Window(w) User Contributed Perl Documentation Window(w) NAME PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT::Window - A OO interface to PGPLOT windows SYNOPSIS perldl> use PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT::Window perldl> $win = PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT::Window->new(Device => '/xs'); perldl> $a = pdl [1..100] perldl> $b = sqrt($a) perldl> $win->line($b) perldl> $win->hold() perldl> $c = sin($a/10)*2 + 4 perldl> $win->line($c) In the following documentation the commands are not shown in their OO versions. This is for historical reasons and should not cause too much trouble. DESCRIPTION This package offers a OO interface to the PGPLOT plotting package. This is intended to replace the traditional interface in PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT and contains interfaces to a large number of PGPLOT routines. Below the usage examples for each function tend to be given in the non-OO version for historical reasons. This will slowly be changed, but in the meantime refer to the section on OO- interface below to see how to convert the usage informa- tion below to OO usage (it is totally trivial). PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT::Window is an interface to the PGPLOT graphical libraries. The list of currently availably methods: imag - Display an image (uses pgimag()/pggray() as appropriate) ctab - Load an image colour table ctab_info - Get information about currently loaded colour table line - Plot vector as connected points points - Plot vector as points errb - Plot error bars cont - Display image as contour map bin - Plot vector as histogram (e.g. bin(hist($data)) ) hi2d - Plot image as 2d histogram (not very good IMHO...) poly - Draw a polygon vect - Display 2 images as a vector field text - Write text in the plot area label_axes - Print axis titles legend - Create a legend with different texts, linestyles etc. cursor - Interactively read cursor positions. circle - Draw a circle ellipse - Draw an ellipse. Device manipulation commands: new - Constructor for a new PGPLOT output device close - Close a PGPLOT output device focus - Set focus to the given device. This should normally be done behind the scenes. hold - Hold current plot window range - allows overlays etc. release - Release back to autoscaling of new plot window for each command held - Returns true if the graphics is held on the current device. env - Define a plot window, put on 'hold' panel - Move to a specified plot panel when several panels are defined. erase - Erase the current window (or panel) options - Get the options set for the present output device id - The ID for the device device - The device type name - The window name Notes: $transform for image/cont etc. is used in the same way as the "TR()" array in the underlying PGPLOT FORTRAN routine but is, fortunately, zero-offset. The "trans- form()" routine can be used to create this piddle. For completeness: The transformation array connect the pixel index to a world coordinate such that: X = tr[0] + tr[1]*i + tr[2]*j Y = tr[3] + tr[4]*i + tr[5]*j Variable passing and extensions In general variables are passed to the pgplot routines by using "get_dataref" to get the reference to the values. Before passing to pgplot routines however, the data are checked to see if they are in accordance with the format (typically dimensionality) required by the PGPLOT rou- tines. This is done using the routine "checkarg" (inter- nal to PGPLOT). This routine checks the dimensionality of the input data. If there are superfluous dimensions of size 1 they will be trimmed away until the dimensionality is correct. Example: Assume a piddle with dimensions (1,100,1,1) is passed to "line", which expects its inputs to be vectors. "checkarg" will then return a piddle with dimensions (100). If instead the same piddle was passed to "imag", which requires 2D piddles as output, "checkarg" would return a piddle with dimensionality (100, 1) (Dimensions are removed from the start) Thus, if you want to provide support for another PGPLOT function, the structure currently look like this (there are plans to use the Options package to simplify the options parsing): # Extract the hash(h) on the commandline ($arg, $opt)=_extract_hash(@_); <Check the number of input parameters> <deal with $arg> checkarg($x, 3); # For a hypothetical 3D routine. ... pgcube($n, $x->get_dataref); 1; Setting options All routines in this package take a hash with options as an optional input. This options hash can be used to set parameters for the subsequent plotting without going via the PGPLOT commands. This is implemented such that the plotting settings (such as line width, line style etc.) are affected only for that plot, any global changes made, say, with "pgslw()" are preserved. Some modifications apply when using the OO interface, see below. Alphabetical listing of standard options The following options are always parsed. Whether they have any importance depend on the routine invoked - e.g. line style is irrelevant for "imag", or the "justify" option is irrelevant if the display is on 'hold'. This is indicated in the help text for the commands below. The options are not case sensitive and will match for unique substrings, but this is not encouraged as obscure options might invalidate what you thought was a unique substring. In the listing below examples are given of each option. The actual option can then be used in a plot command by specifying it as an argument to the function wanted (it can be placed anywhere in the command list). E.g: $opt={COLOR=>2}; line $x, $y, $opt; # This will plot a line with red color arrow This options allows you to set the arrow shape, and optionally size for arrows for the vect routine. The arrow shape is specified as a hash with the key FS to set fill style, ANGLE to set the opening angle of the arrow head, VENT to set how much of the arrow head is cut out and SIZE to set the arrowsize. The following $opt = {ARROW => {FS=>1, ANGLE=>60, VENT=>0.3, SIZE=>5}}; will make a broad arrow of five times the normal size. Alternatively the arrow can be specified as a set of numbers corresponding to an extention to the syntax for pgsah. The equivalent to the above is $opt = {ARROW => pdl([1, 60, 0.3, 5})}; For the latter the arguments must be in the given order, and if any are not given the default values of 1, 45, 0.3 and 1.0 respectively will be used. arrowsize The arrowsize can be specified separately using this option to the options hash. It is useful if an arrow- style has been set up and one wants to plot the same arrow with several sizes. Please note that it is not possible to set arrowsize and character size in the same call to a plotting function. This should not be a problem in most cases. $opt = {ARROWSIZE => 2.5}; axis Set the axis value (see "env"). It can either be specified as a number, or by one of the following names: EMPTY (-2) draw no box, axes or labels BOX (-1) draw box only NORMAL (0) draw box and label it with coordinates AXES (1) same as NORMAL, but also draw (X=0,Y=0) axes GRID (2) same as AXES, but also draw grid lines LOGX (10) draw box and label X-axis logarithmically LOGY (20) draw box and label Y-axis logarithmically LOGXY (30) draw box and label both axes logarithmically border Normally the limits are chosen so that the plot just fits; with this option you can increase (or decrease) the limits by either a relative (ie a fraction of the original axis width) or an absolute amount. Either specify a hash array, where the keys are "TYPE" (set to 'relative' or 'absolute') and "VALUE" (the amount to change the limits by), or set to 1, which is equiv- alent to BORDER => { TYPE => 'rel', VALUE => 0.05 } charsize Set the character/symbol size as a multiple of the standard size. $opt = {CHARSIZE => 1.5} colour (or color) Set the colour to be used for the subsequent plotting. This can be specified as a number, and the most used colours can also be specified with name, according to the following table (note that this only works for the default colour map): 0 - WHITE 1 - BLACK 2 - RED 3 - GREEN 4 - BLUE 5 - CYAN 6 - MAGENTA 7 - YELLOW 8 - ORANGE 14 - DARKGRAY 16 - LIGHTGRAY However there is a much more flexible mechanism to deal with colour. The colour can be set as a 3 or 4 element anonymous array (or piddle) which gives the RGB colours. If the array has four elements the first element is taken to be the colour index to change. For normal work you might want to simply use a 3 element array with R, G and B values and let the package deal with the details. The R,G and B values go from 0 to 1. In addition the package will also try to interpret non-recognised colour names using the default X11 lookup table, normally using the "rgb.txt" that came with PGPLOT. For more details on the handling of colour it is best that the user consults the PGPLOT documentation. Fur- ther details on the handling of colour can be found in the documentation for the internal routine _set_colour. filltype Set the fill type to be used by poly, circle, ellipse and rectangle The fill can either be specified using numbers or name, according to the following table, where the recognised name is shown in capitals - it is case-insensitive, but the whole name must be speci- fied. 1 - SOLID 2 - OUTLINE 3 - HATCHED 4 - CROSS_HATCHED $opt = {FILLTYPE => 'SOLID'}; (see below for an example of hatched fill) font Set the character font. This can either be specified as a number following the PGPLOT numbering or name as follows (name in capitals): 1 - NORMAL 2 - ROMAN 3 - ITALIC 4 - SCRIPT (Note that in a string, the font can be changed using the escape sequences "\fn", "\fr", "\fi" and "\fs" respectively) $opt = {FONT => 'ROMAN'}; gives the same result as $opt = {FONT => 2}; hatching Set the hatching to be used if either fillstyle 3 or 4 is selected (see above) The specification is similar to the one for specifying arrows. The arguments for the hatching is either given using a hash with the key ANGLE to set the angle that the hatch lines will make with the horizontal, SEPARATION to set the spacing of the hatch lines in units of 1% of "min(height, width)" of the view surface, and PHASE to set the offset the hatching. Alternatively this can be specified as a 1x3 piddle "$hatch=pdl[$angle, $sep, $phase]". $opt = {FILLTYPE => 'HATCHED', HATCHING => {ANGLE=>30, SEPARATION=>4}}; Can also be specified as $opt = {FILL=> 'HATCHED', HATCH => pdl [30,4,0.0]}; For another example of hatching, see "poly". justify A boolean value which, if true, causes both axes to drawn to the same scale; see the PGPLOT "pgenv()" com- mand for more information. linestyle Set the line style. This can either be specified as a number following the PGPLOT numbering: 1 - SOLID line 2 - DASHED 3 - DOT-DASH-dot-dash 4 - DOTTED 5 - DASH-DOT-DOT-dot or using name (as given in capitals above). Thus the following two specifications both specify the line to be dotted: $opt = {LINESTYLE => 4}; $varopt = {LINESTYLE => 'DOTTED'}; The names are not case sensitive, but the full name is required. linewidth Set the line width. It is specified as a integer mul- tiple of 0.13 mm. $opt = {LINEWIDTH => 10}; # A rather fat line plotting range Explicitly set the plot range in x and y. X-range and Y-range are set separately via the aptly named options "Xrange" and "Yrange". If omitted PGPLOT selects appropriate defaults (minimum and maximum of the data range in general). These options are ignored if the window is on hold. line $x, $y, {xr => [0,5]}; # y-range uses default line $x, $y, {Xrange => [0,5], Yrange => [-1,3]}; # fully specified range OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE This section will briefly describe how the PDL::Graph- ics::PGPLOT::Window package can be used in an object-ori- ented (OO) approach and what the advantages of this would be. We will start with the latter Multiple windows. For the common user it is probably most interesting to use the OO interface when handling several open devices at the same time. If you have one variable for each plot device it is easier to distribute commands to the right device at the right time. This is the angle we will take in the rest of this description. Coding and abstraction At a more fundamental level it is desirable to approach a situation where it is possible to have a generic plotting interface which gives access to sev- eral plotting libraries, much as PGPLOT gives access to different output devices. Thus in such a hypotheti- cal package one would say: my $win1 = Graphics::new('PGPLOT', {Device => '/xs'}); my $win2 = Graphics::new('gnuplot', {Background => 'Gray'}; From a more practical point of of view such abstrac- tion also comes in handy when you write a large pro- gram package and you do not want to import routines nilly-willy in which case an OO approach with method calls is a lot cleaner. Anyway, enough philosophizing, let us get down to Earth and give some examples of the use of OO PGPLOT. As an example we will take Odd (which happens to be a common Norwegian name) who is monitoring the birth of rabbits in O'Fib-o-nachy's farm (alternatively he can of course be monitoring processes or do something entirely different). Odd wants the user to be able to monitor both the birth rates and accumulated number of rabbits and the spatial distribution of the births. Since these are logically dif- ferent he chooses to have two windows open: $rate_win = PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT::Window->new(Device => '/xw', Aspect => 1, WindowWidth => 5, NXPanel => 2); $area_win = PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT::Window->new(Device => '/xw', Aspect => 1, WindowWidth => 5); See the documentation for new below for a full overview of the options you can pass to the constructor. Next, Odd wants to create plotting areas for subsequent plots and maybe show the expected theoretical trends $rate_win->env(0, 10, 0, 1000, {XTitle => 'Days', YTitle => '#Rabbits'}); $rate_win->env(0, 10, 0, 100, {Xtitle=>'Days', Ytitle => 'Rabbits/day'}); $area_win->env(0, 1, 0, 1, {XTitle => 'Km', Ytitle => 'Km'}); # And theoretical prediction. $rate_win->line(sequence(e), fibonacci(i), {Panel => [1, 1]}); That is basically it. The commands should automatically focus the relevant window. Due to the limitations of PGPLOT this might however lead you to plot in the wrong panel... The package tries to be smart and do this cor- rectly, but might get it wrong at times. STATE and RECORDING A new addition to the graphics interface is the ability to record plot commands. This can be useful when you create a nice-looking plot on the screen that you want to re-create on paper for instance. Or if you want to redo it with slightly changed variables for instance. This is still under development and views on the interface are welcome. The functionality is somewhat detached from the plotting functions described below so I will discuss them and their use here. Recording is off by default. To turn it on when you create a new device you can set the "Recording" option to true, or you can set the $PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT::RECORDING vari- able to 1. I recommend doing the latter in your ".perldlrc" file at least since you will often have use for recording in the perldl script. Use of recording The recording is meant to help you recreate a plot with new data or to a different device. The most typical situa- tion is that you have created a beautiful plot on screen and want to have a Postscript file with it. In the dreary old world you needed to go back and execute all commands manually, but with this wonderful new contraption, the recorder, you can just replay your commands: dev '/xs', {Recording => 1} $x = sequence(e) line $x, $x**2, {Linestyle => 'Dashed'} $s = retrieve_state() # Get the current tape out of the recorder. dev '/cps' replay $s This should result in a "pgplot.ps" file with a parabola drawn with a dashed line. Note the command "retrieve_state" which retrieves the current state of the recorder and return an object (of type PDL::Graph- ics::State) that is used to replay commands later. Controlling the recording Like any self-respecting recorder you can turn the recorder on and off using the "turn_on_recording" and "turn_off_recording" respectively. Likewise you can clear the state using the "clear_state" command. $w=PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT::Window->new(Device => '/xs'); $w->turn_on_recording; $x=sequence(e); $y=$x*$x; $w->line($x, $y); $w->turn_off_recording; $w->line($y, $x); $w->turn_on_recording; $w->line($x, $y*$x); $state = $w->retrieve_state(); We can then replay $state and get a parabola and a cubic plot. $w->replay($state); Tips and Gotchas! The data are stored in the state object as references to the real data. This leads to one good and one potentially bad consequence: The good is that you can create the plot and then subse- quently redo the same plot using a different set of data. This is best explained by an example. Let us first create a simple gradient image and get a copy of the recording: $im = sequence(10,10) imag $im $s=retrieve_state Now this was a rather dull plot, and in reality we wanted to show an image using "rvals". Instead of re- creating the plot (which of course here would be the simplest option) we just change $im: $im -= sequence(10,10) $im += rvals(10,10) Now replay the commands replay $s And hey presto! A totally different plot. Note however the trickery required to avoid losing reference to $im This takes us immediately to the major problem with the recording though. Memory leakage! Since the recording keeps references to the data it can keep data from being freed (zero reference count) when you expect it to be. For instance, in this example, we lose totally track of the original $im variable, but since there is a reference to it in the state it will not be freed $im = sequence(1000,1000) imag $im $s = retrieve_state $im = rvals(10,10) Thus after the execution of these commands we still have a reference to a 1000x1000 array which takes up a lot of memory... The solution is to call "clear" on the state variable: $s->clear() (This is done automatically if the variable goes out of scope). I forsee this problem to most acute when working on the "perldl" command line, but since this is exactly where the recording is most useful the best advice is just to be careful and call clear on state variables. If you are working with scripts and use large images for instance I would instead recommend that you do not turn on recording unless you need it. FUNCTIONS A more detailed listing of the functions and their usage follows. For all functions we specify which options take effect and what other options exist for the given func- tion. The function descriptions below are all given for the non-OO usage for historical reasons, but since the conversion to an OO method is trivial there is no major need for concern. Whenever you see a function example of the form Usage: a_simple_function($x, $y, $z [, $opt]); and you wish to use the OO version, just let your mind read the above line as: Usage: $win->a_simple_function($x, $y, $z [, $opt]); where $win is a PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT::Window object. That is all. Window control functions. new Constructor for PGPLOT object/device/plot window. Usage: PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT::Window->new($opt); Usage: PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT::Window->new($option=>$value,...); Options to new() can either be specified via a reference to a hash $win = PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT::Window->new({Dev=>'/xserve',ny=>2}); or directly, as an array # NOTE: no more {} ! $win = PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT::Window->new(Dev=>'/xserve',ny=>2); The following lists the recognised options: AspectRatio The aspect ratio of the image, in the sense verti- cal/horizontal. If both this and WindowWidth are set to zero, the default view surface is used. (This is the default case). Device The type of device to use. The syntax of this is the one used by PGPLOT. Hold Hold the plot window so that subsequent plots can plot over existing plots. This can be adjusted with the "hold()" and "release()" methods. NXPanel The number of panels in the X-direction NYPanel The number of panels in the Y-direction WindowName The name to give to the window. No particular use is made of this at present. It would be great if it was possible to change the title of the window frame. WindowWidth The width of the window in inches. If this is set to 0.0, the biggest window consistent with the AspectRa- tio setting will be chosen. If both this and AspectRa- tio are set to zero, the default view surface is used. (This is the default case). WindowXSize and WindowYSize These two options allow an alternative setting of Win- dowWidth and AspectRatio. Their values are actually not parsed here, but rather subsequently in the "_setup_window" routine below. An important point to note is that the default values of most options can be specified by passing these to the con- structor. All general options (common to several func- tions) can be adjusted in such a way, but function spe- cific options can not be set in this way (this is a design limitation which is unlikely to be changed). Thus the following call will set up a window where the default axis colour will be yellow and where plot lines normally have red colour and dashed linestyle. $win = PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT::Window->new(Device => '/xs', AxisColour => 'Yellow', Colour => 'Red', LineStyle => 'Dashed'); close Close a plot window Usage: $win->close() Close the current window. This does not necessarily mean that the window is removed from your screen, but it does ensure that the device is closed. A message will be printed to STDOUT giving the name of the file created if the plot was made to a hardcopy device and $PDL::verbose is true. held Check if a window is on hold $is_held = $win->held(); Function to check whether the window is held or not. hold Hold the present window. Usage: $win->hold() Holds the present window so that subsequent plot commands overplots. panel Switch to a different panel $win->panel(<num>); Move to a different panel on the plotting surface. Note that you will need to erase it manually if that is what you require. release Release a plot window. $win->release() Release a plot window so that subsequent plot commands move to the next panel or erase the plot and create a new plot. erase Erase plot $win->erase($opt); Erase a plot area. This accepts the option "Panel" or alternatively a number or array reference which makes it possible to specify the panel to erase when working with several panels. Plotting functions env Define a plot window, and put graphics on 'hold' $win->env( $xmin, $xmax, $ymin, $ymax, [$justify, $axis] ); $win->env( $xmin, $xmax, $ymin, $ymax, [$options] ); $xmin, $xmax, $ymin, $ymax are the plot boundaries. $jus- tify is a boolean value (default is 0); if true the axes scales will be the same (see "justify"). $axis describes how the axes should be drawn (see "axis") and defaults to 0. If the second form is used, $justify and $axis can be set in the options hash, for example: $win->env( 0, 100, 0, 50, {JUSTIFY => 1, AXIS => 'GRID', CHARSIZE => 0.7} ); In addition the following options can also be set for "env": PlotPosition The position of the plot on the page relative to the view surface in normalised coordinates as an anonymous array. The array should contain the lower and upper X-limits and then the lower and upper Y-limits. To place two plots above each other with no space between them you could do $win->env(0, 1, 0, 1, {PlotPosition => [0.1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.5]}); $win->env(5, 9, 0, 8, {PlotPosition => [0.1, 0.5, 0.5, 0.9]}); Axis, Justify, Border See the description of general options for these options. AxisColour Set the colour of the coordinate axes. XTitle, YTitle, Title, Font, CharSize Axes titles and the font and size to print them. label_axes Label plot axes $win->label_axes(<xtitle>, <ytitle>, <plot title>, $options); Draw labels for each axis on a plot. imag Display an image (uses "pgimag()"/"pggray()" as appropri- ate) $win->imag ( $image, [$min, $max, $transform], [$opt] ) Notes: $transform for image/cont etc. is used in the same way as the "TR()" array in the underlying PGPLOT FORTRAN routine but is, fortunately, zero-offset. The "trans- form()" routine can be used to create this piddle. There are several options related to scaling. By default, the image is scaled to fit the PGPLOT default viewport on the screen. Scaling, aspect ratio preservation, and 1:1 pixel mapping are available. (1:1 pixel mapping GREATLY increases the speed of pgimag, and is useful for, eg, movie display; but it's not recommended for final output as it's not device-independent.) To draw a colour bar (or wedge), either use the "DrawWedge" option, or the "draw_wedge()" routine (once the image has been drawn). Options recognised: ITF - the image transfer function applied to the pixel values. It may be one of 'LINEAR', 'LOG', 'SQRT' (lower case is acceptable). It defaults to 'LINEAR'. MIN - Sets the minimum value to be used for calculation of the display stretch MAX - Sets the maximum value for the same TRANSFORM - The transform 'matrix' as a 6x1 vector for display PIX - Sets the image pixel aspect ratio. By default, imag stretches the image pixels so that the final image aspect ratio fits the viewport exactly. Setting PIX=>1 causes the image aspect ratio to be preserved. (the image is scaled to avoid cropping, unless you specify scaling manually). Larger numbers yield "landscape mode" pixels. PITCH - Sets the number of image pixels per screen unit, in the Y direction. The X direction is determined by PIX, which defaults to 1 if PITCH is specified and PIX is not. PITCH causes UNIT to default to "inches" so that it is easy to say 100dpi by specifying {PITCH=>100}. Larger numbers yield higher resolution (hence smaller appearing) images. UNIT - Sets the screen unit used for scaling. Must be one of the PGPLOT supported units (inch, mm, pixel, normalized). You can refer to them by name or by number. Defaults to pixels if not specified. SCALE - Syntactic sugar for the reciprocal of PITCH. Makes the UNIT default to "pixels" so you can say "{SCALE=>1}" to see your image in device pixels. Larger SCALEs lead to larger appearing images. DrawWedge - set to 1 to draw a colour bar (default is 0) Wedge - see the draw_wedge() routine The following standard options influence this command: AXIS, BORDER, JUSTIFY To see an image with maximum size in the current window, but square pixels, say: $win->imag( $a, { PIX=>1 } ); An alternative approach is to try: $win->imag( $a, { JUSTIFY=>1 } ); To see the same image, scaled 1:1 with device pixels, say: $win->imag( $a, { SCALE=>1 } ); To see an image made on a device with 1:2 pixel aspect ratio, with X pixels the same as original image pixels, say $win->imag( $a, { PIX=>0.5, SCALE=>2 } ); To display an image at 100 dpi on any device, say: $win->imag( $a, { PITCH=>100 } ); To display an image with 100 micron pixels, say: $win->imag( $a, { PITCH=>10, UNIT=>'mm' } ); imag1 Display an image with correct aspect ratio $win->imag1 ( $image, [$min, $max, $transform], [$opt] ) This is syntactic sugar for $win->imag( { PIX=>1 } ); draw_wedge Add a wedge (colour bar) to an image. $win->draw_wedge( [$opt] ) Adds a wedge - shows the mapping between colour and value for a pixel - to the current image. This can also be achieved by setting "DrawWedge" to 1 when calling the "imag" routine. The colour and font size are the same as used to draw the image axes (although this will probably fail if you did it yourself). To control the size and location of the wedge, use the "Wedge" option, giving it a hash reference con- taining any of the following: Side Which side of the image to draw the wedge: can be one of 'B', 'L', 'T', or 'R'. Default is 'R'. Displacement How far from the egde of the image should the wedge be drawn, in units of character size. To draw within the image use a negative value. Default is 2. Width How wide should the wedge be, in units of character size. Default is 3. Label A text label to be added to the wedge. If set, it is probably worth increasing the "Width" value by about 1 to keep the text readable. Default is ''. ForeGround (synonym Fg) The pixel value corresponding to the "maximum" colour. If "undef", uses the value used by "imag" (recommended choice). Default is "undef". BackGround (synonym Bg) The pixel value corresponding to the "minimum" colour. If "undef", uses the value used by "imag" (recommended choice). Default is "undef". $a = rvals(50,50); $win = PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT::Window->new(); $win->imag( $a, { Justify => 1, ITF => 'sqrt' } ); $win->draw_wedge( { Wedge => { Width => 4, Label => 'foo' } } ); # although the following might be more sensible $win->imag( $a, { Justify => 1, ITF => 'sqrt', DrawWedge => 1, Wedge => { Width => 4, Label => 'foo'} } ); ctab Load an image colour table. Usage: ctab ( $name, [$contrast, $brightness] ) # Builtin col table ctab ( $ctab, [$contrast, $brightness] ) # $ctab is Nx4 array ctab ( $levels, $red, $green, $blue, [$contrast, $brightness] ) ctab ( '', $contrast, $brightness ) # use last color table Note: See PDL::Graphics::LUT for access to a large number of colour tables. line Plot vector as connected points If the 'MISSING' option is specified, those points in the $y vector which are equal to the MISSING value are not plotted, but are skipped over. This allows one to quickly draw multiple lines with one call to "line", for example to draw coastlines for maps. Usage: line ( [$x,] $y, [$opt] ) The following standard options influence this command: AXIS, BORDER, COLO(O)R, JUSTIFY, LINESTYLE, LINEWIDTH, MISSING $x = sequence(e)/10.; $y = sin($x)**2; # Draw a red dot-dashed line line $x, $y, {COLOR => 'RED', LINESTYLE=>3}; points Plot vector as points Usage: points ( [$x,] $y, [$symbol(l)], [$opt] ) Options recognised: SYMBOL - Either a piddle with the same dimensions as $x, containing the symbol associated to each point or a number specifying the symbol to use for every point, or a name specifying the symbol to use according to the following (recognised name in capital letters): 0 - SQUARE 1 - DOT 2 - PLUS 3 - ASTERISK 4 - CIRCLE 5 - CROSS 7 - TRIANGLE 8 - EARTH 9 - SUN 11 - DIAMOND 12- STAR PLOTLINE - If this is >0 a line will be drawn through the points. The following standard options influence this command: AXIS, BORDER, CHARSIZE, COLOUR, JUSTIFY, LINESTYLE, LINEWIDTH The ColorValues option allows one to plot XYZ data with the Z axis mapped to a color value. For example: use PDL::Graphics::LUT; ctab(lut_data('idl5')); # set up color palette to 'idl5' points ($x, $y, {ColorValues => $z}); $y = sequence(e)**2+random(m); # Plot blue stars with a solid line through: points $y, {PLOTLINE => 1, COLOUR => BLUE, SYMBOL => STAR}; errb Plot error bars (using "pgerrb()") Usage: errb ( $y, $yerrors, [$opt] ) errb ( $x, $y, $yerrors, [$opt] ) errb ( $x, $y, $xerrors, $yerrors, [$opt] ) errb ( $x, $y, $xloerr, $xhierr, $yloerr, $yhierr, [$opt]) Options recognised: TERM - Length of terminals in multiples of the default length SYMBOL - Plot the datapoints using the symbol value given, either as name or number - see documentation for 'points' The following standard options influence this command: AXIS, BORDER, CHARSIZE, COLOUR, JUSTIFY, LINESTYLE, LINEWIDTH $y = sequence(e)**2+random(m); $sigma=0.5*sqrt($y); errb $y, $sigma, {COLOUR => RED, SYMBOL => 18}; cont Display image as contour map Usage: cont ( $image, [$contours, $transform, $misval], [$opt] ) Notes: $transform for image/cont etc. is used in the same way as the "TR()" array in the underlying PGPLOT FORTRAN routine but is, fortunately, zero-offset. The "trans- form()" routine can be used to create this piddle. Options recognised: CONTOURS - A piddle with the contour levels FOLLOW - Follow the contour lines around (uses pgcont rather than pgcons) If this is set >0 the chosen linestyle will be ignored and solid line used for the positive contours and dashed line for the negative contours. LABELS - An array of strings with labels for each contour LABELCOLOUR - The colour of labels if different from the draw colour This will not interfere with the setting of draw colour using the colour keyword. MISSING - The value to ignore for contouring NCONTOURS - The number of contours wanted for automatical creation, overridden by CONTOURS TRANSFORM - The pixel-to-world coordinate transform vector The following standard options influence this command: AXIS, BORDER, COLOUR, JUSTIFY, LINESTYLE, LINEWIDTH $x=sequence(10,10); $ncont = 4; $labels= ['COLD', 'COLDER', 'FREEZING', 'NORWAY'] # This will give four blue contour lines labelled in red. cont $x, {NCONT => $ncont, LABELS => $labels, LABELCOLOR => RED, COLOR => BLUE} bin Plot vector as histogram (e.g. "bin(hist($data))") Usage: bin ( [$x,] $data ) Options recognised: CENTRE - if true, the x values denote the centre of the bin otherwise they give the lower-edge (in x) of the bin CENTER - as CENTRE The following standard options influence this command: AXIS, BORDER, COLOUR, JUSTIFY, LINESTYLE, LINEWIDTH hi2d Plot image as 2d histogram (not very good IMHO...) Usage: hi2d ( $image, [$x, $ioff, $bias], [$opt] ) Options recognised: IOFFSET - The offset for each array slice. >0 slants to the right <0 to the left. BIAS - The bias to shift each array slice up by. The following standard options influence this command: AXIS, BORDER, JUSTIFY Note that meddling with the "ioffset" and "bias" often will require you to change the default plot range some- what. It is also worth noting that if you have TriD work- ing you will probably be better off using mesh3d or a sim- ilar command - see PDL::Graphics::TriD. $r=sequence(e)/50-1.0; $y=exp(-$r**2)*transpose(exp(-$r**2)) hi2d $y, {IOFF => 1.5, BIAS => 0.07}; arrow Plot an arrow Usage: arrow($x1, $y1, $x2, $y2, [, $opt]); Plot an arrow from "$x1, $y1" to "$x2, $y2". The arrow shape can be set using the option "Arrow". See the docu- mentation for general options for details about this option (and the example below): Example: arrow(0, 1, 1, 2, {Arrow => {FS => 1, Angle => 60, Vent => 0.3, Size => 5}}); which draws a broad, large arrow from (0, 1) to (1, 2). poly Draw a polygon Usage: poly ( $x, $y ) Options recognised: The following standard options influence this command: AXIS, BORDER, COLOUR, FILLTYPE, HATCHING, JUSTIFY, LINESTYLE, LINEWIDTH # Fill with hatching in two different colours $x=sequence(e)/10; # First fill with cyan hatching poly $x, $x**2, {COLOR=>5, FILL=>3}; hold; # Then do it over again with the hatching offset in phase: poly $x, $x**2, {COLOR=>6, FILL=>3, HATCH=>{PHASE=>0.5}}; release; circle Plot a circle on the display using the fill setting. Usage: circle($x, $y, $radius [, $opt]); All arguments can alternatively be given in the options hash using the following options: XCenter and YCenter The position of the center of the circle Radius The radius of the circle. ellipse Plot an ellipse, optionally using fill style. Usage: ellipse($x, $y, $a, $b, $theta [, $opt]); All arguments can alternatively be given in the options hash using the following options: MajorAxis The major axis of the ellipse - this must be defined or $a must be given. MinorAxis The minor axis, like A this is required. Theta (synonym Angle) The orientation of the ellipse - defaults to 0.0. This is given in radians. XCenter and YCenter The coordinates of the center of the ellipse. These must be specified or $x and $y must be given. NPoints The number of points used to draw the ellipse. This defaults to 100 and might need changing in the case of very large ellipses. rectangle Draw a rectangle. Usage: rectangle($xcenter, $ycenter, $xside, $yside, [, $angle, $opt]); This routine draws a rectangle with the chosen fill style. Internally it calls poly which is somewhat slower than "pgrect" but which allows for rotated rectangles as well. The routine recognises the same options as poly and in addition the following XCenter and YCenter The position of the center of the rectangle. XCentre and YCentre are valid synonyms. XSide and YSide The length of the X and Y sides. If only one is speci- fied the shape is taken to be square with that as the side-length, alternatively the user can set Side Side The length of the sides of the rectangle (in this case a square) - syntactic sugar for setting XSide and YSide identical. This is overridden by XSide or YSide if any of those are set. Angle (synonym Theta) The angle at which the rectangle is to be drawn. This defaults to 0.0 and is given in radians. vect Display 2 images as a vector field Usage: vect ( $a, $b, [$scale, $pos, $transform, $misval] ) Notes: $transform for image/cont etc. is used in the same way as the "TR()" array in the underlying PGPLOT FORTRAN routine but is, fortunately, zero-offset. The "trans- form()" routine can be used to create this piddle. This routine will plot a vector field. $a is the horizontal component and $b the vertical component. Options recognised: SCALE - Set the scale factor for vector lengths. POS - Set the position of vectors. <0 - vector head at coordinate >0 - vector base at coordinate =0 - vector centered on the coordinate TRANSFORM - The pixel-to-world coordinate transform vector MISSING - Elements with this value are ignored. The following standard options influence this command: ARROW, ARROWSIZE, AXIS, BORDER, CHARSIZE, COLOUR, JUSTIFY, LINESTYLE, LINEWIDTH $a=rvals(11,11,{Centre=>[5,5]}); $b=rvals(11,11,{Centre=>[0,0]}); vect $a, $b, {COLOR=>YELLOW, ARROWSIZE=>0.5, LINESTYLE=>dashed}; transform Create transform array for contour and image plotting $win->transform([$xdim,$ydim], $options); This function creates a transform array in the format required by the image and contouring routines. You must call it with the dimensions of your image as arguments or pass these as an anonymous hash - see the example below. Angle The rotation angle of the transform ImageDimensions The dimensions of the image the transform is required for. The dimensions should be passed as a reference to an array. Pixinc The increment in output coordinate per pixel. ImageCenter (or ImageCentre) The centre of the image as an anonymous array or as a scalar. In the latter case the x and y value for the center will be set equal to this scalar. This is par- ticularly useful in the common case when the center is (0, 0). RefPos (or ReferencePosition) If you wish to set a pixel other than the image centre to a given value, use this option. It should be sup- plied with a reference to an array containing 2 2-ele- ment array references, e.g. RefPos => [ [ $xpix, $ypix ], [ $xplot, $yplot ] ] This will label pixel "($xpix,$ypix)" as being at position "($xplot,$yplot)". The "ImageCentre" option can be considered to be a special case of this option, since the following are identical (although one is a lot easier to type ;) ImageCentre => [ $xc, $yc ] RefPos => [ [($nx-1)/2,($ny-1)/2], [ $xc, $yc ] ] The values supplied in "ImageCentre" are used if both "ImageCentre" and "RefPos" are supplied in the options list. Example: $im = rvals(100, 100); $w = PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT::Window->new(Device => '/xs'); $t = $w->transform(dims($im), {ImageCenter => 0, Pixinc => 5}); $w->imag($im, {Transform => $t}); tline Threaded line plotting $win->tline($x, $y, $options); This is a threaded interface to "line". This is convenient if you have a 2D array and want to plot out every line in one go. The routine will apply any options you apply in a "reasonable" way. In the sense that it will loop over the options wrapping over if there are less options than lines. Example: $h={Colour => ['Red', '1', 4], Linestyle => ['Solid' ,'Dashed']}; $tx=zeroes(100,5)->xlinvals(-5,5); $ty = $tx + $tx->yvals; $win->tline($tx, $ty, $h); tpoints A threaded interface to points Usage: tpoints($x, $y, $options); This is a threaded interface to "points". This is conve- nient if you have a 2D array and want to plot out every line in one go. The routine will apply any options you apply in a "reasonable" way. In the sense that it will loop over the options wrapping over if there are less options than lines. Example: $h={Colour => ['Red', '1', 4], Linestyle => ['Solid' ,'Dashed']}; $tx=zeroes(100,5)->xlinvals(-5,5); $ty = $tx + $tx->yvals; tpoints($tx, $ty, $h); Text routines text Write text in a plot window at a specified position. Usage: text ($text, $x, $y [, $opt]) Options recognised: "ANGLE" The angle in degrees between the baseline of the text and the horisontal (increasing counter-clockwise). This defaults to 0. "JUSTIFICATION" The justification of the text relative to the position specified. It defaults to 0.0 which gives left-justi- fied text. A value of 0.5 gives centered text and a value of 1.0 gives right-justified text. "XPos", "YPos", "Text" These gives alternative ways to specify the text and position. "BackgroundColour" This sets the background colour for the text in case an opaque background is desired. You can also use the synonyms "Bg" and "BackgroundColor". The following standard options influence this command: COLOUR, CHARSIZE line sequence(e), sequence(e)**2; text 'A parabola', 3, 9, {Justification => 1, Angle=>atan2(6,1)}; legend Add a legend to a plot Usage: legend($text, $x, $y, [, $width], $opt]); This function adds a legend to an existing plot. The action is primarily controlled by information in the options hash, and the basic idea is that $x and $y deter- mines the upper left hand corner of the box in which the legend goes. If the width is specified either as an argu- ment or as an option in the option hash this is used to determine the optimal character size to fit the text into part of this width (defaults to 0.5 - see the description of "TextFraction" below). The rest of the width is filled out with either lines or symbols according to the content of the "LineStyle", "Symbol", "Colour" and "LineWidth" options. The local options recognised are as follows: "Text" An anonymous array of annotations, can also be speci- fied directly. "XPos" and "YPos" The X and Y position of the upper left-hand corner of the text. "Width" and "Height" The width and/or height of each line (including sym- bol/line). This is used to determine the character size. If any of these are set to 'Automatic' the cur- rent character size will be used. "TextFraction" The text and the symbol/line is set inside a box. "TextFraction" determines how much of this box should be devoted to text. This defaults to 0.5. You can also use "Fraction" as a synonym to this. "TextShift" This option allows for fine control of the spacing between the text and the start of the line/symbol. It is given in fractions of the total width of the legend box. The default value is 0.1. "VertSpace" or "VSpace" By default the text lines are separated by one charac- ter height (in the sense that if the separation were 0 then they would lie on top of each other). The "VertSpace" option allows you to increase (or decrease) this gap in units of the character height; a value of 0.5 would add half a character height to the gap between lines, and -0.5 would remove the same dis- tance. The default value is 0. "BackgroundColour" This sets the background colour for the text in case an opaque background is desired. You can also use the synonyms "Bg" and "BackgroundColor". line $x, $y, {Color => 'Red', LineStyle => 'Solid'}; line $x2, $y2, {Color => 'Blue', 'LineStyle' => 'Dashed', LineWidth => 10}; legend ['A red line', 'A blue line'], 5, 5, {LineStyle => ['Solid', 'Dashed'], Colour => ['Red', 'Blue'] LineWidth => [undef, 10]}; # undef gives default. Cursor routines cursor Interactively read cursor positions. Usage: ($x, $y, $ch, $xref, $yref) = cursor($opt) This routine has no standard input parameters, but the type of cursor can be set by setting the option "Type" as a key in the anonymous hash $opt. The first three return values from the function are always defined and gives the position selected by the user and the character pressed. Depending on the cursor type selected the last two argu- ments might also be defined and these give a reference position. For instance if the cursor is selected to be "Rectangle" then the reference position gives one of the corners of the rectangle and $x and $y the diagonally opposite one. Options recognised: XRef, YRef The reference position to be used Type The type of cursor. This can be selected using a num- ber between 0 and 7 as in PGPLOT, or alternatively you can specify these as, "Default" (0), "RadialLine" (1), "Rectangle" (2), "TwoHorizontalLines" (3), "TwoVerticalLines" (4), "HorizontalLine" (5), "Verti- calLine" (6) and "CrossHair" (7) respectively. The default cursor is just the normal mouse cursor. For the "RadialLine" you must specify the reference point, whereas for the "Two(Vertical|Horizontal)Lines" cursor the X or Y reference point, respectively, must be specified. To select a region on a plot, use the rectangle cursor: ($x, $y, $ch, $xref, $yref) = cursor({Type => 'Rectangle'}); poly pdl($x, $xref, $xref, $x, $x), pdl($y, $y, $yref, $yref, $y); To select a region of the X-axis: ($x1, $y1, $ch) = cursor({Type => 'VerticalLine'}); ($x2, $y2, $ch) = cursor({Type => 'TwoVerticalLines', XRef => $x1}); Internal routines _open_new_window Open a new window. This sets the window ID, which is the one used when accessing a window later using "pgslct". It also sets the window name to something easily remembered if it has not been set before. _setup_window This routine sets up a new window with its shape and size. This is also where the two options "WindowXSize" and "Win- dowYSize" are parsed. These are then forgotten (well, they are stored in $self->{Options}, but forget that) and the corresponding aspect ratio and window width is stored. Alternatively, the "AspectRatio" and "WindowWidth" options are used to set the view surface. The logic goes somewhat like this: 1 If "WindowXSize" and "WindowYSize" are both non-zero, then those are used. 2 If "AspectRatio" is non-zero and "WindowWidth" is zero, "WindowWidth" is calculated such that it a region with the given aspect ratio will fit within the device's view surface. 3 If both "AspectRatio" and "WindowWidth" are zero, the device's default "AspectRatio" and "Win- dowWidth" is used. Finally the subpanels are set up using "pgsubp" and colours and linewidth are adjusted according to whether we have a hardcopy device or not. _status This routine checks the status of the window. It returns OPEN if the window is open and CLOSED if it is closed. _reopen This functions reopens a window. Since this is an internal function it does not have a lot of error-checking. Make sure the device is closed before calling this routine. There is an unfortunate problem which pops up viz. that the window name cannot be changed at this point since we are offering that to the rest of the world. That might be sensible, but it means that the window name will not reflect the id of the window - use "id()" for that (this is also why we do not call "open_new_window" ) _advance_panel This routine advances one plot panel, updating the Cur- rentPanel as well. If the advance will proceed past the page the page will be erased. Also note that when you advance one panel the hold value will be changed. _check_move_or_erase This routine is a utility routine which checks if we need to move panel, and if so will do this. It also checks if it is necessary to advance panels, and whether they need to be erased. _thread_options This function is a cludgy utility function that expands an options hash to an array of hashes looping over options. This is mainly of use for "threaded" interfaces to stan- dard plotting routines. options Access the options used when originally opening the win- dow. At the moment this is not updated when the window is changed later. id Access the window ID that PGPLOT uses for the present win- dow. device This function returns the device type of the present win- dow. name Accessor to set and examine the name of a window. focus Set focus for subsequent PGPLOT commands to this window. info Get general information about the PGPLOT environment. @ans = $self->info( @item ); The valid values of @item are as below, where case is not important: VERSION - What PGPLOT version is in use STATE - The status of the output device, this is returns 'OPEN' if the device is open and 'CLOSED' otherwise. USER - The username of the owner of the spawning program. NOW - The current date and time in the format 'dd-MMM-yyyy hh:mm'. Most people are likely to use Perl functions for this. DEVICE * - The current PGPLOT device or file, see also C<device> FILE * - The filename for the current device TYPE * - And the device type for the current device DEV/TYPE * - This combines DEVICE and TYPE in a form that can be used as input to C<new>. HARDCOPY * - This is flag which is set to 'YES' if the current device is a hardcopy device and 'NO' otherwise. TERMINAL * - This flag is set to 'YES' if the current device is the user's terminal and 'NO' otherwise. CURSOR * - A flag ('YES' or 'NO') to inform whether the current device has a cursor. Those items marced with a "*" only return a valid answer if the window is open. A question mark ("?") is returned if the item is not recognised or the information is not available. _extract_hash This routine takes and array and returns the first hash reference found as well as those elements that are not hashes. Note the latter point because all other references to hashes in the array will be lost. _parse_options This is a convenience routine for parsing a set of options. It returns both the full set of options and those that the user has set. _save_status Saves the PGPLOT state so that changes to settings can be made and then the present state restored by "_restore_sta- tus". _restore_status Restore the PGPLOT state. See _save_status. _checkarg This routine checks and optionally alters the arguments given to it. _set_colour This is an internal routine that encapsulates all the nas- tiness of setting colours depending on the different PGPLOT colour models (although HLS is not supported). The routine works in the following way: o At initialisation of the plot device the work colour index is set to 16. The work index is the index the routine will modify unless the user has specified something else. o The routine should be used after standard inter- pretation and synonym matching has been used. So if the colour is given as input is an integer that colour index is used. o If the colour is a reference the routine checks whether it is an "ARRAY" or a "PDL" reference. If it is not an error message is given. If it is a "PDL" reference it will be converted to an array ref. o If the array has four elements the first element is interpreted as the colour index to modify and this overrules the setting for the work index used internally. Otherwise the work index is used and incremented until the maximum number of colours for the output device is reached (as indicated by "pgqcol"). Should you wish to change that you need to read the PGPLOT documentation - it is somewhat device dependent. o When the array has been recognised the R,G and B colours of the user-set index or work index is set using the "pgscr" command and we are finished. o If the input colour instead is a string we try to set the colour using the PGPLOT routine "pgscrn" with no other error-checking. This should be ok, as that routine returns a rather sensible error-message. _standard_options_parser This internal routine is the default routine for parsing options. This routine deals with a subset of options that most routines will accept. INTERNAL The coding tries to follow reasonable standards, so that all functions starting with an underscore should be con- sidered as internal and should not be called from outside the package. In addition most routines has a set of options. These are encapsulated and are not accessible outside the routine. This is to avoid collisions between different variables. AUTHOR Karl Glazebrook [kgb@aaoepp.aao.gov.au] modified by Jarle Brinchmann (jarle@astro.ox.ac.uk) who is also responsible for the OO interface, docs mangled by Tuomas J. Lukka (lukka@fas.harvard.edu) and Christian Soeller (c.soeller@auckland.ac.nz). Further contributions and bug- fixes from Kaj Wiik, Doug Burke and many others. All rights reserved. There is no warranty. You are allowed to redistribute this software / documentation under cer- tain conditions. For details, see the file COPYING in the PDL distribution. If this file is separated from the PDL distribution, the copyright notice should be included in the file. perl v5.6.1 2001-11-09 Window(w)