STDARG(G) Linux Programmer's Manual STDARG(G) NAME stdarg - variable argument lists SYNOPSIS #include <stdarg.h> void va_start(va_list ap, last); type va_arg(va_list ap, type); void va_end(va_list ap); void va_copy(va_list dest, va_list src); DESCRIPTION A function may be called with a varying number of argu- ments of varying types. The include file stdarg.h declares a type va_list and defines three macros for step- ping through a list of arguments whose number and types are not known to the called function. The called function must declare an object of type va_list which is used by the macros va_start, va_arg, and va_end. va_start The va_start macro initializes ap for subsequent use by va_arg and va_end, and must be called first. The parameter last is the name of the last parameter before the variable argument list, i.e., the last parame- ter of which the calling function knows the type. Because the address of this parameter may be used in the va_start macro, it should not be declared as a register variable, or as a function or an array type. va_arg The va_arg macro expands to an expression that has the type and value of the next argument in the call. The parameter ap is the va_list ap initialized by va_start. Each call to va_arg modifies ap so that the next call returns the next argument. The parameter type is a type name specified so that the type of a pointer to an object that has the specified type can be obtained simply by adding a * to type. The first use of the va_arg macro after that of the va_start macro returns the argument after last. Succes- sive invocations return the values of the remaining argu- ments. If there is no next argument, or if type is not compatible with the type of the actual next argument (as promoted according to the default argument promotions), random errors will occur. If ap is passed to a function that uses va_arg(ap,type) then the value of ap is undefined after the return of that function. va_end Each invocation of va_start must be matched by a corre- sponding invocation of va_end in the same function. After the call va_end(d) the variable ap is undefined. Multiple transversals of the list, each bracketed by va_start and va_end are possible. va_end may be a macro or a function. va_copy An obvious implementation would have a va_list a pointer to the stack frame of the variadic function. In such a setup (by far the most common) there seems nothing against an assignment va_list aq = ap; Unfortunately, there are also systems that make it an array of pointers (of length 1), and there one needs va_list aq; *aq = *ap; Finally, on systems where parameters are passed in regis- ters, it may be necessary for va_start to allocate memory, store the parameters there, and also an indication of which parameter is next, so that va_arg can step through the list. Now va_end can free the allocated memory again. To accommodate this situation, C99 adds a macro va_copy, so that the above assignment can be replaced by va_list aq; va_copy(aq, ap); ... va_end(d); Each invocation of va_copy must be matched by a corre- sponding invocation of va_end in the same function. Some systems that do not supply va_copy have __va_copy instead, since that was the name used in the draft proposal. EXAMPLES The function foo takes a string of format characters and prints out the argument associated with each format char- acter based on the type. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdarg.h> void foo(char *fmt, ...) { va_list ap; int d; char c, *p, *s; va_start(ap, fmt); while (*fmt) switch(*fmt++) { case 's': /* string */ s = va_arg(ap, char *); printf("string %s\n", s); break; case 'd': /* int */ d = va_arg(ap, int); printf("int %d\n", d); break; case 'c': /* char */ /* need a cast here since va_arg only takes fully promoted types */ c = (char) va_arg(ap, int); printf("char %c\n", c); break; } va_end(d); } CONFORMING TO The va_start, va_arg, and va_end macros conform to ANSI X3.159-1989 (``C89''). C99 defines the va_copy macro. COMPATIBILITY These macros are not compatible with the historic macros they replace. A backward compatible version can be found in the include file varargs.h. COMPARISON The historic setup is: #include <varargs.h> void foo(va_alist) va_dcl { va_list ap; va_start(t); while(...) { ... x = va_arg(ap, type); ... } va_end(d); } On some systems, va_end contains a closing '}' matching a '{' in va_start, so that both macros must occur in the same function, and in a way that allows this. BUGS Unlike the varargs macros, the stdarg macros do not permit programmers to code a function with no fixed arguments. This problem generates work mainly when converting varargs code to stdarg code, but it also creates difficulties for variadic functions that wish to pass all of their argu- ments on to a function that takes a va_list argument, such as vfprintf(f). 2001-10-14 STDARG(G)