version 1, including all changes.
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perry |
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GZIP |
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!!!GZIP |
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NAME |
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SYNOPSIS |
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DESCRIPTION |
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OPTIONS |
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ADVANCED USAGE |
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ENVIRONMENT |
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SEE ALSO |
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DIAGNOSTICS |
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CAVEATS |
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BUGS |
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COPYRIGHT NOTICE |
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---- |
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!!NAME |
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gzip, gunzip, zcat - compress or expand files |
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!!SYNOPSIS |
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__gzip__ [[ __-acdfhlLnNrtvV19__ ] [[__-S suffix__] [[ |
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''name ...'' ]__ |
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gunzip__ [[ __-acfhlLnNrtvV__ ] [[__-S suffix__] [[ |
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''name ...'' ]__ |
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zcat__ [[ __-fhLV__ ] [[ ''name ...'' ] |
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!!DESCRIPTION |
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''Gzip'' reduces the size of the named files using |
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Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is |
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replaced by one with the extension __.gz,__ while keeping |
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the same ownership modes, access and modification times. |
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(The default extension is __-gz__ for VMS, __z__ for |
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MSDOS, OS/2 FAT, Windows NT FAT and Atari.) If no files are |
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specified, or if a file name is |
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__Gzip'' will |
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only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it |
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will ignore symbolic links. |
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If the compressed file name is too long for its file system, |
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''gzip'' truncates it. ''Gzip'' attempts to truncate |
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only the parts of the file name longer than 3 characters. (A |
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part is delimited by dots.) If the name consists of small |
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parts only, the longest parts are truncated. For example, if |
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file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe is |
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compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on |
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systems which do not have a limit on file name |
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length. |
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By default, ''gzip'' keeps the original file name and |
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timestamp in the compressed file. These are used when |
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decompressing the file with the __-N__ option. This is |
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useful when the compressed file name was truncated or when |
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the time stamp was not preserved after a file |
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transfer. |
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Compressed files can be restored to their original form |
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using ''gzip -d'' or ''gunzip'' or ''zcat.'' If the |
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original name saved in the compressed file is not suitable |
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for its file system, a new name is constructed from the |
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original one to make it legal. |
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''gunzip'' takes a list of files on its command line and |
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replaces each file whose name ends with .gz, -gz, .z, -z, _z |
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or .Z and which begins with the correct magic number with an |
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uncompressed file without the original extension. |
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''gunzip'' also recognizes the special extensions |
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__.tgz__ and __.taz__ as shorthands for __.tar.gz__ |
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and __.tar.Z__ respectively. When compressing, |
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''gzip'' uses the __.tgz__ extension if necessary |
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instead of truncating a file with a __.tar__ |
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extension. |
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''gunzip'' can currently decompress files created by |
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''gzip, zip, compress, compress -H'' or ''pack.'' The |
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detection of the input format is automatic. When using the |
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first two formats, ''gunzip'' checks a 32 bit CRC. For |
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''pack, gunzip'' checks the uncompressed length. The |
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standard ''compress'' format was not designed to allow |
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consistency checks. However ''gunzip'' is sometimes able |
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to detect a bad .Z file. If you get an error when |
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uncompressing a .Z file, do not assume that the .Z file is |
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correct simply because the standard ''uncompress'' does |
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not complain. This generally means that the standard |
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''uncompress'' does not check its input, and happily |
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generates garbage output. The SCO compress -H format (lzh |
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compression method) does not include a CRC but also allows |
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some consistency checks. |
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Files created by ''zip'' can be uncompressed by gzip only |
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if they have a single member compressed with the 'deflation' |
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method. This feature is only intended to help conversion of |
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tar.zip files to the tar.gz format. To extract zip files |
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with several members, use ''unzip'' instead of |
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''gunzip.'' |
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''zcat'' is identical to ''gunzip'' __-c.__ (On |
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some systems, ''zcat'' may be installed as ''gzcat'' |
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to preserve the original link to ''compress.) zcat'' |
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uncompresses either a list of files on the command line or |
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its standard input and writes the uncompressed data on |
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standard output. ''zcat'' will uncompress files that have |
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the correct magic number whether they have a __.gz__ |
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suffix or not. |
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''Gzip'' uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm used in ''zip'' |
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and PKZIP. The amount of compression obtained depends on the |
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size of the input and the distribution of common substrings. |
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Typically, text such as source code or English is reduced by |
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60-70%. Compression is generally much better than that |
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achieved by LZW (as used in ''compress''), Huffman coding |
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(as used in ''pack''), or adaptive Huffman coding |
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(''compact''). |
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Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file |
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is slightly larger than the original. The worst case |
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expansion is a few bytes for the gzip file header, plus 5 |
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bytes every 32K block, or an expansion ratio of 0.015% for |
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large files. Note that the actual number of used disk blocks |
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almost never increases. ''gzip'' preserves the mode, |
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ownership and timestamps of files when compressing or |
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decompressing. |
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!!OPTIONS |
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__-a --ascii__ |
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Ascii text mode: convert end-of-lines using local |
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conventions. This option is supported only on some non-Unix |
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systems. For MSDOS, CR LF is converted to LF when |
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compressing, and LF is converted to CR LF when |
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decompressing. |
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__-c --stdout --to-stdout__ |
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Write output on standard output; keep original files |
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unchanged. If there are several input files, the output |
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consists of a sequence of independently compressed members. |
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To obtain better compression, concatenate all input files |
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before compressing them. |
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__-d --decompress --uncompress__ |
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Decompress. |
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__-f --force__ |
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Force compression or decompression even if the file has |
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multiple links or the corresponding file already exists, or |
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if the compressed data is read from or written to a |
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terminal. If the input data is not in a format recognized by |
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''gzip,'' and if the option --stdout is also given, copy |
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the input data without change to the standard ouput: let |
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''zcat'' behave as ''cat.'' If __-f__ is not given, |
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and when not running in the background, ''gzip'' prompts |
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to verify whether an existing file should be |
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overwritten. |
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__-h --help__ |
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Display a help screen and quit. |
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__-l --list__ |
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For each compressed file, list the following |
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fields: |
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compressed size: size of the compressed file uncompressed |
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size: size of the uncompressed file ratio: compression ratio |
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(0.0% if unknown) uncompressed_name: name of the |
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uncompressed file |
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The uncompressed size is given as -1 for files not in gzip |
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format, such as compressed .Z files. To get the uncompressed |
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size for such a file, you can use: |
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zcat file.Z | wc -c |
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In combination with the --verbose option, the following |
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fields are also displayed: |
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method: compression method crc: the 32-bit CRC of the |
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uncompressed data date |
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The compression methods currently supported are deflate, |
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compress, lzh (SCO compress -H) and pack. The crc is given |
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as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format. |
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With --name, the uncompressed name, date and time are those |
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stored within the compress file if present. |
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With --verbose, the size totals and compression ratio for |
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all files is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. |
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With --quiet, the title and totals lines are not |
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displayed. |
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__-L --license__ |
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Display the ''gzip'' license and quit. |
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__-n --no-name__ |
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When compressing, do not save the original file name and |
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time stamp by default. (The original name is always saved if |
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the name had to be truncated.) When decompressing, do not |
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restore the original file name if present (remove only the |
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''gzip'' suffix from the compressed file name) and do not |
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restore the original time stamp if present (copy it from the |
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compressed file). This option is the default when |
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decompressing. |
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__-N --name__ |
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When compressing, always save the original file name and |
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time stamp; this is the default. When decompressing, restore |
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the original file name and time stamp if present. This |
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option is useful on systems which have a limit on file name |
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length or when the time stamp has been lost after a file |
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transfer. |
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__-q --quiet__ |
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Suppress all warnings. |
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__-r --recursive__ |
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Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the |
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file names specified on the command line are directories, |
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''gzip'' will descend into the directory and compress all |
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the files it finds there (or decompress them in the case of |
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''gunzip'' ). |
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__-S .suf --suffix .suf__ |
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Use suffix .suf instead of .gz. Any suffix can be given, but |
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suffixes other than .z and .gz should be avoided to avoid |
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confusion when files are transferred to other systems. A |
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null suffix forces gunzip to try decompression on all given |
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files regardless of suffix, as in: |
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gunzip -S |
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Previous versions of gzip used the .z suffix. This was |
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changed to avoid a conflict with |
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pack(1)''.'' |
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__-t --test__ |
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Test. Check the compressed file integrity. |
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__-v --verbose__ |
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Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each |
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file compressed or decompressed. |
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__-V --version__ |
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Version. Display the version number and compilation options |
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then quit. |
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__-# --fast --best__ |
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Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit |
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''#'', where __-1__ or __--fast__ indicates the |
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fastest compression method (less compression) and __-9__ |
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or __--best__ indicates the slowest compression method |
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(best compression). The default compression level is |
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__-6__ (that is, biased towards high compression at |
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expense of speed). |
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!!ADVANCED USAGE |
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Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case, |
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''gunzip'' will extract all members at once. For |
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example: |
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gzip -c file1 |
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Then |
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gunzip -c foo |
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is equivalent to |
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cat file1 file2 |
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In case of damage to one member of a .gz file, other members |
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can still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). |
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However, you can get better compression by compressing all |
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members at once: |
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cat file1 file2 | gzip |
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compresses better than |
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gzip -c file1 file2 |
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If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better |
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compression, do: |
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gzip -cd old.gz | gzip |
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If a compressed file consists of several members, the |
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uncompressed size and CRC reported by the --list option |
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applies to the last member only. If you need the |
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uncompressed size for all members, you can use: |
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gzip -cd file.gz | wc -c |
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If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple |
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members so that members can later be extracted |
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independently, use an archiver such as tar or zip. GNU tar |
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supports the -z option to invoke gzip transparently. gzip is |
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designed as a complement to tar, not as a |
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replacement. |
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!!ENVIRONMENT |
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The environment variable __GZIP__ can hold a set of |
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default options for ''gzip.'' These options are |
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interpreted first and can be overwritten by explicit command |
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line parameters. For example: for sh: GZIP= |
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'' |
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On Vax/VMS, the name of the environment variable is |
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GZIP_OPT, to avoid a conflict with the symbol set for |
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invocation of the program. |
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!!SEE ALSO |
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znew(1), zcmp(1), zmore(1), zforce(1), gzexe(1), zip(1), |
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unzip(1), compress(1), pack(1), compact(1) |
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The ''gzip'' file format is specified in P. Deutsch, |
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GZIP file format specification version 4.3, |
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____, |
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Internet RFC 1952 (May 1996). The ''zip'' deflation |
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format is specified in P. Deutsch, DEFLATE |
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Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3, |
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____, |
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Internet RFC 1951 (May 1996). |
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!!DIAGNOSTICS |
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Exit status is normally 0; if an error occurs, exit status |
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is 1. If a warning occurs, exit status is 2. |
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Usage: gzip [[-cdfhlLnNrtvV19] [[-S suffix] [[file |
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...] |
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420 |
Invalid options were specified on the command |
|
|
421 |
line. |
|
|
422 |
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|
423 |
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|
|
424 |
''file'': not in gzip format |
|
|
425 |
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|
|
426 |
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|
427 |
The file specified to ''gunzip'' has not been |
|
|
428 |
compressed. |
|
|
429 |
|
|
|
430 |
|
|
|
431 |
''file'': Corrupt input. Use zcat to recover some |
|
|
432 |
data. |
|
|
433 |
|
|
|
434 |
|
|
|
435 |
The compressed file has been damaged. The data up to the |
|
|
436 |
point of failure can be recovered using |
|
|
437 |
|
|
|
438 |
|
|
|
439 |
zcat ''file'' '' |
|
|
440 |
|
|
|
441 |
|
|
|
442 |
''file'': compressed with ''xx'' bits, can only handle |
|
|
443 |
''yy'' bits |
|
|
444 |
|
|
|
445 |
|
|
|
446 |
''File'' was compressed (using LZW) by a program that |
|
|
447 |
could deal with more ''bits'' than the decompress code on |
|
|
448 |
this machine. Recompress the file with gzip, which |
|
|
449 |
compresses better and uses less memory. |
|
|
450 |
|
|
|
451 |
|
|
|
452 |
''file'': already has .gz suffix -- no |
|
|
453 |
change |
|
|
454 |
|
|
|
455 |
|
|
|
456 |
The file is assumed to be already compressed. Rename the |
|
|
457 |
file and try again. |
|
|
458 |
|
|
|
459 |
|
|
|
460 |
''file'' already exists; do you wish to overwrite (y or |
|
|
461 |
n)? |
|
|
462 |
|
|
|
463 |
|
|
|
464 |
Respond |
|
|
465 |
|
|
|
466 |
|
|
|
467 |
gunzip: corrupt input |
|
|
468 |
|
|
|
469 |
|
|
|
470 |
A SIGSEGV violation was detected which usually means that |
|
|
471 |
the input file has been corrupted. |
|
|
472 |
|
|
|
473 |
|
|
|
474 |
''xx.x%'' Percentage of the input saved by |
|
|
475 |
compression. |
|
|
476 |
|
|
|
477 |
|
|
|
478 |
(Relevant only for __-v__ and __-l__.) |
|
|
479 |
|
|
|
480 |
|
|
|
481 |
-- not a regular file or directory: ignored |
|
|
482 |
|
|
|
483 |
|
|
|
484 |
When the input file is not a regular file or directory, |
|
|
485 |
(e.g. a symbolic link, socket, FIFO, device file), it is |
|
|
486 |
left unaltered. |
|
|
487 |
|
|
|
488 |
|
|
|
489 |
-- has ''xx'' other links: unchanged |
|
|
490 |
|
|
|
491 |
|
|
|
492 |
The input file has links; it is left unchanged. See |
|
|
493 |
ln(1) for more information. Use the __-f__ flag to |
|
|
494 |
force compression of multiply-linked files. |
|
|
495 |
!!CAVEATS |
|
|
496 |
|
|
|
497 |
|
|
|
498 |
When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally |
|
|
499 |
necessary to pad the output with zeroes up to a block |
|
|
500 |
boundary. When the data is read and the whole block is |
|
|
501 |
passed to ''gunzip'' for decompression, ''gunzip'' |
|
|
502 |
detects that there is extra trailing garbage after the |
|
|
503 |
compressed data and emits a warning by default. You have to |
|
|
504 |
use the --quiet option to suppress the warning. This option |
|
|
505 |
can be set in the __GZIP__ environment variable as in: |
|
|
506 |
for sh: GZIP= |
|
|
507 |
__ |
|
|
508 |
|
|
|
509 |
|
|
|
510 |
In the above example, gzip is invoked implicitly by the -z |
|
|
511 |
option of GNU tar. Make sure that the same block size (-b |
|
|
512 |
option of tar) is used for reading and writing compressed |
|
|
513 |
data on tapes. (This example assumes you are using the GNU |
|
|
514 |
version of tar.) |
|
|
515 |
!!BUGS |
|
|
516 |
|
|
|
517 |
|
|
|
518 |
The gzip format represents the the input size modulo 2^32, |
|
|
519 |
so the --list option reports incorrect uncompressed sizes |
|
|
520 |
and compression ratios for uncompressed files 4 GB and |
|
|
521 |
larger. To work around this problem, you can use the |
|
|
522 |
following command to discover a large uncompressed file's |
|
|
523 |
true size: |
|
|
524 |
|
|
|
525 |
|
|
|
526 |
zcat file.gz | wc -c |
|
|
527 |
|
|
|
528 |
|
|
|
529 |
The --list option reports sizes as -1 and crc as ffffffff if |
|
|
530 |
the compressed file is on a non seekable media. |
|
|
531 |
|
|
|
532 |
|
|
|
533 |
In some rare cases, the --best option gives worse |
|
|
534 |
compression than the default compression level (-6). On some |
|
|
535 |
highly redundant files, ''compress'' compresses better |
|
|
536 |
than ''gzip.'' |
|
|
537 |
!!COPYRIGHT NOTICE |
|
|
538 |
|
|
|
539 |
|
|
|
540 |
Copyright 1998, 1999, 2001 Free Software Foundation, |
|
|
541 |
Inc. |
|
|
542 |
Copyright 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly |
|
|
543 |
|
|
|
544 |
|
|
|
545 |
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies |
|
|
546 |
of this manual provided the copyright notice and this |
|
|
547 |
permission notice are preserved on all copies. |
|
|
548 |
|
|
|
549 |
|
|
|
550 |
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified |
|
|
551 |
versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim |
|
|
552 |
copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is |
|
|
553 |
distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical |
|
|
554 |
to this one. |
|
|
555 |
|
|
|
556 |
|
|
|
557 |
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of |
|
|
558 |
this manual into another language, under the above |
|
|
559 |
conditions for modified versions, except that this |
|
|
560 |
permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by |
|
|
561 |
the Foundation. |
|
|
562 |
---- |