DPKG(G) dpkg suite DPKG(G) NAME dpkg - a medium-level package manager for Debian SYNOPSIS dpkg [options] action WARNING This manual is intended for users wishing to understand dpkg's command line options and package states in more detail than that provided by dpkg --help. It should not be used by package maintainers wishing to understand how dpkg will install their packages. The descriptions of what dpkg does when installing and remov- ing packages are particularly inadequate. For detailed information about this, please refer to the Package Man- agement System topic under debian-faq in the GNU Info sys- tem. For information about creating Debian packages, see the Debian Package Management Tools topic in the same place. DESCRIPTION dpkg is a medium-level tool to install, build, remove and manage Debian packages. The primary and more user-friendly front-end for dpkg is dselect(t). dpkg itself is con- trolled entirely via command line parameters, which con- sist of exactly one action and zero or more options. The action-parameter tells dpkg what to do and options control the behavior of the action in some way. dpkg can be also be used as a front-end to dpkg-deb. The following are dpkg-deb actions, and if they are encoun- tered, dpkg just runs dpkg-deb with the parameters given to it: -b, --build, -c, --contents, -I, --info, -f, --field, -e, --control, -x, --extract, -X, --vextract, and --fsys-tarfile. Please refer to dpkg-deb(b) for information about these actions. INFORMATION ABOUT PACKAGES dpkg maintains some usable information about available packages. The information is divided in three classes: states, selection states and flags. These values are intended to be changed mainly with dselect. PACKAGE STATES installed The package is unpacked and configured OK. half-installed The installation of the package has been started, but not completed for some reason. not-installed The package is not installed on your system. unpacked The package is unpacked, but not configured. half-configured The package is unpacked and configuration has been started, but not yet completed for some reason. config-files Only the configuration files of the package exist on the system. PACKAGE SELECTION STATES install The package is selected for installation. deinstall The package is selected for deinstallation (i.e. we want to remove all files, except configuration files). purge The package is selected to be purged (i.e. we want to remove everything, even configuration files). PACKAGE FLAGS hold A package marked to be on hold is not handled by dpkg, unless forced to do that with option --force- hold. reinst-required A package marked reinst-required is broken and requires reinstallation. These packages cannot be removed, unless forced with option --force-rein- streq. ACTIONS dpkg -i | --install package_file... Install the package. If --recursive or -R option is specified, package_file must refer to a directory instead. Installation consists of the following steps: 1. Extract the control files of the new package. 2. If another version of the same package was installed before the new installation, execute prerm script of the old package. 3. Run preinst script, if provided by the package. 4. Unpack the new files, and at the same time back up the old files, so that if something goes wrong, they can be restored. 5. If another version of the same package was installed before the new installation, execute the postrm script of the old package. Note that this script is executed after the preinst script of the new package, because new files are written at the same time old files are removed. 6. Configure the package. See --configure for detailed information about how this is done. dpkg --unpack package_file ... Unpack the package, but don't configure it. If --recursive or -R option is specified, package_file must refer to a directory instead. dpkg --configure package ... | -a | --pending Reconfigure an unpacked package. If -a or --pend- ing is given instead of package, all unpacked but unconfigured packages are configured. Configuring consists of the following steps: 1. Unpack the configuration files, and at the same time back up the old configuration files, so that they can be restored if something goes wrong. 2. Run postinst script, if provided by the package. dpkg -r | --remove | -P | --purge package ... | -a | --pending Remove an installed package. -r or --remove remove everything except configuration files. This may avoid having to reconfigure the package if it is reinstalled later. (Configuration files are the files listed in the debian/conffiles control file). -P or --purge removes everything, including config- uration files. If -a or --pending is given instead of a package name, then all packages unpacked, but marked to be removed or purged in file /var/lib/dpkg/status, are removed or purged, respectively. Removing of a package consists of the following steps: 1. Run prerm script 2. Remove the installed files 3. Run postrm script dpkg -p|--print-avail package Display details about package, as found in /var/lib/dpkg/available. dpkg --update-avail | --merge-avail Packages-file Update dpkg's and dselect's idea of which packages are available. With action --merge-avail, old information is combined with information from Pack- ages-file. With action --update-avail, old infor- mation is replaced with the information in the Packages-file. The Packages-file distributed with Debian is simply named Packages. dpkg keeps its record of available packages in /var/lib/dpkg/available. dpkg -A | --record-avail package_file ... Update dpkg and dselect's idea of which packages are available with information from the package package_file. If --recursive or -R option is spec- ified, package_file must refer to a directory instead. dpkg --forget-old-unavail Forget about uninstalled unavailable packages. dpkg --clear-avail Erase the existing information about what packages are available. dpkg -l | --list package-name-pattern ... List packages matching given pattern. If no pack- age-name-pattern is given, list all packages in /var/lib/dpkg/available. Normal shell wildchars are allowed in package-name-pattern. (You will probably have to quote package-name-pattern to pre- vent the shell from performing filename expansion. For example, dpkg -l 'libc5*' will list all the package names starting with "libc5".) dpkg -s | --status package-name ... Report status of specified package. This just dis- plays the entry in the installed package status database. dpkg -C | --audit Searches for packages that have been installed only partially on your system. dpkg will suggest what to do with them to get them working. dpkg --get-selections [pattern...] Get list of package selections, and write it to stdout. dpkg --set-selections Set package selections using file read from stdin. dpkg --yet-to-unpack Searches for packages selected for installation, but which for some reason still haven't been installed. dpkg -L | --listfiles package ... List files installed to your system from package. However, note that files created by package-spe- cific installation-scripts are not listed. dpkg -S | --search filename-search-pattern ... Search for a filename from installed packages. All standard shell wildchars can be used in the pat- tern. dpkg --print-architecture Print target architecture (for example, "i386"). This option uses gcc. dpkg --print-gnu-build-architecture Print GNU version of target architecture (for exam- ple, "i486"). dpkg --print-installation-architecture Print host architecture for installation. dpkg --compare-versions ver1 op ver2 Compare version numbers, where op is a binary oper- ator. dpkg returns success (zero result) if the specified condition is satisfied, and failure (nonzero result) otherwise. There are two groups of operators, which differ in how they treat a missing ver1 or ver2. These treat no version as earlier than any version: lt le eq ne ge gt. These treat no version as later than any version: lt-nl le-nl ge-nl gt-nl. These are provided only for compatibility with control file syntax: < << <= = >= >> >. dpkg --command-fd <n> Accept a series of commands on input file descrip- tor <n>. Note: additional options set on the com- mand line, and thru this file descriptor, are not reset for subsequent commands executed during the same run. dpkg --help Display a brief help message. dpkg --force-help Give help about the --force-thing options. dpkg -Dh | --debug=help Give help about debugging options. dpkg --licence | dpkg --license Display dpkg licence. dpkg --version Display dpkg version information. dpkg-deb-actions See dpkg-deb(b) for more information about the fol- lowing actions. dpkg -b | --build directory [filename] Build a deb package. dpkg -c | --contents filename List contents of a deb package. dpkg -e | --control filename [directory] Extract control-information from a package. dpkg -x | --extract filename directory Extract the files contained by package. dpkg -f | --field filename [control-field] ... Display control field(d) of a package. dpkg --fsys-tarfile filename Display the filesystem tar-file contained by a Debian package. dpkg -I | --info filename [control-file] Show information about a package. dpkg -X | --vextract filename directory Extract and display the filenames contained by a package. OPTIONS All options can be specified both on the commandline and in the dpkg configuration file /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg. Each line in the configuration file is either an option (exactly the same as the commandline option but without leading dashes) or a comment (if it starts with a #). --abort-after=number Change after how many errors dpkg will abort. The default is 50. -B|--auto-deconfigure When a package is removed, there is a possibility that another installed package depended on the removed package. Specifying this option will cause automatic deconfiguration of the package which depended on the removed package. -Doctal | --debug=octal Set debugging on. octal is formed by bitwise- orring desired values together from the list below (note that these values may change in future releases). -Dh or --debug=help display these debugging values. number description 1 Generally helpful progress information 2 Invocation and status of maintainer scripts 10 Output for each file processed 100 Lots of output for each file processed 20 Output for each configuration file 200 Lots of output for each configuration file 40 Dependencies and conflicts 400 Lots of dependencies/conflicts output 1000 Lots of drivel about e.g. the dpkg/info dir 2000 Insane amounts of drivel --force-things | --no-force-things | --refuse-things Force or refuse (no-force and refuse mean the same thing) to do some things. things is a comma sepa- rated list of things specified below. --force-help displays a message describing them. Things marked with (*) are forced by default. Warning: These options are mostly intended to be used by experts only. Using them without fully understanding their effects may break your whole system. all: Turns on(or off) all force options. auto-select(*): Select packages to install them, and deselect packages to remove them. downgrade(*): Install a package, even if newer ver- sion of it is already installed. configure-any: Configure also any unpacked but unconfigured packages on which the current package depends. hold: Process packages even when marked "hold". remove-reinstreq: Remove a package, even if it's broken and marked to require reinstallation. This may, for example, cause parts of the package to remain on the system, which will then be forgotten by dpkg. remove-essential: Remove, even if the package is considered essential. Essential packages contain mostly very basic Unix commands. Removing them might cause the whole system to stop working, so use with caution. depends: Turn all dependency problems into warn- ings. depends-version: Don't care about versions when checking dependencies. conflicts: Install, even if it conflicts with another package. This is dangerous, for it will usually cause overwriting of some files. confmiss: Always install a missing configuration file. This is dangerous, since it means not pre- serving a change (removing) made to the file. confnew: If a conffile has been modified always install the new version without prompting, unless the --force-confdef is also specified, in which case the default action is preferred. confold: If a conffile has been modified always keep the old version without prompting, unless the --force-confdef is also specified, in which case the default action is preferred. confdef: If a conffile has been modified always choose the default action. If there is no default action it will stop to ask the user unless --force- confnew or --force-confold is also been given, in which case it will use that to decide the final action. overwrite: Overwrite one package's file with another's file. overwrite-dir Overwrite one package's directory with another's file. overwrite-diverted: Overwrite a diverted file with an undiverted version. architecture: Process even packages with the wrong architecture. bad-path: PATH is missing important programs, so problems are likely. not-root: Try to (de)install things even when not root. --ignore-depends=package,... Ignore dependency-checking for specified packages (actually, checking is performed, but only warnings about conflicts are given, nothing else). --new | --old Select new or old binary package format. This is a dpkg-deb(b) option. --nocheck Don't read or check contents of control file while building a package. This is a dpkg-deb(b) option. --no-act Do everything which is supposed to be done, but don't write any changes. This is used to see what would happen with the specified action, without actually modifying anything. Be sure to give --no-act before the action-parame- ter, or you might end up with undesirable results. (e.g. dpkg --purge foo --no-act will first purge package foo and then try to purge package --no-act, even though you probably expected it to actually do nothing) -R | --recursive Recursively handle all regular files matching pat- tern *.deb found at specified directories and all of its subdirectories. This can be used with -i, -A, --install, --unpack and --avail actions. -G Don't install a package if a newer version of the same package is already installed. This is an alias of --refuse-downgrade. --root=dir | --admindir=dir | --instdir=dir Change default directories. admindir defaults to /var/lib/dpkg and contains many files that give information about status of installed or unin- stalled packages, etc. instdir defaults to / and refers to the directory where packages are to be installed. instdir is also the directory passed to chroot(t) before running package's installation scripts, which means that the scripts see instdir as a root directory. Changing root changes instdir to dir and admindir to dir/var/lib/dpkg. -O | --selected-only Only process the packages that are selected for installation. The actual marking is done with dse- lect or by dpkg, when it handles packages. For example, when a package is removed, it will be marked selected for installation. -E | --skip-same-version Don't install the package if the same version of the package is already installed. --status-fd <n> Send package status info to file descriptor <n>. This can be given multiple times. Status updates are of the form `status: <pkg>: <pkg qstate>'. FILES /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg Configuration file with default options. The other files listed below are in their default directo- ries, see option --admindir to see how to change locations of these files. /var/lib/dpkg/available List of available packages. /var/lib/dpkg/status Statuses of available packages. This file contains information about whether a package is marked for removing or not, whether it is installed or not, etc. See section INFORMATION ABOUT PACKAGES for more info. The following files are components of a binary package. See deb(b) for more information about them: control conffiles preinst postinst prerm postrm ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES DPKG_NO_TSTP Define this to something if you prefer dpkg start- ing a new shell rather than suspending itself, while doing a shell escape. SHELL The program dpkg will execute while starting a new shell. COLUMNS Sets the number of columns dpkg should use when displaying formatted text. Currently only used by -l. DPKG_OLD_CONFFILE Set by dpkg to the filename of the old configura- tion file when you start a shell to examine a changed configuration. file. DPKG_NEW_CONFFILE Set by dpkg to the filename of the newversion of a configuration file when you start a shell to exam- ine a changed configuration. file. EXAMPLES To list packages related to the editor vi: dpkg -l '*vi*' To see the entries in /var/lib/dpkg/available on two pack- ages: dpkg --print-avail elvis vim | less To search the listing of packages yourself: less /var/lib/dpkg/available To remove an installed elvis package: dpkg -r elvis To install a package, you first need to find it in an archive or CDROM. The "available" file shows that the vim package is in section "editors": cd /cdrom/hamm/hamm/binary/editors dpkg -i vim_4.5-3.deb To make a local copy of the package selection states: dpkg --get-selections >myselections You might transfer this file to another computer, and install it there with: dpkg --set-selections <myselections Note that this will not actually install or remove any- thing, but just set the selection state on the requested packages. You will need some other application to actually download and install the requested packages. Ordinarily, you will find that dselect(t) provides a more convenient way to modify the package selection states. SEE ALSO dselect(t), dpkg-deb(b), deb(b), and deb-control(l) BUGS --no-act usually gives less information than might be helpful. AUTHORS See /usr/share/doc/dpkg/THANKS for the list of people who have contributed to dpkg . Debian Project April 12, 1998 DPKG(G)