found on adjacent entries. Identical roots |
|
|
1029 |
which have differing flags will have their flags combined, |
|
|
1030 |
and roots which have differing capitalizations will be |
|
|
1031 |
combined in a way which only preserves important |
|
|
1032 |
capitalization information. The optional ''aff-file'' |
|
|
1033 |
specifies a language file which defines the character sets |
|
|
1034 |
used and the meanings of the various flags. The __-T__ |
|
|
1035 |
switch can be used to select among alternative string |
|
|
1036 |
character types by giving a dummy suffix that can be found |
|
|
1037 |
in an __altstringtype__ statement. |
|
|
1038 |
|
|
|
1039 |
|
|
|
1040 |
__ijoin__ |
|
|
1041 |
|
|
|
1042 |
|
|
|
1043 |
The ''ijoin'' program is a re-implementation of |
|
|
1044 |
join(1) which handles long lines and 8-bit characters |
|
|
1045 |
correctly. The __-s__ switch specifies that the |
|
|
1046 |
sort(1) program used to prepare the input to |
|
|
1047 |
''ijoin'' uses signed comparisons on 8-bit characters; |
|
|
1048 |
the __-u__ switch specifies that sort(1) uses |
|
|
1049 |
unsigned comparisons. All other options and behaviors of |
|
|
1050 |
join(1) are duplicated as exactly as possible based |
|
|
1051 |
on the manual page, except that ''ijoin'' will not handle |
|
|
1052 |
newline as a field separator. See the join(1) manual |
|
|
1053 |
page for more information. |
|
|
1054 |
!!ENVIRONMENT |
|
|
1055 |
|
|
|
1056 |
|
|
|
1057 |
DICTIONARY |
|
|
1058 |
|
|
|
1059 |
|
|
|
1060 |
Default dictionary to use, if no __-d__ flag is |
|
|
1061 |
given. |
|
|
1062 |
|
|
|
1063 |
|
|
|
1064 |
WORDLIST |
|
|
1065 |
|
|
|
1066 |
|
|
|
1067 |
Personal dictionary file name |
|
|
1068 |
|
|
|
1069 |
|
|
|
1070 |
INCLUDE_STRING |
|
|
1071 |
|
|
|
1072 |
|
|
|
1073 |
Code for file inclusion under the __-A__ |
|
|
1074 |
option |
|
|
1075 |
|
|
|
1076 |
|
|
|
1077 |
TMPDIR |
|
|
1078 |
|
|
|
1079 |
|
|
|
1080 |
Directory used for some of munchlist's temporary |
|
|
1081 |
files |
|
|
1082 |
!!FILES |
|
|
1083 |
|
|
|
1084 |
|
|
|
1085 |
/usr/lib/ispell/default.hash |
|
|
1086 |
|
|
|
1087 |
|
|
|
1088 |
Hashed dictionary (may be found in some other local |
|
|
1089 |
directory, depending on the system). |
|
|
1090 |
|
|
|
1091 |
|
|
|
1092 |
/usr/lib/ispell/default.aff |
|
|
1093 |
|
|
|
1094 |
|
|
|
1095 |
Affix-definition file for ''munchlist'' |
|
|
1096 |
|
|
|
1097 |
|
|
|
1098 |
/usr/dict/web2 or /usr/share/dict/words |
|
|
1099 |
|
|
|
1100 |
|
|
|
1101 |
For the Lookup function (depending on the WORDS compilation |
|
|
1102 |
option). |
|
|
1103 |
|
|
|
1104 |
|
|
|
1105 |
$HOME/.ispell_''hashfile'' |
|
|
1106 |
|
|
|
1107 |
|
|
|
1108 |
User's private dictionary |
|
|
1109 |
|
|
|
1110 |
|
|
|
1111 |
.ispell_''hashfile'' |
|
|
1112 |
|
|
|
1113 |
|
|
|
1114 |
Directory-specific private dictionary |
|
|
1115 |
!!SEE ALSO |
|
|
1116 |
|
|
|
1117 |
|
|
|
1118 |
spell(1), egrep(1), look(1), |
|
|
1119 |
join(1), sort(1), ''sq''(1L), |
|
|
1120 |
''tib''(1L), ''ispell''(5L), |
|
|
1121 |
''english''(5L) |
|
|
1122 |
!!BUGS |
|
|
1123 |
|
|
|
1124 |
|
|
|
1125 |
It takes several to many seconds for ''ispell'' to read |
|
|
1126 |
in the hash table, depending on size. |
|
|
1127 |
|
|
|
1128 |
|
|
|
1129 |
When all options are enabled, ''ispell'' may take several |
|
|
1130 |
seconds to generate all the guesses at corrections for a |
|
|
1131 |
misspelled word; on slower machines this time is long enough |
|
|
1132 |
to be annoying. |
|
|
1133 |
|
|
|
1134 |
|
|
|
1135 |
The hash table is stored as a quarter-megabyte (or larger) |
|
|
1136 |
array, so a PDP-11 or 286 version does not seem |
|
|
1137 |
likely. |
|
|
1138 |
|
|
|
1139 |
|
|
|
1140 |
''Ispell'' should understand more ''troff'' syntax, |
|
|
1141 |
and deal more intelligently with contractions. |
|
|
1142 |
|
|
|
1143 |
|
|
|
1144 |
Although small personal dictionaries are sorted before they |
|
|
1145 |
are written out, the order of capitalizations of the same |
|
|
1146 |
word is somewhat random. |
|
|
1147 |
|
|
|
1148 |
|
|
|
1149 |
When the __-x__ flag is specified, ''ispell'' will |
|
|
1150 |
unlink any existing .bak file. |
|
|
1151 |
|
|
|
1152 |
|
|
|
1153 |
There are too many flags, and many of them have non-mnemonic |
|
|
1154 |
names. |
|
|
1155 |
|
|
|
1156 |
|
|
|
1157 |
''Munchlist'' does not deal very gracefully with |
|
|
1158 |
dictionaries which contain |
|
|
1159 |
'' |
|
|
1160 |
|
|
|
1161 |
|
|
|
1162 |
''Findaffix'' and ''munchlist'' require tremendous |
|
|
1163 |
amounts of temporary file space for large dictionaries. They |
|
|
1164 |
do respect the TMPDIR environment variable, so this space |
|
|
1165 |
can be redirected. However, a lot of the temporary space |
|
|
1166 |
needed is for sorting, so TMPDIR is only a partial help on |
|
|
1167 |
systems with an uncooperative sort(1). |
|
|
1168 |
( |
|
|
1169 |
''munchlist'' |
|
|
1170 |
takes 10 to 40 times the original dictionary's size in Kb. |
|
|
1171 |
(The larger ratio is for dictionaries that already have |
|
|
1172 |
heavy affix use, such as the one distributed with |
|
|
1173 |
''ispell''). ''Munchlist'' is also very slow; munching |
|
|
1174 |
a normal-sized dictionary (15K roots, 45K expanded words) |
|
|
1175 |
takes around an hour on a small workstation. (Most of this |
|
|
1176 |
time is spent in sort(1), and ''munchlist'' can |
|
|
1177 |
run much faster on machines that have a more modern |
|
|
1178 |
''sort'' that makes better use of the memory available to |
|
|
1179 |
it.) ''Findaffix'' is even worse; the smallest English |
|
|
1180 |
dictionary cannot be processed with this script in a mere |
|
|
1181 |
50Kb of free space, and even after specifying switches to |
|
|
1182 |
reduce the temporary space required, the script will run for |
|
|
1183 |
over 24 hours on a small workstation. |
|
|
1184 |
!!AUTHOR |
|
|
1185 |
|
|
|
1186 |
|
|
|
1187 |
Pace Willisson (pace@mit-vax), 1983, based on the PDP-10 |
|
|
1188 |
assembly version. That version was written by R. E. Gorin in |
|
|
1189 |
1971, and later revised by W. E. Matson (1974) and W. B. |
|
|
1190 |
Ackerman (1978). |
|
|
1191 |
|
|
|
1192 |
|
|
|
1193 |
Collected, revised, and enhanced for the Usenet by Walt |
|
|
1194 |
Buehring, 1987. |
|
|
1195 |
|
|
|
1196 |
|
|
|
1197 |
Table-driven multi-lingual version by Geoff Kuenning, |
|
|
1198 |
1987-88. |
|
|
1199 |
|
|
|
1200 |
|
|
|
1201 |
Large dictionaries provided by Bob Devine |
|
|
1202 |
(vianet!devine). |
|
|
1203 |
|
|
|
1204 |
|
|
|
1205 |
A complete list of contributors is too large to list here, |
|
|
1206 |
but is distributed with the ispell sources in the file |
|
|
1207 |
!!VERSION |
|
|
1208 |
|
|
|
1209 |
|
|
|
1210 |
The version of ispell described by this manual page is |
|
|
1211 |
International Ispell Version 3.1.00, 10/08/93. |
|
|
1212 |
---- |