Basic(c) User Contributed Perl Documentation Basic(c) NAME PDL::Basic -- Basic utility functions for PDL DESCRIPTION This module contains basic utility functions for creating and manipulating piddles. Most of these functions are sim- plified interfaces to the more flexible functions in the modules PDL::Primitive and PDL::Slices. SYNOPSIS use PDL::Basic; FUNCTIONS xvals Fills a piddle with X index values $x = xvals($somearray); $x = xvals([OPTIONAL TYPE],$nx,$ny,$nz...); etc. see zeroes. perldl> print xvals zeroes(5,10) [ [0 1 2 3 4] [0 1 2 3 4] [0 1 2 3 4] [0 1 2 3 4] [0 1 2 3 4] [0 1 2 3 4] [0 1 2 3 4] [0 1 2 3 4] [0 1 2 3 4] [0 1 2 3 4] ] yvals Fills a piddle with Y index values $x = yvals($somearray); yvals(inplace($somearray)); $x = yvals([OPTIONAL TYPE],$nx,$ny,$nz...); etc. see zeroes. perldl> print yvals zeroes(5,10) [ [0 0 0 0 0] [1 1 1 1 1] [2 2 2 2 2] [3 3 3 3 3] [4 4 4 4 4] [5 5 5 5 5] [6 6 6 6 6] [7 7 7 7 7] [8 8 8 8 8] [9 9 9 9 9] ] zvals Fills a piddle with Z index values $x = zvals($somearray); zvals(inplace($somearray)); $x = zvals([OPTIONAL TYPE],$nx,$ny,$nz...); etc. see zeroes. perldl> print zvals zeroes(3,4,2) [ [ [0 0 0] [0 0 0] [0 0 0] [0 0 0] ] [ [1 1 1] [1 1 1] [1 1 1] [1 1 1] ] ] xlinvals X axis values between endpoints (see xvals). $a = zeroes(100,100); $x = $a->xlinvals(0.5,1.5); $y = $a->ylinvals(-2,-1); # calculate Z for X between 0.5 and 1.5 and # Y between -2 and -1. $z = f($x,$y); "xlinvals", "ylinvals" and "zlinvals" return a piddle with the same shape as their first argument and linearly scaled values between the two other arguments along the given axis. ylinvals Y axis values between endpoints (see yvals). See xlinvals for more information. zlinvals Z axis values between endpoints (see zvals). See xlinvals for more information. hist Create histogram of a piddle $hist = hist($data,[$min,$max,$step]); ($xvals,$hist) = hist($data,[$min,$max,$step]); If requested, $xvals gives the computed bin centres A nice idiom (with PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT) is bin hist $data; # Plot histogram perldl> p $y [13 10 13 10 9 13 9 12 11 10 10 13 7 6 8 10 11 7 12 9 11 11 12 6 12 7] perldl> $h = hist $y,0,20,1; # hist with step 1, min 0 and 20 bins perldl> p $h [0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 3 5 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0] whist Create a weighted histogram of a piddle $hist = whist($data, $wt, [$min,$max,$step]); ($xvals,$hist) = whist($data, $wt, [$min,$max,$step]); If requested, $xvals gives the computed bin centres. $data and $wt should have the same dimensionality and extents. A nice idiom (with PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT) is bin whist $data, $wt; # Plot histogram perldl> p $y [13 10 13 10 9 13 9 12 11 10 10 13 7 6 8 10 11 7 12 9 11 11 12 6 12 7] perldl> $wt = grandom($y->nelem) perldl> $h = whist $y, $wt, 0, 20, 1 # hist with step 1, min 0 and 20 bins perldl> p $h [0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.49552342 1.7987439 0.39450696 4.0073722 -2.6255299 -2.5084501 2.6458365 4.1671676 0 0 0 0 0 0] sequence Create array filled with a sequence of values $a = sequence($b); $a = sequence [OPTIONAL TYPE], @dims; etc. see zeroes. perldl> p sequence(e) [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9] perldl> p sequence(3,4) [ [ 0 1 2] [ 3 4 5] [ 6 7 8] [ 9 10 11] ] rvals Fills a piddle with radial distance values from some cen- tre. $r = rvals $piddle,{OPTIONS}; $r = rvals [OPTIONAL TYPE],$nx,$ny,...{OPTIONS}; Options: Centre => [$x,$y,$z...] # Specify centre Center => [$x,$y.$z...] # synonym. Squared => 1 # return distance squared (i.e., don't take the square root) perldl> print rvals long,7,7,{Centre=>[2,2]} [ [2 2 2 2 2 3 4] [2 1 1 1 2 3 4] [2 1 0 1 2 3 4] [2 1 1 1 2 3 4] [2 2 2 2 2 3 4] [3 3 3 3 3 4 5] [4 4 4 4 4 5 5] ] For a more general metric, one can define, e.g., sub distance { my ($a,$centre,$f) = @_; my ($r) = $a->allaxisvals-$centre; $f->($r); } sub l1 { sumover(abs($_[0])); } sub euclid { use PDL::Math 'pow'; pow(sumover(pow($_[0],2)),0.5); } sub linfty { maximum(abs($_[0])); } so now distance($a, $centre, \&euclid); will emulate rvals, while "\&l1" and "\&linfty" will gen- erate other well-known norms. axisvals Fills a piddle with index values on Nth dimension $z = axisvals ($piddle, $nth); This is the routine, for which xvals, yvals etc are mere shorthands. "axisvals" can be used to fill along any dimension. Note the 'from specification' style (see zeroes) is not available here, for obvious reasons. allaxisvals Generates a piddle with index values $z = allaxisvals ($piddle); "allaxisvals" produces an array with axis values along each dimension, adding an extra dimension at the start. "allaxisvals($piddle)->slice("($nth)")" will produce the same result as "axisvals($piddle,$nth)" (although with extra work and not inplace). It's useful when all the values will be required, as in the example given of a generalized rvals. transpose transpose rows and columns. $b = transpose($a); $b = ~$a; Also bound to the "~" unary operator in PDL::Matrix. perldl> $a = sequence(3,2) perldl> p $a [ [0 1 2] [3 4 5] ] perldl> p transpose( $a ) [ [0 3] [1 4] [2 5] ] perl v5.6.1 2001-10-25 Basic(c)