version 4, including all changes.
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EQN |
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!!!EQN |
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NAME |
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SYNOPSIS |
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DESCRIPTION |
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OPTIONS |
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USAGE |
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FILES |
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BUGS |
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SEE ALSO |
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---- |
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!!NAME |
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eqn - format equations for troff |
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!!SYNOPSIS |
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__eqn__ [[ __-rvCNR__ ] [[ __-d__''cc'' ] [[ |
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__-T__''name'' ] [[ __-M__''dir'' ] [[ |
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__-f__''F'' ] [[ __-s__''n'' ] [[ |
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__-p__''n'' ] [[ __-m__''n'' ] [[ ''files...'' |
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] |
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It is possible to have whitespace between a command line |
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option and its parameter. |
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!!DESCRIPTION |
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This manual page describes the GNU version of __eqn__, |
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which is part of the groff document formatting system. |
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__eqn__ compiles descriptions of equations embedded |
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within __troff__ input files into commands that are |
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understood by __troff__. Normally, it should be invoked |
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using the __-e__ option of __groff__. The syntax is |
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quite compatible with Unix eqn. The output of GNU eqn cannot |
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be processed with Unix troff; it must be processed with GNU |
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troff. If no files are given on the command line, the |
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standard input will be read. A filename of __-__ will |
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cause the standard input to be read. |
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__eqn__ searches for the file __eqnrc__ in the |
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directories given with the __-M__ option first, then in |
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__/usr/lib/groff/site-tmac__, |
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__/usr/share/groff/site-tmac__, and finally in the |
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standard macro directory |
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__/usr/share/groff/1.17.2/tmac__. If it exists, eqn will |
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process it before the other input files. The __-R__ |
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option prevents this. |
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GNU eqn does not provide the functionality of neqn: it does |
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not support low-resolution, typewriter-like devices |
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(although it may work adequately for very simple |
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input). |
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!!OPTIONS |
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__-C__ |
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Recognize __.EQ__ and __.EN__ even when followed by a |
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character other than space or newline. |
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__-N__ |
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Don't allow newlines within delimiters. This option allows |
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__eqn__ to recover better from missing closing |
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delimiters. |
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__-v__ |
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Print the version number. |
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__-r__ |
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Only one size reduction. |
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__-m__''n'' |
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The minimum point-size is ''n''. eqn will not reduce the |
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size of subscripts or superscripts to a smaller size than |
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''n''. |
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__-T__''name'' |
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The output is for device ''name''. The only effect of |
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this is to define a macro ''name'' with a value of |
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__1__. Typically __eqnrc__ will use this to provide |
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definitions appropriate for the output device. The default |
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output device is __ps__. |
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__-M__''dir'' |
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Search ''dir'' for __eqnrc__ before the default |
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directories. |
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__-R__ |
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Don't load __eqnrc__. |
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__-f__''F'' |
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This is equivalent to a __gfont__ ''F'' |
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command. |
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__-s__''n'' |
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This is equivalent to a __gsize__ ''n'' command. This |
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option is deprecated. eqn will normally set equations at |
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whatever the current point size is when the equation is |
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encountered. |
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__-p__''n'' |
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This says that subscripts and superscripts should be |
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''n'' points smaller than the surrounding text. This |
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option is deprecated. Normally eqn makes sets subscripts and |
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superscripts at 70% of the size of the surrounding |
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text. |
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!!USAGE |
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Only the differences between GNU eqn and Unix eqn are |
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described here. |
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Most of the new features of GNU eqn are based on TeX. There |
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are some references to the differences between TeX and GNU |
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eqn below; these may safely be ignored if you do not know |
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TeX. |
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__Automatic spacing__ |
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__eqn__ gives each component of an equation a type, and |
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adjusts the spacing between components using that type. |
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Possible types are: |
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ordinary |
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an ordinary character such as 1 or ''x''; |
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operator |
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a large operator such as the summation |
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operator; |
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binary |
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a binary operator such as +; |
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relation |
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a relation such as =; |
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opening |
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a opening bracket such as (; |
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closing |
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a closing bracket such as ); |
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punctuation |
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a punctuation character such as ,; |
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inner a subformula contained within brackets; |
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suppress |
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spacing that suppresses automatic spacing |
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adjustment. |
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Components of an equation get a type in one of two |
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ways. |
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__type__ ''t e'' |
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This yields an equation component that contains ''e'' but |
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that has type ''t'', where ''t'' is one of the types |
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mentioned above. For example, __times__ is defined |
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as |
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__type __ |
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The name of the type doesn't have to be quoted, but quoting |
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protects from macro expansion. |
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__chartype__ ''t text'' |
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Unquoted groups of characters are split up into individual |
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characters, and the type of each character is looked up; |
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this changes the type that is stored for each character; it |
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says that the characters in ''text'' from now on have |
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type ''t''. For example, |
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__chartype __ |
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would make the characters __.,;:__ have type punctuation |
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whenever they subsequently appeared in an equation. The type |
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''t'' can also be __letter__ or __digit__; in these |
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cases __chartype__ changes the font type of the |
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characters. See the Fonts subsection. |
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__New primitives__ |
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''e1'' __smallover__ ''e2'' |
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This is similar to __over__; __smallover__ reduces the |
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size of ''e1'' and ''e2''; it also puts less vertical |
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space between ''e1'' or ''e2'' and the fraction bar. |
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The __over__ primitive corresponds to the TeX __over__ |
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primitive in display styles; __smallover__ corresponds to |
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__over__ in non-display styles. |
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__vcenter__ ''e'' |
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This vertically centers ''e'' about the math axis. The |
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math axis is the vertical position about which characters |
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such as + and - are centered; also it is the vertical |
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position used for the bar of fractions. For example, |
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__sum__ is defined as |
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__{ type |
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__ |
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''e1'' __accent__ ''e2'' |
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This sets ''e2'' as an accent over ''e1''. ''e2'' |
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is assumed to be at the correct height for a lowercase |
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letter; ''e2'' will be moved down according if ''e1'' |
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is taller or shorter than a lowercase letter. For example, |
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__hat__ is defined as |
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__accent { __ |
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__dotdot__, __dot__, __tilde__, __vec__ and |
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__dyad__ are also defined using the __accent__ |
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primitive. |
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''e1'' __uaccent__ ''e2'' |
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This sets ''e2'' as an accent under ''e1''. ''e2'' |
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is assumed to be at the correct height for a character |
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without a descender; ''e2'' will be moved down if |
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''e1'' has a descender. __utilde__ is pre-defined |
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using __uaccent__ as a tilde accent below the |
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baseline. |
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__split __''text''____ |
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This has the same effect as simply |
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''text'' |
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but ''text'' is not subject to macro expansion because it |
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is quoted; ''text'' will be split up and the spacing |
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between individual characters will be adjusted. |
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__nosplit__ ''text'' |
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This has the same effect as |
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____''text''____ |
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but because ''text'' is not quoted it will be subject to |
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macro expansion; ''text'' will not be split up and the |
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spacing between individual characters will not be |
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adjusted. |
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''e'' __opprime__ |
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This is a variant of __prime__ that acts as an operator |
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on ''e''. It produces a different result from |
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__prime__ in a case such as __A opprime sub 1__: with |
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__opprime__ the __1__ will be tucked under the prime |
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as a subscript to the __A__ (as is conventional in |
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mathematical typesetting), whereas with __prime__ the |
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__1__ will be a subscript to the prime character. The |
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precedence of __opprime__ is the same as that of |
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__bar__ and __under__, which is higher than that of |
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everything except __accent__ and __uaccent__. In |
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unquoted text a __'__ that is not the first character |
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will be treated like __opprime__. |
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__special__ ''text e'' |
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This constructs a new object from ''e'' using a |
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troff(1) macro named ''text''. When the macro is |
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called, the string __0s__ will contain the output for |
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''e'', and the number registers __0w__, __0h__, |
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__0d__, __0skern__ and __0skew__ will contain the |
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width, height, depth, subscript kern, and skew of ''e''. |
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(The ''subscript kern'' of an object says how much a |
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subscript on that object should be tucked in; the |
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''skew'' of an object says how far to the right of the |
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center of the object an accent over the object should be |
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placed.) The macro must modify __0s__ so that it will |
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output the desired result with its origin at the current |
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point, and increase the current horizontal position by the |
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width of the object. The number registers must also be |
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modified so that they correspond to the result. |
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For example, suppose you wanted a construct that `cancels' |
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an expression by drawing a diagonal line through |
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it. |
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__.EQ |
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define cancel 'special Ca' |
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.EN |
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.de Ca |
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.ds 0s Z'\*(0s'v'\n(0du'D'l \n(0wu -\n(0hu-\n(0du'v'\n(0hu' |
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.. |
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__ |
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Then you could cancel an expression ''e'' with __cancel |
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{__ ''e'' __}__ |
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Here's a more complicated construct that draws a box round |
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an expression: |
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__.EQ |
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define box 'special Bx' |
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.EN |
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.de Bx |
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.ds 0s Z'h'1n'\*(0s'\ |
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Z'v'\n(0du+1n'D'l \n(0wu+2n 0'D'l 0 -\n(0hu-\n(0du-2n'\ |
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D'l -\n(0wu-2n 0'D'l 0 \n(0hu+\n(0du+2n''h'\n(0wu+2n' |
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.nr 0w +2n |
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.nr 0d +1n |
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.nr 0h +1n |
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.. |
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__ |
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__Customization__ |
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The appearance of equations is controlled by a large number |
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of parameters. These can be set using the __set__ |
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command. |
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__set__ ''p n'' |
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This sets parameter ''p'' to value ''n ; n'' is an |
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integer. For example, |
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__set x_height 45__ |
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says that __eqn__ should assume an x height of 0.45 |
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ems. |
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Possible parameters are as follows. Values are in units of |
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hundredths of an em unless otherwise stated. These |
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descriptions are intended to be expository rather than |
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definitive. |
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__minimum_size__ |
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447 |
__eqn__ will not set anything at a smaller point-size |
|
|
448 |
than this. The value is in points. |
|
|
449 |
|
|
|
450 |
|
|
|
451 |
__fat_offset__ |
|
|
452 |
|
|
|
453 |
|
|
|
454 |
The __fat__ primitive emboldens an equation by |
|
|
455 |
overprinting two copies of the equation horizontally offset |
|
|
456 |
by this amount. |
|
|
457 |
|
|
|
458 |
|
|
|
459 |
__over_hang__ A fraction bar will be longer by twice this |
|
|
460 |
amount than the maximum of the widths of the numerator and |
|
|
461 |
denominator; in other words, it will overhang the numerator |
|
|
462 |
and denominator by at least this amount. |
|
|
463 |
|
|
|
464 |
|
|
|
465 |
__accent_width__ |
|
|
466 |
|
|
|
467 |
|
|
|
468 |
When __bar__ or __under__ is applied to a single |
|
|
469 |
character, the line will be this long. Normally, __bar__ |
|
|
470 |
or __under__ produces a line whose length is the width of |
|
|
471 |
the object to which it applies; in the case of a single |
|
|
472 |
character, this tends to produce a line that looks too |
|
|
473 |
long. |
|
|
474 |
|
|
|
475 |
|
|
|
476 |
__delimiter_factor__ |
|
|
477 |
|
|
|
478 |
|
|
|
479 |
Extensible delimiters produced with the __left__ and |
|
|
480 |
__right__ primitives will have a combined height and |
|
|
481 |
depth of at least this many thousandths of twice the maximum |
|
|
482 |
amount by which the sub-equation that the delimiters enclose |
|
|
483 |
extends away from the axis. |
|
|
484 |
|
|
|
485 |
|
|
|
486 |
__delimiter_shortfall__ |
|
|
487 |
|
|
|
488 |
|
|
|
489 |
Extensible delimiters produced with the __left__ and |
|
|
490 |
__right__ primitives will have a combined height and |
|
|
491 |
depth not less than the difference of twice the maximum |
|
|
492 |
amount by which the sub-equation that the delimiters enclose |
|
|
493 |
extends away from the axis and this amount. |
|
|
494 |
|
|
|
495 |
|
|
|
496 |
__null_delimiter_space__ |
|
|
497 |
|
|
|
498 |
|
|
|
499 |
This much horizontal space is inserted on each side of a |
|
|
500 |
fraction. |
|
|
501 |
|
|
|
502 |
|
|
|
503 |
__script_space__ |
|
|
504 |
|
|
|
505 |
|
|
|
506 |
The width of subscripts and superscripts is increased by |
|
|
507 |
this amount. |
|
|
508 |
|
|
|
509 |
|
|
|
510 |
__thin_space__ |
|
|
511 |
|
|
|
512 |
|
|
|
513 |
This amount of space is automatically inserted after |
|
|
514 |
punctuation characters. |
|
|
515 |
|
|
|
516 |
|
|
|
517 |
__medium_space__ |
|
|
518 |
|
|
|
519 |
|
|
|
520 |
This amount of space is automatically inserted on either |
|
|
521 |
side of binary operators. |
|
|
522 |
|
|
|
523 |
|
|
|
524 |
__thick_space__ |
|
|
525 |
|
|
|
526 |
|
|
|
527 |
This amount of space is automatically inserted on either |
|
|
528 |
side of relations. |
|
|
529 |
|
|
|
530 |
|
|
|
531 |
__x_height__ The height of lowercase letters without |
|
|
532 |
ascenders such as x. |
|
|
533 |
|
|
|
534 |
|
|
|
535 |
__axis_height__ |
|
|
536 |
|
|
|
537 |
|
|
|
538 |
The height above the baseline of the center of characters |
|
|
539 |
such as + and -. It is important that this value is correct |
|
|
540 |
for the font you are using. |
|
|
541 |
|
|
|
542 |
|
|
|
543 |
__default_rule_thickness__ |
|
|
544 |
|
|
|
545 |
|
|
|
546 |
This should set to the thickness of the _____ character, |
|
|
547 |
or the thickness of horizontal lines produced with the |
|
|
548 |
__D__ escape sequence. |
|
|
549 |
|
|
|
550 |
|
|
|
551 |
__num1__ The __over__ command will shift up the |
|
|
552 |
numerator by at least this amount. |
|
|
553 |
|
|
|
554 |
|
|
|
555 |
__num2__ The __smallover__ command will shift up the |
|
|
556 |
numerator by at least this amount. |
|
|
557 |
|
|
|
558 |
|
|
|
559 |
__denom1__ The __over__ command will shift down the |
|
|
560 |
denominator by at least this amount. |
|
|
561 |
|
|
|
562 |
|
|
|
563 |
__denom2__ The __smallover__ command will shift down |
|
|
564 |
the denominator by at least this amount. |
|
|
565 |
|
|
|
566 |
|
|
|
567 |
__sup1__ Normally superscripts will be shifted up by at |
|
|
568 |
least this amount. |
|
|
569 |
|
|
|
570 |
|
|
|
571 |
__sup2__ Superscripts within superscripts or upper limits |
|
|
572 |
or numerators of __smallover__ fractions will be shifted |
|
|
573 |
up by at least this amount. This is usually less than |
|
|
574 |
sup1. |
|
|
575 |
|
|
|
576 |
|
|
|
577 |
__sup3__ Superscripts within denominators or square roots |
|
|
578 |
or subscripts or lower limits will be shifted up by at least |
|
|
579 |
this amount. This is usually less than sup2. |
|
|
580 |
|
|
|
581 |
|
|
|
582 |
__sub1__ Subscripts will normally be shifted down by at |
|
|
583 |
least this amount. |
|
|
584 |
|
|
|
585 |
|
|
|
586 |
__sub2__ When there is both a subscript and a |
|
|
587 |
superscript, the subscript will be shifted down by at least |
|
|
588 |
this amount. |
|
|
589 |
|
|
|
590 |
|
|
|
591 |
__sup_drop__ The baseline of a superscript will be no |
|
|
592 |
more than this much amount below the top of the object on |
|
|
593 |
which the superscript is set. |
|
|
594 |
|
|
|
595 |
|
|
|
596 |
__sub_drop__ The baseline of a subscript will be at least |
|
|
597 |
this much below the bottom of the object on which the |
|
|
598 |
subscript is set. |
|
|
599 |
|
|
|
600 |
|
|
|
601 |
__big_op_spacing1__ |
|
|
602 |
|
|
|
603 |
|
|
|
604 |
The baseline of an upper limit will be at least this much |
|
|
605 |
above the top of the object on which the limit is |
|
|
606 |
set. |
|
|
607 |
|
|
|
608 |
|
|
|
609 |
__big_op_spacing2__ |
|
|
610 |
|
|
|
611 |
|
|
|
612 |
The baseline of a lower limit will be at least this much |
|
|
613 |
below the bottom of the object on which the limit is |
|
|
614 |
set. |
|
|
615 |
|
|
|
616 |
|
|
|
617 |
__big_op_spacing3__ |
|
|
618 |
|
|
|
619 |
|
|
|
620 |
The bottom of an upper limit will be at least this much |
|
|
621 |
above the top of the object on which the limit is |
|
|
622 |
set. |
|
|
623 |
|
|
|
624 |
|
|
|
625 |
__big_op_spacing4__ |
|
|
626 |
|
|
|
627 |
|
|
|
628 |
The top of a lower limit will be at least this much below |
|
|
629 |
the bottom of the object on which the limit is |
|
|
630 |
set. |
|
|
631 |
|
|
|
632 |
|
|
|
633 |
__big_op_spacing5__ |
|
|
634 |
|
|
|
635 |
|
|
|
636 |
This much vertical space will be added above and below |
|
|
637 |
limits. |
|
|
638 |
|
|
|
639 |
|
|
|
640 |
__baseline_sep__ |
|
|
641 |
|
|
|
642 |
|
|
|
643 |
The baselines of the rows in a pile or matrix will normally |
|
|
644 |
be this far apart. In most cases this should be equal to the |
|
|
645 |
sum of __num1__ and __denom1__. |
|
|
646 |
|
|
|
647 |
|
|
|
648 |
__shift_down__ |
|
|
649 |
|
|
|
650 |
|
|
|
651 |
The midpoint between the top baseline and the bottom |
|
|
652 |
baseline in a matrix or pile will be shifted down by this |
|
|
653 |
much from the axis. In most cases this should be equal to |
|
|
654 |
__axis_height__. |
|
|
655 |
|
|
|
656 |
|
|
|
657 |
__column_sep__ |
|
|
658 |
|
|
|
659 |
|
|
|
660 |
This much space will be added between columns in a |
|
|
661 |
matrix. |
|
|
662 |
|
|
|
663 |
|
|
|
664 |
__matrix_side_sep__ |
|
|
665 |
|
|
|
666 |
|
|
|
667 |
This much space will be added at each side of a |
|
|
668 |
matrix. |
|
|
669 |
|
|
|
670 |
|
|
|
671 |
__draw_lines__ |
|
|
672 |
|
|
|
673 |
|
|
|
674 |
If this is non-zero, lines will be drawn using the __D__ |
|
|
675 |
escape sequence, rather than with the __l__ escape |
|
|
676 |
sequence and the _____ character. |
|
|
677 |
|
|
|
678 |
|
|
|
679 |
__body_height__ |
|
|
680 |
|
|
|
681 |
|
|
|
682 |
The amount by which the height of the equation exceeds this |
|
|
683 |
will be added as extra space before the line containing the |
|
|
684 |
equation (using __x__.) The default value is |
|
|
685 |
85. |
|
|
686 |
|
|
|
687 |
|
|
|
688 |
__body_depth__ |
|
|
689 |
|
|
|
690 |
|
|
|
691 |
The amount by which the depth of the equation exceeds this |
|
|
692 |
will be added as extra space after the line containing the |
|
|
693 |
equation (using __x__.) The default value is |
|
|
694 |
35. |
|
|
695 |
|
|
|
696 |
|
|
|
697 |
__nroff__ If this is non-zero, then __ndefine__ will |
|
|
698 |
behave like __define__ and __tdefine__ will be |
|
|
699 |
ignored, otherwise __tdefine__ will behave like |
|
|
700 |
__define__ and __ndefine__ will be ignored. The |
|
|
701 |
default value is 0 (This is typically changed to 1 by the |
|
|
702 |
__eqnrc__ file for the __ascii__, __latin1__, |
|
|
703 |
__utf8__, and __cp1047__ devices.) |
|
|
704 |
|
|
|
705 |
|
|
|
706 |
A more precise description of the role of many of these |
|
|
707 |
parameters can be found in Appendix H of ''The |
3 |
perry |
708 |
!TeXbook''. |
1 |
perry |
709 |
|
|
|
710 |
|
|
|
711 |
__Macros__ |
|
|
712 |
|
|
|
713 |
|
|
|
714 |
Macros can take arguments. In a macro body, __$__''n'' |
|
|
715 |
where ''n'' is between 1 and 9, will be replaced by the |
|
|
716 |
''n-th'' argument if the macro is called with arguments; |
|
|
717 |
if there are fewer than ''n'' arguments, it will be |
|
|
718 |
replaced by nothing. A word containing a left parenthesis |
|
|
719 |
where the part of the word before the left parenthesis has |
|
|
720 |
been defined using the __define__ command will be |
|
|
721 |
recognized as a macro call with arguments; characters |
|
|
722 |
following the left parenthesis up to a matching right |
|
|
723 |
parenthesis will be treated as comma-separated arguments; |
|
|
724 |
commas inside nested parentheses do not terminate an |
|
|
725 |
argument. |
|
|
726 |
|
|
|
727 |
|
|
|
728 |
__sdefine__ ''name X anything X'' |
|
|
729 |
|
|
|
730 |
|
|
|
731 |
This is like the __define__ command, but ''name'' will |
|
|
732 |
not be recognized if called with arguments. |
|
|
733 |
|
|
|
734 |
|
|
|
735 |
__include __''file''____ |
|
|
736 |
|
|
|
737 |
|
|
|
738 |
Include the contents of ''file''. Lines of ''file'' |
|
|
739 |
beginning with __.EQ__ or __.EN__ will be |
|
|
740 |
ignored. |
|
|
741 |
|
|
|
742 |
|
|
|
743 |
__ifdef__ ''name X anything X'' |
|
|
744 |
|
|
|
745 |
|
|
|
746 |
If ''name'' has been defined by __define__ (or has |
|
|
747 |
been automatically defined because ''name'' is the output |
|
|
748 |
device) process ''anything''; otherwise ignore |
|
|
749 |
''anything''. ''X'' can be any character not appearing |
|
|
750 |
in ''anything''. |
|
|
751 |
|
|
|
752 |
|
|
|
753 |
__Fonts__ |
|
|
754 |
|
|
|
755 |
|
|
|
756 |
__eqn__ normally uses at least two fonts to set an |
|
|
757 |
equation: an italic font for letters, and a roman font for |
|
|
758 |
everything else. The existing __gfont__ command changes |
|
|
759 |
the font that is used as the italic font. By default this is |
|
|
760 |
__I__. The font that is used as the roman font can be |
|
|
761 |
changed using the new __grfont__ command. |
|
|
762 |
|
|
|
763 |
|
|
|
764 |
__grfont__ ''f'' |
|
|
765 |
|
|
|
766 |
|
|
|
767 |
Set the roman font to ''f''. |
|
|
768 |
|
|
|
769 |
|
|
|
770 |
The __italic__ primitive uses the current italic font set |
|
|
771 |
by __gfont__; the __roman__ primitive uses the current |
|
|
772 |
roman font set by __grfont__. There is also a new |
|
|
773 |
__gbfont__ command, which changes the font used by the |
|
|
774 |
__bold__ primitive. If you only use the __roman__, |
|
|
775 |
__italic__ and __bold__ primitives to changes fonts |
|
|
776 |
within an equation, you can change all the fonts used by |
|
|
777 |
your equations just by using __gfont__, __grfont__ and |
|
|
778 |
__gbfont__ commands. |
|
|
779 |
|
|
|
780 |
|
|
|
781 |
You can control which characters are treated as letters (and |
|
|
782 |
therefore set in italics) by using the __chartype__ |
|
|
783 |
command described above. A type of __letter__ will cause |
|
|
784 |
a character to be set in italic type. A type of __digit__ |
|
|
785 |
will cause a character to be set in roman type. |
|
|
786 |
!!FILES |
|
|
787 |
|
|
|
788 |
|
|
|
789 |
__/usr/share/groff/1.17.2/tmac/eqnrc__ |
|
|
790 |
|
|
|
791 |
|
|
|
792 |
Initialization file. |
|
|
793 |
!!BUGS |
|
|
794 |
|
|
|
795 |
|
|
|
796 |
Inline equations will be set at the point size that is |
|
|
797 |
current at the beginning of the input line. |
|
|
798 |
!!SEE ALSO |
|
|
799 |
|
|
|
800 |
|
4 |
perry |
801 |
groff(1), troff(1), groff_font(5), |
3 |
perry |
802 |
''The !TeXbook'' |
1 |
perry |
803 |
---- |