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1 perry 1 display
2 !!!display
3 NAME
4 SYNOPSIS
5 DESCRIPTION
6 EXAMPLES
7 OPTIONS
8 MOUSE BUTTONS
9 COMMAND WIDGET
10 KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS
11 X RESOURCES
12 IMAGE LOADING
13 VISUAL IMAGE DIRECTORY
14 IMAGE CUTTING
15 IMAGE COPYING
16 IMAGE PASTING
17 IMAGE CROPPING
18 IMAGE CHOPPING
19 IMAGE ROTATION
20 IMAGE SEGMENTATION
21 IMAGE ANNOTATION
22 IMAGE COMPOSITING
23 COLOR EDITING
24 MATTE EDITING
25 IMAGE DRAWING
26 REGION OF INTEREST
27 IMAGE PANNING
28 USER PREFERENCES
29 ENVIRONMENT
30 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
31 SEE ALSO
32 COPYRIGHT
33 AUTHORS
34 ----
35 !!NAME
36
37
38 display - display an image on any workstation running X
39 !!SYNOPSIS
40
41
42 __display [[__ ''options'' __...]__ ''file''
43 __[[__''options''__...]__''file''
44 !!DESCRIPTION
45
46
47 Display is a machine architecture independent image
48 processing and display program. It can display an image on
49 any workstation screen running an X server. __Display__
50 can read and write __many__ of the more popular image
51 formats (e.g. __JPEG__, __TIFF__, __PNM__, __Photo
52 CD__, etc.).
53
54
55 With __display__, you can perform these functions on an
56 image:
57
58
59 o load an image from a file o display the next image o
60 display the former image o display a sequence of images as a
61 slide show o write the image to a file o print the image to
2 perry 62 a ''!PostScript'' printer o delete the image file o create
1 perry 63 a Visual Image Directory o select the image to display by
64 its thumbnail rather than name o undo last image
65 transformation o copy a region of the image o paste a region
66 to the image o restore the image to its original size o
67 refresh the image o half the image size o double the image
68 size o resize the image o crop the image o cut the image o
69 flop image in the horizontal direction o flip image in the
70 vertical direction o rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise o
71 rotate the image 90 degrees counter-clockwise o rotate the
72 image o shear the image o roll the image o trim the image
73 edges o invert the colors of the image o vary the color
74 brightness o vary the color saturation o vary the image hue
75 o gamma correct the image o sharpen the image contrast o
76 dull the image contrast o perform histogram equalization on
77 the image o perform histogram normalization on the image o
78 negate the image colors o convert the image to grayscale o
79 set the maximum number of unique colors in the image o
80 reduce the speckles within an image o eliminate peak noise
81 from an image o detect edges within the image o emboss an
82 image o segment the image by color o simulate an oil
83 painting o simulate a charcoal drawing o annotate the image
84 with text o draw on the image o edit an image pixel color o
85 edit the image matte information o composite an image with
86 another o add a border to the image o surround image with an
87 ornamental border o apply image processing techniques to a
88 region of interest o display information about the image o
89 zoom a portion of the image o show a histogram of the image
90 o display image to background of a window o set user
91 preferences o display information about this program o
92 discard all images and exit program o change the level of
93 magnification o display images specified by a World Wide Web
94 (WWW) uniform resource locator (URL)
95 !!EXAMPLES
96
97
98 To scale an image of a cockatoo to exactly 640 pixels in
99 width and 480 pixels in height and position the window at
100 location (200,200), use:
101
102
103 display -geometry 640x480+200+200!
104 cockatoo.miff
105
106
107 To display an image of a cockatoo without a border centered
108 on a backdrop, use:
109
110
111 display +borderwidth -backdrop cockatoo.miff
112
113
114 To tile a slate texture onto the root window,
115 use:
116
117
118 display -size 1280x1024 -window root slate.png
119
120
121 To display a visual image directory of all your JPEG images,
122 use:
123
124
125 display 'vid:*.jpg'
126
127
128 To display a MAP image that is 640 pixels in width and 480
129 pixels in height with 256 colors, use:
130
131
132 display -size 640x480+256 cockatoo.map
133
134
135 To display an image of a cockatoo specified with a __World
136 Wide Web (WWW)__ uniform resource locator __(URL)__,
137 use:
138
139
140 display
141 ftp://wizards.dupont.com/images/cockatoo.jpg
142
143
144 To display histogram of an image, use:
145
146
147 convert file.jpg HISTOGRAM:- | display -
148 !!OPTIONS
149
150
151 Options are processed in command line order. Any option you
152 specify on the command line remains in effect until it is
153 explicitly changed by specifying the option again with a
154 different effect. For example to display three images, the
155 first with 32 colors, the second with an unlimited number of
156 colors, and the third with only 16 colors, use:
157
158
159 display -colors 32 cockatoo.miff -noop duck.miff -colors 16
160 macaw.miff
161
162
163 __Display__ options can appear on the command line or in
164 your X resources file. See ''X(1)''. Options on the
165 command line supersede values specified in your X resources
166 file.
167
168
169 For a more detailed description of each option, see
170 ''imagemagick(1)''.
171
172
173 __-backdrop__ ''''
174
175
176 display the image centered on a backdrop.
177
178
179 __-background__ ''''
180
181
182 the background color
183
184
185 __-border__
186 ''''
187
188
189 surround the image with a border of color
190
191
192 __-bordercolor__ ''''
193
194
195 the border color
196
197
198 __-borderwidth__ ''''
199
200
201 the border width
202
203
204 __-cache__ ''''
205
206
207 megabytes of memory available to the pixel
208 cache
209
210
211 __-colormap__ ''''
212
213
214 define the colormap type
215
216
217 __-colors__ ''''
218
219
220 preferred number of colors in the image
221
222
223 __-colorspace__ ''''
224
225
226 the type of colorspace
227
228
229 __-comment__ ''''
230
231
232 annotate an image with a comment
233
234
235 __-compress__ ''''
236
237
238 the type of image compression
239
240
241 __-contrast__
242
243
244 enhance or reduce the image contrast
245
246
247 __-crop__
248 ''''
249
250
251 preferred size and location of the cropped
252 image
253
254
255 __-debug__
256
257
258 enable debug printout
259
260
261 __-delay__ ''
262 ''
263
264
265 display the next image after pausing
266
267
268 __-density__
269 ''''
270
271
272 vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the
273 image
274
275
276 __-depth__ ''''
277
278
279 depth of the image
280
281
282 __-despeckle__
283
284
285 reduce the speckles within an image
286
287
288 __-display__
289 ''''
290
291
292 specifies the X server to contact
293
294
295 __-dispose__ ''''
296
297
298 GIF disposal method
299
300
301 __-dither__
302
303
304 apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the
305 image
306
307
308 __-edge__ ''''
309
310
311 detect edges within an image
312
313
314 __-endian__ ''''
315
316
317 specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image
318
319
320 __-enhance__
321
322
323 apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image
324
325
326 __-filter__ ''''
327
328
329 use this type of filter when resizing an image
330
331
332 __-flip__
333
334
335 create a
336
337
338 __-flop__
339
340
341 create a
342
343
344 __-font__ ''''
345
346
347 use this font when annotating the image with
348 text
349
350
351 __-foreground__ ''''
352
353
354 define the foreground color
355
356
357 __-frame__ ''
358 ''
359
360
361 surround the image with an ornamental border
362
363
364 __-gamma__ ''''
365
366
367 level of gamma correction
368
369
370 __-geometry__
371 ''
372 ''
373
374
375 preferred size and location of the Image
376 window.
377
378
379 __-help__
380
381
382 print usage instructions
383
384
385 __-iconGeometry__ ''''
386
387
388 specify the icon geometry
389
390
391 __-iconic__
392
393
394 iconic animation
395
396
397 __-immutable__
398
399
400 make image immutable
401
402
403 __-interlace__ ''''
404
405
406 the type of interlacing scheme
407
408
409 __-label__ ''''
410
411
412 assign a label to an image
413
414
415 __-magnify__ ''''
416
417
418 magnify the image
419
420
421 __-map__ ''''
422
423
424 display image using this type.
425
426
427 __-matte__
428
429
430 store matte channel if the image has one
431
432
433 __-mattecolor__ ''''
434
435
436 specify the matte color
437
438
439 __-monochrome__
440
441
442 transform the image to black and white
443
444
445 __-name__
446
447
448 name an image
449
450
451 __-negate__
452
453
454 replace every pixel with its complementary
455 color
456
457
458 __-noop__
459
460
461 NOOP (no option)
462
463
464 __-page__
465 ''''
466
467
468 size and location of an image canvas
469
470
471 __-quality__ ''''
472
473
474 JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level
475
476
477 __-raise__
478 ''''
479
480
481 lighten or darken image edges
482
483
484 __-remote__
485
486
487 perform a remote operation
488
489
490 __-roll__ ''{+-}''
491
492
493 roll an image vertically or horizontally
494
495
496 __-rotate__
497 ''''
498
499
500 apply Paeth image rotation to the image
501
502
503 __-sample__ ''''
504
505
506 scale image with pixel sampling
507
508
509 __-sampling_factor__
510 ''''
511
512
513 sampling factors used by JPEG encoder.
514
515
516 __-scenes__ ''''
517
518
519 range of image scene numbers to read
520
521
522 __-segment__ ''
523 ''
524
525
526 segment an image
527
528
529 __-shared_memory__
530
531
532 use shared memory
533
534
535 __-sharpen__
536 ''''
537
538
539 sharpen the image
540
541
542 __-size__
543 ''''
544
545
546 width and height of the image
547
548
549 __-text_font__ ''''
550
551
552 font for writing fixed-width text
553
554
555 __-texture__ ''''
556
557
558 name of texture to tile onto the image
559 background
560
561
562 __-title__ ''''
563
564
565 assign title to displayed image [[''animate, display,
566 montage'']
567
568
569 __-treedepth__ ''''
570
571
572 tree depth for the color reduction algorithm
573
574
575 __-trim__
576
577
578 trim an image
579
580
581 __-update__ ''''
582
583
584 detect when image file is modified and
585 redisplay.
586
587
588 __-use_pixmap__
589
590
591 use the pixmap
592
593
594 __-verbose__
595
596
597 print detailed information about the image
598
599
600 __-visual__ ''''
601
602
603 animate images using this X visual type
604
605
606 __-window__ ''''
607
608
609 make image the background of a window
610
611
612 __-window_group__
613
614
615 specify the window group
616
617
618 __-write__ ''''
619
620
621 write the image to a file [[''display'']
622
623
624 For a more detailed description of each option, see
2 perry 625 ''!ImageMagick(1)''.
1 perry 626 !!MOUSE BUTTONS
627
628
629 The effects of each button press is described below. Three
630 buttons are required. If you have a two button mouse, button
631 1 and 3 are returned. Press __ALT__ and button 3 to
632 simulate button 2.
633
634
635 __1__
636
637
638 Press this button to map or unmap the Command widget . See
639 the next section for more information about the Command
640 widget.
641
642
643 __2__
644
645
646 Press and drag to define a region of the image to
647 magnify.
648
649
650 __3__
651
652
653 Press and drag to choose from a select set of
654 __display(1)__ commands. This button behaves differently
655 if the image being displayed is a visual image directory.
656 Choose a particular tile of the directory and press this
657 button and drag to select a command from a pop-up menu.
658 Choose from these menu items:
659
660
661 Open Next Former Delete Update
662
663
664 If you choose __Open__, the image represented by the tile
665 is displayed. To return to the visual image directory,
666 choose __Next__ from the Command widget (refer to Command
667 Widget). __Next__ and __Former__ moves to the next or
668 former image respectively. Choose __Delete__ to delete a
669 particular image tile. Finally, choose __Update__ to
670 synchronize all the image tiles with their respective
671 images. See montage and miff for more details.
672 !!COMMAND WIDGET
673
674
675 The Command widget lists a number of sub-menus and commands.
676 They are
677
678
679 __File__
680
681
682 Open... Next Former Select... Save... Print... Delete...
683 Canvas... Visual Directory... Quit
684
685
686 __Edit__
687
688
689 Undo Redo Cut Copy Paste
690
691
692 __View__
693
694
695 Half Size Original Size Double Size Resize... Apply Refresh
696 Restore
697
698
699 __Transform__
700
701
702 Crop Chop Flop Flip Rotate Right Rotate Left Rotate...
703 Shear... Roll... Trim Edges
704
705
706 __Enhance__
707
708
709 Hue... Saturation... Brightness... Gamma... Spiff... Dull
710 Equalize Normalize Negate GRAYscale Quantize...
711
712
713 __Effects__
714
715
716 Despeckle Emboss Reduce Noise Add Noise Sharpen... Blur...
717 Threshold... Edge Detect... Spread... Shade... Raise...
718 Segment...
719
720
721 __F/X__
722
723
724 Solarize... Swirl... Implode... Wave... Oil Paint...
725 Charcoal Draw...
726
727
728 __Image Edit__
729
730
731 Annotate... Draw... Color... Matte... Composite... Add
732 Border... Add Frame... Comment... Launch... Region of
733 Interest...
734
735
736 __Miscellany__
737
738
739 Image Info Zoom Image Show Preview... Show Histogram Show
740 Matte Background... Slide Show Preferences...
741
742
743 __Help__
744
745
746 Overview Browse Documentation About Display
747
748
749 Menu items with a indented triangle have a sub-menu. They
750 are represented above as the indented items. To access a
751 sub-menu item, move the pointer to the appropriate menu and
752 press button 1 and drag. When you find the desired sub-menu
753 item, release the button and the command is executed. Move
754 the pointer away from the sub-menu if you decide not to
755 execute a particular command.
756 !!KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS
757
758
759 Accelerators are one or two key presses that effect a
760 particular command. The keyboard accelerators that
761 __display__ understands is:
762
763
764 Ctl+O Press to load an image from a file. space Press to
765 display the next image.
766
767
768 If the image is a multi-paged document such as a
2 perry 769 ''!PostScript'' document, you can skip ahead several pages
1 perry 770 by preceding this command with a number. For example to
771 display the fourth page beyond the current page, press
772 4space.
773
774
775 backspace Press to display the former image.
776
777
778 If the image is a multi-paged document such as a
2 perry 779 ''!PostScript'' document, you can skip behind several
1 perry 780 pages by preceding this command with a number. For example
781 to display the fourth page preceding the current page, press
782 4n.
783
784
785 Ctl-S Press to save the image to a file. Ctl-P Press to
2 perry 786 print the image to a ''!PostScript'' printer. Ctl-D Press
1 perry 787 to delete an image file. Ctl-N Press to create a blank
788 canvas. Ctl-Q Press to discard all images and exit program.
789 Ctl+Z Press to undo last image transformation. Ctl+R Press
790 to redo last image transformation. Ctl-X Press to cut a
791 region of the image. Ctl-C Press to copy a region of the
792 image. Ctl-V Press to paste a region to the image.
793 ''
794
795
796 Use the arrow keys to move the image one pixel up, down,
797 left, or right within the magnify window. Be sure to first
798 map the magnify window by pressing button 2.
799
800
801 Press ALT and one of the arrow keys to trim off one pixel
802 from any side of the image.
803 !!X RESOURCES
804
805
806 __Display__ options can appear on the command line or in
807 your X resource file. Options on the command line supersede
808 values specified in your X resource file. See ''X(1)''
809 for more information on X resources.
810
811
812 Most __display__ options have a corresponding X resource.
813 In addition, __display__ uses the following X
814 resources:
815
816
817 __background__ ''(class Background)''
818
819
820 Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window
821 background. The default is #ccc.
822
823
2 perry 824 __borderColor__ ''(class !BorderColor)''
1 perry 825
826
827 Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window
828 border. The default is #ccc.
829
830
2 perry 831 __borderWidth__ ''(class !BorderWidth)''
1 perry 832
833
834 Specifies the width in pixels of the image window border.
835 The default is 2.
836
837
838 __browseCommand__ ''(class
839 browseCommand)''
840
841
842 Specifies the name of the preferred browser when displaying
2 perry 843 !ImageMagick documentation. The default is netscape
1 perry 844 %s.
845
846
2 perry 847 __confirmExit__ ''(class !ConfirmExit)''
1 perry 848
849
850 __Display__ pops up a dialog box to confirm exiting the
851 program when exiting the program. Set this resource to False
852 to exit without a confirmation.
853
854
2 perry 855 __displayGamma__ ''(class !DisplayGamma)''
1 perry 856
857
858 Specifies the gamma of the X server.
859
860
861 You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and
862 blue channels of the image with a gamma value list
863 delineated with slashes (i.e. 1.7/2.3/1.2).
864
865
866 The default is 2.2.
867
868
869 __displayWarnings__ ''(class
2 perry 870 !DisplayWarnings)''
1 perry 871
872
873 __Display__ pops up a dialog box whenever a warning
874 message occurs. Set this resource to False to ignore warning
875 messages.
876
877
2 perry 878 __font__ ''(class !FontList)''
1 perry 879
880
881 Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in normal
882 formatted text. The default is 14 point
883 Helvetica.
884
885
886 __font[[1-9]__ ''(class Font[[1-9])''
887
888
889 Specifies the name of the preferred font to use when
890 annotating the image window with text. The default fonts are
891 fixed, variable, 5x8, 6x10, 7x13bold, 8x13bold, 9x15bold,
892 10x20, and 12x24.
893
894
895 __foreground__ ''(class Foreground)''
896
897
898 Specifies the preferred color to use for text within the
899 image window. The default is black.
900
901
902 __gammaCorrect__ ''(class gammaCorrect)''
903
904
905 This resource, if true, will lighten or darken an image of
906 known gamma to match the gamma of the display (see resource
907 __displayGamma__). The default is True.
908
909
910 __geometry__ ''(class Geometry)''
911
912
913 Specifies the preferred size and position of the image
914 window. It is not necessarily obeyed by all window
915 managers.
916
917
918 Offsets, if present, are handled in ''X(1)'' style. A
919 negative x offset is measured from the right edge of the
920 screen to the right edge of the icon, and a negative y
921 offset is measured from the bottom edge of the screen to the
922 bottom edge of the icon.
923
924
2 perry 925 __iconGeometry__ ''(class !IconGeometry)''
1 perry 926
927
928 Specifies the preferred size and position of the application
929 when iconified. It is not necessarily obeyed by all window
930 managers.
931
932
933 Offsets, if present, are handled in the same manner as in
934 class Geometry.
935
936
937 __iconic__ ''(class Iconic)''
938
939
940 This resource indicates that you would prefer that the
941 application's windows initially not be visible as if the
942 windows had be immediately iconified by you. Window managers
943 may choose not to honor the application's
944 request.
945
946
947 __magnify__ ''(class Magnify)''
948
949
950 specifies an integral factor by which the image should be
951 enlarged. The default is 3.
952
953
954 This value only affects the magnification window which is
955 invoked with button number 3 after the image is
956 displayed.
957
958
2 perry 959 __matteColor__ ''(class !MatteColor)''
1 perry 960
961
962 Specify the color of windows. It is used for the backgrounds
963 of windows, menus, and notices. A 3D effect is achieved by
964 using highlight and shadow colors derived from this color.
965 Default value: #697B8F.
966
967
968 __name__ ''(class Name)''
969
970
971 This resource specifies the name under which resources for
972 the application should be found. This resource is useful in
973 shell aliases to distinguish between invocations of an
974 application, without resorting to creating links to alter
975 the executable file name. The default is the application
976 name.
977
978
979 __pen[[1-9]__ ''(class Pen[[1-9])''
980
981
982 Specifies the color of the preferred font to use when
983 annotating the image window with text. The default colors
984 are black, blue, green, cyan, gray, red, magenta, yellow,
985 and white.
986
987
2 perry 988 __printCommand__ ''(class !PrintCommand)''
1 perry 989
990
991 This command is executed whenever Print is issued. In
2 perry 992 general, it is the command to print ''!PostScript'' to
1 perry 993 your printer. Default value: lp -c -s %i.
994
995
2 perry 996 __sharedMemory__ ''(class !SharedMemory)''
1 perry 997
998
999 This resource specifies whether display should attempt use
2 perry 1000 shared memory for pixmaps. !ImageMagick must be compiled with
1 perry 1001 shared memory support, and the display must support the
1002 MIT-SHM extension. Otherwise, this resource is ignored. The
1003 default is True.
1004
1005
1006 __textFont__ ''(class textFont)''
1007
1008
1009 Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in fixed
1010 (typewriter style) formatted text. The default is 14 point
1011 Courier.
1012
1013
1014 __title__ ''(class Title)''
1015
1016
1017 This resource specifies the title to be used for the image
1018 window. This information is sometimes used by a window
1019 manager to provide a header identifying the window. The
1020 default is the image file name.
1021
1022
2 perry 1023 __undoCache__ ''(class !UndoCache)''
1 perry 1024
1025
1026 Specifies, in mega-bytes, the amount of memory in the undo
1027 edit cache. Each time you modify the image it is saved in
1028 the undo edit cache as long as memory is available. You can
1029 subsequently ''undo'' one or more of these
1030 transformations. The default is 16 Megabytes.
1031
1032
2 perry 1033 __usePixmap__ ''(class !UsePixmap)''
1 perry 1034
1035
1036 Images are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this
1037 resource to True to utilize a server Pixmap instead. This
1038 option is useful if your image exceeds the dimensions of
1039 your server screen and you intend to pan the image. Panning
1040 is much faster with Pixmaps than with a XImage. Pixmaps are
1041 considered a precious resource, use them with
1042 discretion.
1043
1044
1045 To set the geometry of the Magnify or Pan or window, use the
1046 geometry resource. For example, to set the Pan window
1047 geometry to 256x256, use:
1048
1049
1050 display.pan.geometry: 256x256
1051 !!IMAGE LOADING
1052
1053
1054 To select an image to display, choose __Open__ of the
1055 __File__ sub-menu from the Command widget. A file browser
1056 is displayed. To choose a particular image file, move the
1057 pointer to the filename and press any button. The filename
1058 is copied to the text window. Next, press __Open__ or
1059 press the __RETURN__ key. Alternatively, you can type the
1060 image file name directly into the text window. To descend
1061 directories, choose a directory name and press the button
1062 twice quickly. A scrollbar allows a large list of filenames
1063 to be moved through the viewing area if it exceeds the size
1064 of the list area.
1065
1066
1067 You can trim the list of file names by using shell globbing
1068 characters. For example, type *.jpg to list only files that
1069 end with .jpg.
1070
1071
1072 To select your image from the X server screen instead of
1073 from a file, Choose __Grab__ of the __Open__
1074 widget.
1075 !!VISUAL IMAGE DIRECTORY
1076
1077
1078 To create a Visual Image Directory, choose Visual Directory
1079 of the __File__ sub-menu from the Command widget . A file
1080 browser is displayed. To create a Visual Image Directory
1081 from all the images in the current directory, press
1082 __Directory__ or press the __RETURN key__.
1083 Alternatively, you can select a set of image names by using
1084 shell globbing characters. For example, type *.jpg to
1085 include only files that end with .jpg. To descend
1086 directories, choose a directory name and press the button
1087 twice quickly. A scrollbar allows a large list of filenames
1088 to be moved through the viewing area if it exceeds the size
1089 of the list area.
1090
1091
1092 After you select a set of files, they are turned into
1093 thumbnails and tiled onto a single image. Now move the
1094 pointer to a particular thumbnail and press __button 3__
1095 and drag. Finally, select Open. The image represented by the
1096 thumbnail is displayed at its full size. Choose __Next__
1097 from the __File__ sub-menu of the Command widget to
1098 return to the Visual Image Directory.
1099 !!IMAGE CUTTING
1100
1101
1102 Note that cut information for image window is not retained
2 perry 1103 for colormapped X server visuals (e.g. ''!StaticColor'',
1104 ''!StaticColor'', ''GRAYScale'', ''!PseudoColor'').
1105 Correct cutting behavior may require a ''!TrueColor'' or
1106 ''!DirectColor'' visual or a ''Standard
1 perry 1107 Colormap''.
1108
1109
1110 To begin, press choose __Cut__ of the __Edit__
1111 sub-menu from the Command widget. Alternatively, press
1112 __F3__ in the image window.
1113
1114
1115 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
1116 the image window. You are now in cut mode. In cut mode, the
1117 Command widget has these options:
1118
1119
1120 __Help Dismiss__
1121
1122
1123 To define a cut region, press button 1 and drag. The cut
1124 region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or
1125 contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied
1126 with the cut region, release the button. You are now in
1127 rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has these
1128 options:
1129
1130
1131 __Cut Help Dismiss__
1132
1133
1134 You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the
1135 cut rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging.
1136 Finally, press Cut to commit your copy region. To exit
1137 without cutting the image, press Dismiss.
1138 !!IMAGE COPYING
1139
1140
1141 To begin, press choose __Copy__ of the __Edit__
1142 sub-menu from the Command widget. Alternatively, press
1143 __F4__ in the image window.
1144
1145
1146 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
1147 the image window. You are now in copy mode. In copy mode,
1148 the Command widget has these options:
1149
1150
1151 Help Dismiss
1152
1153
1154 To define a copy region, press button 1 and drag. The copy
1155 region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or
1156 contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied
1157 with the copy region, release the button. You are now in
1158 rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has these
1159 options:
1160
1161
1162 Copy Help Dismiss
1163
1164
1165 You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the
1166 copy rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging.
1167 Finally, press Copy to commit your copy region. To exit
1168 without copying the image, press Dismiss.
1169 !!IMAGE PASTING
1170
1171
1172 To begin, press choose __Paste__ of the __Edit__
1173 sub-menu from the Command widget. Alternatively, press
1174 __F5__ in the image window.
1175
1176
1177 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
1178 the image window. You are now in Paste mode. To exit
1179 immediately, press Dismiss. In Paste mode, the Command
1180 widget has these options:
1181
1182
1183 __Operators__
1184
1185
1186 over in out atop xor plus minus add subtract difference
1187 multiply bumpmap replace
1188
1189
1190 __Help Dismiss__
1191
1192
1193 Choose a composite operation from the __Operators__
1194 sub-menu of the Command widget. How each operator behaves is
1195 described below. ''image window'' is the image currently
1196 displayed on your X server and ''image'' is the image
1197 obtained with the File Browser widget.
1198
1199
1200 __over__
1201
1202
1203 The result is the union of the two image shapes, with
1204 ''image'' obscuring ''image window'' in the region of
1205 overlap.
1206
1207
1208 __in__
1209
1210
1211 The result is simply ''image'' cut by the shape of
1212 ''image window''. None of the image data of image window
1213 is in the result.
1214
1215
1216 __out__
1217
1218
1219 The resulting image is ''image'' with the shape of
1220 ''image window'' cut out.
1221
1222
1223 __atop__
1224
1225
1226 The result is the same shape as ''image window'', with
1227 ''image'' obscuring ''image window'' where the image
1228 shapes overlap. Note this differs from over because the
1229 portion of image outside ''image window'''s shape does
1230 not appear in the result.
1231
1232
1233 __xor__
1234
1235
1236 The result is the image data from both ''image'' and
1237 ''image window'' that is outside the overlap region. The
1238 overlap region is blank.
1239
1240
1241 __plus__
1242
1243
1244 The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values
1245 are cropped to 255 (no overflow). This operation is
1246 independent of the matte channels.
1247
1248
1249 __minus__
1250
1251
1252 The result of ''image'' - ''image window'', with
1253 underflow cropped to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set
1254 to 255, full coverage).
1255
1256
1257 __add__
1258
1259
1260 The result of ''image'' + ''image window'', with
1261 overflow wrapping around (mod 256).
1262
1263
1264 __subtract__
1265
1266
1267 The result of ''image'' - ''image window'', with
1268 underflow wrapping around (mod 256). The add and subtract
1269 operators can be used to perform reversible
1270 transformations.
1271
1272
1273 __difference__
1274
1275
1276 The result of abs(''image'' - ''image window''). This
1277 is useful for comparing two very similar
1278 images.
1279
1280
1281 __multiply__
1282
1283
1284 The result of ''image'' * ''image window''. This is
1285 useful for the creation of drop-shadows.
1286
1287
1288 __bumpmap__
1289
1290
1291 The result of ''image window'' shaded by
1292 ''window''.
1293
1294
1295 __replace__
1296
1297
1298 The resulting image is ''image window'' replaced with
1299 ''image''. Here the matte information is
1300 ignored.
1301
1302
1303 The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in
1304 the image for some operations. This extra channel usually
1305 defines a mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter
1306 for the image. This is the case when matte is 255 (full
1307 coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and
1308 between zero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not have
1309 a matte channel, it is initialized with 0 for any pixel
1310 matching in color to pixel location (0,0), otherwise 255.
1311 See Matte Editing for a method of defining a matte
1312 channel.
1313
1314
1315 Note that matte information for image window is not retained
2 perry 1316 for colormapped X server visuals (e.g. ''!StaticColor,
1317 !StaticColor, !GrayScale, !PseudoColor''). Correct
1318 compositing behavior may require a ''!TrueColor'' or
1319 ''!DirectColor'' visual or a ''Standard
1 perry 1320 Colormap''.
1321
1322
1323 Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default
1324 operator is replace. However, you must choose a location to
1325 composite your image and press button 1. Press and hold the
1326 button before releasing and an outline of the image will
1327 appear to help you identify your location.
1328
1329
1330 The actual colors of the pasted image is saved. However, the
1331 color that appears in image window may be different. For
1332 example, on a monochrome screen image window will appear
1333 black or white even though your pasted image may have many
1334 colors. If the image is saved to a file it is written with
1335 the correct colors. To assure the correct colors are saved
2 perry 1336 in the final image, any ''!PseudoClass'' image is promoted
1337 to ''!DirectClass''. To force a ''!PseudoClass'' image
1338 to remain ''!PseudoClass'', use
1 perry 1339 __-colors__.
1340 !!IMAGE CROPPING
1341
1342
1343 To begin, press choose __Crop__ of the __Transform__
1344 submenu from the Command widget. Alternatively, press [[ in
1345 the image window.
1346
1347
1348 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
1349 the image window. You are now in crop mode. In crop mode,
1350 the Command widget has these options:
1351
1352
1353 __Help Dismiss__
1354
1355
1356 To define a cropping region, press button 1 and drag. The
1357 cropping region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that
1358 expands or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are
1359 satisfied with the cropping region, release the button. You
1360 are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget
1361 has these options:
1362
1363
1364 __Crop Help Dismiss__
1365
1366
1367 You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the
1368 cropping rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging.
1369 Finally, press Crop to commit your cropping region. To exit
1370 without cropping the image, press Dismiss.
1371 !!IMAGE CHOPPING
1372
1373
1374 An image is chopped interactively. There is no command line
1375 argument to chop an image. To begin, choose __Chop__ of
1376 the __Transform__ sub-menu from the Command widget.
1377 Alternatively, press ] in the Image window.
1378
1379
1380 You are now in __Chop__ mode. To exit immediately, press
1381 __Dismiss__. In Chop mode, the Command widget has these
1382 options:
1383
1384
1385 __Direction__
1386
1387
1388 horizontal vertical
1389
1390
1391 __Help Dismiss__
1392
1393
1394 If the you choose the horizontal direction (this is the
1395 default), the area of the image between the two horizontal
1396 endpoints of the chop line is removed. Otherwise, the area
1397 of the image between the two vertical endpoints of the chop
1398 line is removed.
1399
1400
1401 Select a location within the image window to begin your
1402 chop, press and hold any button. Next, move the pointer to
1403 another location in the image. As you move a line will
1404 connect the initial location and the pointer. When you
1405 release the button, the area within the image to chop is
1406 determined by which direction you choose from the Command
1407 widget.
1408
1409
1410 To cancel the image chopping, move the pointer back to the
1411 starting point of the line and release the
1412 button.
1413 !!IMAGE ROTATION
1414
1415
1416 Press the / key to rotate the image 90 degrees or \ to
1417 rotate -90 degrees. To interactively choose the degree of
1418 rotation, choose __Rotate...__ of the __Transform__
1419 submenu from the Command Widget. Alternatively, press * in
1420 the image window.
1421
1422
1423 A small horizontal line is drawn next to the pointer. You
1424 are now in rotate mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.
1425 In rotate mode, the Command widget has these
1426 options:
1427
1428
1429 __Pixel Color__
1430
1431
1432 black blue cyan green gray red magenta yellow white
1433 Browser...
1434
1435
1436 __Direction__
1437
1438
1439 horizontal vertical
1440
1441
1442 __Crop__
1443
1444
1445 false true
1446
1447
1448 __Sharpen__
1449
1450
1451 false true
1452
1453
1454 __Help Dismiss__
1455
1456
1457 Choose a background color from the Pixel Color sub-menu.
1458 Additional background colors can be specified with the color
1459 browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the X
1460 resources pen1 through pen9.
1461
1462
1463 If you choose the color browser and press __Grab__, you
1464 can select the background color by moving the pointer to the
1465 desired color on the screen and press any
1466 button.
1467
1468
1469 Choose a point in the image window and press this button and
1470 hold. Next, move the pointer to another location in the
1471 image. As you move a line connects the initial location and
1472 the pointer. When you release the button, the degree of
1473 image rotation is determined by the slope of the line you
1474 just drew. The slope is relative to the direction you choose
1475 from the Direction sub-menu of the Command
1476 widget.
1477
1478
1479 To cancel the image rotation, move the pointer back to the
1480 starting point of the line and release the
1481 button.
1482 !!IMAGE SEGMENTATION
1483
1484
1485 Choose __Effects-__ to segment an image by
1486 analyzing the histograms of the color components and
1487 identifying units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy
1488 c-means technique. The scale-space filter analyzes the
1489 histograms of the three color components of the image and
1490 identifies a set of classes. The extents of each class is
1491 used to coarsely segment the image with thresholding. The
1492 color associated with each class is determined by the mean
1493 color of all pixels within the extents of a particular
1494 class. Finally, any unclassified pixels are assigned to the
1495 closest class with the fuzzy c-means technique. The fuzzy
1496 c-Means algorithm can be summarized as follows:
1497
1498
1499 Build a histogram, one for each color component of the
1500 image.
1501
1502
1503 For each histogram, successively apply the scale-space
1504 filter and build an interval tree of zero crossings in the
1505 second derivative at each scale. Analyze this scale-space
1506
1507
1508 The fingerprint defines intervals on the axis of the
1509 histogram. Each interval contains either a minima or a
1510 maxima in the original signal. If each color component lies
1511 within the maxima interval, that pixel is considered
1512
1513
1514 Any pixel that fails to be classified in the above
1515 thresholding pass is classified using the fuzzy c-Means
1516 technique. It is assigned to one of the classes discovered
1517 in the histogram analysis phase.
1518
1519
1520 The fuzzy c-Means technique attempts to cluster a pixel by
1521 finding the local minima of the generalized within group sum
1522 of squared error objective function. A pixel is assigned to
1523 the closest class of which the fuzzy membership has a
1524 maximum value.
1525
1526
1527 For additional information see: Young Won Lim,
1528 Sang Uk Lee'', ''On The Color Image Segmentation
1529 Algorithm Based on the Thresholding and the Fuzzy c-Means
1530 Techniques__
1531 __
1532 !!IMAGE ANNOTATION
1533
1534
1535 An image is annotated interactively. There is no command
1536 line argument to annotate an image. To begin, choose
1537 __Annotate__ of the __Image Edit__ sub-menu from the
1538 Command widget. Alternatively, press a in the image
1539 window.
1540
1541
1542 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
1543 the image window. You are now in annotate mode. To exit
1544 immediately, press Dismiss. In annotate mode, the Command
1545 widget has these options:
1546
1547
1548 __Font Name__
1549
1550
1551 fixed
1552
1553
1554 variable
1555
1556
1557 5x8
1558
1559
1560 6x10
1561
1562
1563 7x13bold
1564
1565
1566 8x13bold
1567
1568
1569 9x15bold
1570
1571
1572 10x20
1573
1574
1575 12x24
1576
1577
1578 Browser...
1579
1580
1581 __Font Color__
1582
1583
1584 black
1585
1586
1587 blue
1588
1589
1590 cyan
1591
1592
1593 green
1594
1595
1596 gray
1597
1598
1599 red
1600
1601
1602 magenta
1603
1604
1605 yellow
1606
1607
1608 white
1609
1610
1611 transparent
1612
1613
1614 Browser...
1615
1616
1617 __Box Color__
1618
1619
1620 black
1621
1622
1623 blue
1624
1625
1626 cyan
1627
1628
1629 green
1630
1631
1632 gray
1633
1634
1635 red
1636
1637
1638 magenta
1639
1640
1641 yellow
1642
1643
1644 white
1645
1646
1647 transparent
1648
1649
1650 Browser...
1651
1652
1653 __Rotate Text__
1654
1655
1656 -90
1657
1658
1659 -45
1660
1661
1662 -30
1663
1664
1665 0
1666
1667
1668 30
1669
1670
1671 45
1672
1673
1674 90
1675
1676
1677 180
1678
1679
1680 Dialog...
1681
1682
1683 __Help__
1684
1685
1686 __Dismiss__
1687
1688
1689 Choose a font name from the __Font Name__ sub-menu.
1690 Additional font names can be specified with the font
1691 browser. You can change the menu names by setting the X
1692 resources font1 through font9.
1693
1694
1695 Choose a font color from the __Font Color__ sub-menu.
1696 Additional font colors can be specified with the color
1697 browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the X
1698 resources pen1 through pen9.
1699
1700
1701 If you select the color browser and press __Grab__, you
1702 can choose the font color by moving the pointer to the
1703 desired color on the screen and press any
1704 button.
1705
1706
1707 If you choose to rotate the text, choose __Rotate Text__
1708 from the menu and select an angle. Typically you will only
1709 want to rotate one line of text at a time. Depending on the
1710 angle you choose, subsequent lines may end up overwriting
1711 each other.
1712
1713
1714 Choosing a font and its color is optional. The default font
1715 is fixed and the default color is black. However, you must
1716 choose a location to begin entering text and press a button.
1717 An underscore character will appear at the location of the
1718 pointer. The cursor changes to a pencil to indicate you are
1719 in text mode. To exit immediately, press
1720 Dismiss.
1721
1722
1723 In text mode, any key presses will display the character at
1724 the location of the underscore and advance the underscore
1725 cursor. Enter your text and once completed press Apply to
1726 finish your image annotation. To correct errors press
1727 __BACK SPACE__. To delete an entire line of text, press
1728 __DELETE__. Any text that exceeds the boundaries of the
1729 image window is automatically continued onto the next
1730 line.
1731
1732
1733 The actual color you request for the font is saved in the
1734 image. However, the color that appears in your Image window
1735 may be different. For example, on a monochrome screen the
1736 text will appear black or white even if you choose the color
1737 red as the font color. However, the image saved to a file
1738 with __-write__ is written with red lettering. To assure
1739 the correct color text in the final image, any
2 perry 1740 ''!PseudoClass'' image is promoted to ''!DirectClass''
1741 (see miff(5)). To force a ''!PseudoClass'' image to remain
1742 ''!PseudoClass'', use __-colors__.
1 perry 1743 !!IMAGE COMPOSITING
1744
1745
1746 An image composite is created interactively. __There is no
1747 command line argument to composite an image__. To begin,
1748 choose __Composite__ of the __Image Edit__ from the
1749 Command widget. Alternatively, press x in the Image
1750 window.
1751
1752
1753 First a popup window is displayed requesting you to enter an
1754 image name. Press __Composite__, __Grab__ or type a
1755 file name. Press __Cancel__ if you choose not to create a
1756 composite image. When you choose __Grab__, move the
1757 pointer to the desired window and press any
1758 button.
1759
1760
1761 If the __Composite__ image does not have any matte
1762 information, you are informed and the file browser is
1763 displayed again. Enter the name of a mask image. The image
1764 is typically grayscale and the same size as the composite
1765 image. If the image is not grayscale, it is converted to
1766 grayscale and the resulting intensities are used as matte
1767 information.
1768
1769
1770 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
1771 the image window. You are now in composite mode. To exit
1772 immediately, press Dismiss. In composite mode, the Command
1773 widget has these options:
1774
1775
1776 __Operators__
1777
1778
1779 over
1780
1781
1782 in
1783
1784
1785 out
1786
1787
1788 atop
1789
1790
1791 xor
1792
1793
1794 plus
1795
1796
1797 minus
1798
1799
1800 add
1801
1802
1803 subtract
1804
1805
1806 difference
1807
1808
1809 bumpmap
1810
1811
1812 replace
1813
1814
1815 __Blend__
1816
1817
1818 __Displace__
1819
1820
1821 __Help__
1822
1823
1824 __Dismiss__
1825
1826
1827 Choose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of
1828 the Command widget. How each operator behaves is described
1829 below. image window is the image currently displayed on your
1830 X server and image is the image obtained
1831
1832
1833 __over__
1834
1835
1836 The result is the union of the two image shapes, with
1837 ''image'' obscuring ''image window'' in the region of
1838 overlap.
1839
1840
1841 __in__
1842
1843
1844 The result is simply ''image'' cut by the shape of
1845 ''image window''. None of the image data of image window
1846 is in the result.
1847
1848
1849 __out__
1850
1851
1852 The resulting image is ''image'' with the shape of
1853 ''image window'' cut out.
1854
1855
1856 __atop__
1857
1858
1859 The result is the same shape as ''image window'', with
1860 ''image'' obscuring ''image window'' where the image
1861 shapes overlap. Note this differs from over because the
1862 portion of image outside ''image window'''s shape does
1863 not appear in the result.
1864
1865
1866 __xor__
1867
1868
1869 The result is the image data from both ''image'' and
1870 ''image window'' that is outside the overlap region. The
1871 overlap region is blank.
1872
1873
1874 __plus__
1875
1876
1877 The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values
1878 are cropped to 255 (no overflow). This operation is
1879 independent of the matte channels.
1880
1881
1882 __minus__
1883
1884
1885 The result of ''image'' - ''image window'', with
1886 underflow cropped to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set
1887 to 255, full coverage).
1888
1889
1890 __add__
1891
1892
1893 The result of ''image'' + ''image window'', with
1894 overflow wrapping around (mod 256).
1895
1896
1897 __subtract__
1898
1899
1900 The result of ''image'' - ''image window'', with
1901 underflow wrapping around (mod 256). The add and subtract
1902 operators can be used to perform reversible
1903 transformations.
1904
1905
1906 __difference__
1907
1908
1909 The result of abs(''image'' - ''image window''). This
1910 is useful for comparing two very similar
1911 images.
1912
1913
1914 __bumpmap__
1915
1916
1917 The result of ''image window'' shaded by
1918 ''window''.
1919
1920
1921 __replace__
1922
1923
1924 The resulting image is ''image window'' replaced with
1925 ''image''. Here the matte information is
1926 ignored.
1927
1928
1929 The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in
1930 the image for some operations. This extra channel usually
1931 defines a mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter
1932 for the image. This is the case when matte is 255 (full
1933 coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and
1934 between zero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not have
1935 a matte channel, it is initialized with 0 for any pixel
1936 matching in color to pixel location (0,0), otherwise 255.
1937 See Matte Editing for a method of defining a matte
1938 channel.
1939
1940
1941 If you choose __blend__, the composite operator becomes
1942 __over__. The image matte channel percent transparency is
1943 initialized to factor. The image window is initialized to
1944 (100-factor). Where factor is the value you specify in the
1945 Dialog widget.
1946
1947
1948 __Displace__ shifts the image pixels as defined by a
1949 displacement map. With this option, ''image'' is used as
1950 a displacement map. Black, within the displacement map, is a
1951 maximum positive displacement. White is a maximum negative
1952 displacement and middle gray is neutral. The displacement is
1953 scaled to determine the pixel shift. By default, the
1954 displacement applies in both the horizontal and vertical
1955 directions. However, if you specify ''mask'',
1956 ''image'' is the horizontal X displacement and
1957 ''mask'' the vertical Y displacement.
1958
1959
1960 Note that matte information for image window is not retained
2 perry 1961 for colormapped X server visuals (e.g. ''!StaticColor,
1962 !StaticColor, !GrayScale, !PseudoColor''). Correct
1963 compositing behavior may require a ''!TrueColor'' or
1964 ''!DirectColor'' visual or a ''Standard
1 perry 1965 Colormap''.
1966
1967
1968 Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default
1969 operator is replace. However, you must choose a location to
1970 composite your image and press button 1. Press and hold the
1971 button before releasing and an outline of the image will
1972 appear to help you identify your location.
1973
1974
1975 The actual colors of the composite image is saved. However,
1976 the color that appears in image window may be different. For
1977 example, on a monochrome screen Image window will appear
1978 black or white even though your composited image may have
1979 many colors. If the image is saved to a file it is written
1980 with the correct colors. To assure the correct colors are
2 perry 1981 saved in the final image, any !PseudoClass image is promoted
1982 to ''!DirectClass'' (see miff). To force a
1983 ''!PseudoClass'' image to remain ''!PseudoClass'', use
1 perry 1984 __-colors__.
1985 !!COLOR EDITING
1986
1987
1988 Changing the the color of a set of pixels is performed
1989 interactively. There is no command line argument to edit a
1990 pixel. To begin, choose __Color__ from the __Image
1991 Edit__ submenu of the Command widget. Alternatively, press
1992 c in the image window.
1993
1994
1995 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
1996 the image window. You are now in color edit mode. To exit
1997 immediately, press __Dismiss__. In color edit mode, the
1998 __Command widget__ has these options:
1999
2000
2001 __Method__
2002
2003
2004 point
2005
2006
2007 replace
2008
2009
2010 floodfill
2011
2012
2013 reset
2014
2015
2016 __Pixel Color__
2017
2018
2019 black
2020
2021
2022 blue
2023
2024
2025 cyan
2026
2027
2028 green
2029
2030
2031 gray
2032
2033
2034 red
2035
2036
2037 magenta
2038
2039
2040 yellow
2041
2042
2043 white
2044
2045
2046 Browser...
2047
2048
2049 __Border Color__
2050
2051
2052 black
2053
2054
2055 blue
2056
2057
2058 cyan
2059
2060
2061 green
2062
2063
2064 gray
2065
2066
2067 red
2068
2069
2070 magenta
2071
2072
2073 yellow
2074
2075
2076 white
2077
2078
2079 Browser...
2080
2081
2082 __Fuzz__
2083
2084
2085 0
2086
2087
2088 2
2089
2090
2091 4
2092
2093
2094 8
2095
2096
2097 16 Dialog...
2098
2099
2100 __Undo__
2101
2102
2103 __Help__
2104
2105
2106 __Dismiss__
2107
2108
2109 Choose a color editing method from the __Method__
2110 sub-menu of the Command widget. The __point method__
2111 recolors any pixel selected with the pointer unless the
2112 button is released. The __replace method__ recolors any
2113 pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select with a
2114 button press. __Floodfill__ recolors any pixel that
2115 matches the color of the pixel you select with a button
2116 press and is a neighbor. Whereas __filltoborder__ changes
2117 the matte value of any neighbor pixel that is not the border
2118 color. Finally __reset__ changes the entire image to the
2119 designated color.
2120
2121
2122 Next, choose a pixel color from the __Pixel Color__
2123 sub-menu. Additional pixel colors can be specified with the
2124 color browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the
2125 X resources pen1 through pen9.
2126
2127
2128 Now press button 1 to select a pixel within the Image window
2129 to change its color. Additional pixels may be recolored as
2130 prescribed by the method you choose. additional pixels by
2131 increasing the Delta value.
2132
2133
2134 If the __Magnify widget__ is mapped, it can be helpful in
2135 positioning your pointer within the image (refer to button
2136 2). Alternatively you can select a pixel to recolor from
2137 within the __Magnify widget__. Move the pointer to the
2138 __Magnify widget__ and position the pixel with the cursor
2139 control keys. Finally, press a button to recolor the
2140 selected pixel (or pixels).
2141
2142
2143 The actual color you request for the pixels is saved in the
2144 image. However, the color that appears in your Image window
2145 may be different. For example, on a monochrome screen the
2146 pixel will appear black or white even if you choose the
2147 color red as the pixel color. However, the image saved to a
2148 file with -write is written with red pixels. To assure the
2149 correct color text in the final image, any
2 perry 2150 ''!PseudoClass'' image is promoted to ''!DirectClass''
2151 To force a ''!PseudoClass'' image to remain
2152 ''!PseudoClass'', use __-colors__.
1 perry 2153 !!MATTE EDITING
2154
2155
2156 Matte information within an image is useful for some
2157 operations such as image compositing. This extra channel
2158 usually defines a mask which represents a sort of a
2159 cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case when matte is
2160 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero
2161 outside, and between zero and 255 on the
2162 boundary.
2163
2164
2165 Setting the matte information in an image is done
2166 interactively. There is no command line argument to edit a
2167 pixel. To begin, and choose __Matte__ of the __Image
2168 Edit__ sub-menu from the Command widget.
2169
2170
2171 Alternatively, press m in the image window.
2172
2173
2174 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
2175 the image window. You are now in matte edit mode. To exit
2176 immediately, press Dismiss. In matte edit mode, the Command
2177 widget has these options:
2178
2179
2180 __Method__
2181
2182
2183 point
2184
2185
2186 replace
2187
2188
2189 floodfill
2190
2191
2192 reset
2193
2194
2195 __Border Color__
2196
2197
2198 black
2199
2200
2201 blue
2202
2203
2204 cyan
2205
2206
2207 green
2208
2209
2210 gray
2211
2212
2213 red
2214
2215
2216 magenta
2217
2218
2219 yellow
2220
2221
2222 white
2223
2224
2225 Browser...
2226
2227
2228 __Fuzz__
2229
2230
2231 0
2232
2233
2234 2
2235
2236
2237 4
2238
2239
2240 8
2241
2242
2243 16 Dialog...
2244
2245
2246 __Matte__
2247
2248
2249 __Undo__
2250
2251
2252 __Help__
2253
2254
2255 __Dismiss__
2256
2257
2258 Choose a matte editing method from the __Method__
2259 sub-menu of the Command widget. The __point method__
2260 changes the matte value of the any pixel selected with the
2261 pointer until the button is released. The __replace
2262 method__ changes the matte value of any pixel that matches
2263 the color of the pixel you select with a button press.
2264 __Floodfill__ changes the matte value of any pixel that
2265 matches the color of the pixel you select with a button
2266 press and is a neighbor. Whereas __filltoborder__
2267 recolors any neighbor pixel that is not the border color.
2268 Finally __reset__ changes the entire image to the
2269 designated matte value. Choose __Matte Value__ and a
2270 dialog appears requesting a matte value. Enter a value
2271 between __0 and 255__. This value is assigned as the
2272 matte value of the selected pixel or pixels. Now, press any
2273 button to select a pixel within the Image window to change
2274 its matte value. You can change the matte value of
2275 additional pixels by increasing the Delta value. The Delta
2276 value is first added then subtracted from the red, green,
2277 and blue of the target color. Any pixels within the range
2278 also have their matte value updated. If the __Magnify
2279 widget__ is mapped, it can be helpful in positioning your
2280 pointer within the image (refer to button 2). Alternatively
2281 you can select a pixel to change the matte value from within
2282 the __Magnify widget__. Move the pointer to the
2283 __Magnify widget__ and position the pixel with the cursor
2284 control keys. Finally, press a button to change the matte
2285 value of the selected pixel (or pixels). Matte information
2 perry 2286 is only valid in a ''!DirectClass image''. Therefore, any
2287 ''!PseudoClass'' image is promoted to ''!DirectClass''.
2288 Note that matte information for ''!PseudoClass'' is not
1 perry 2289 retained for colormapped X server visuals (e.g.
2 perry 2290 ''!StaticColor, !StaticColor, !GrayScale, !PseudoColor'')
1 perry 2291 unless you immediately save your image to a file (refer to
2292 Write). Correct matte editing behavior may require a
2 perry 2293 ''!TrueColor'' or ''!DirectColor'' visual or a
1 perry 2294 ''Standard Colormap''.
2295 !!IMAGE DRAWING
2296
2297
2298 An image is drawn upon interactively. __There is no command
2299 line argument to draw on an image__. To begin, choose
2300 __Draw__ of the Image __Edit__ sub-menu from the
2301 Command widget. Alternatively, press d in the image
2302 window.
2303
2304
2305 The cursor changes to a crosshair to indicate you are in
2306 draw mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In draw mode,
2307 the Command widget has these options:
2308
2309
2310 __Primitive__
2311
2312
2313 point
2314
2315
2316 line
2317
2318
2319 rectangle
2320
2321
2322 fill rectangle
2323
2324
2325 circle
2326
2327
2328 fill circle
2329
2330
2331 ellipse
2332
2333
2334 fill ellipse
2335
2336
2337 polygon
2338
2339
2340 fill polygon
2341
2342
2343 __Color__
2344
2345
2346 black
2347
2348
2349 blue
2350
2351
2352 cyan
2353
2354
2355 green
2356
2357
2358 gray
2359
2360
2361 red
2362
2363
2364 magenta
2365
2366
2367 yellow
2368
2369
2370 white
2371
2372
2373 transparent
2374
2375
2376 Browser...
2377
2378
2379 __Stipple__
2380
2381
2382 Brick
2383
2384
2385 Diagonal
2386
2387
2388 Scales
2389
2390
2391 Vertical
2392
2393
2394 Wavy
2395
2396
2397 Translucent
2398
2399
2400 Opaque
2401
2402
2403 Open...
2404
2405
2406 __Width__
2407
2408
2409 1
2410
2411
2412 2
2413
2414
2415 4
2416
2417
2418 8
2419
2420
2421 16 Dialog...
2422
2423
2424 __Undo__
2425
2426
2427 __Help__
2428
2429
2430 __Dismiss__
2431
2432
2433 Choose a drawing primitive from the __Primitive__
2434 sub-menu.
2435
2436
2437 Next, choose a color from the __Color__ sub-menu.
2438 Additional colors can be specified with the color browser.
2439 You can change the menu colors by setting the X resources
2440 pen1 through pen9. The transparent color updates the image
2441 matte channel and is useful for image
2442 compositing.
2443
2444
2445 If you choose the color browser and press __Grab__, you
2446 can select the primitive color by moving the pointer to the
2447 desired color on the screen and press any button. The
2448 transparent color updates the image matte channel and is
2449 useful for image compositing.
2450
2451
2452 Choose a stipple, if appropriate, from the __Stipple__
2453 sub-menu. Additional stipples can be specified with the file
2454 browser. Stipples obtained from the file browser must be on
2455 disk in the X11 bitmap format.
2456
2457
2458 Choose a line width, if appropriate, from the __Width__
2459 sub-menu. To choose a specific width select the
2460 __Dialog__ widget.
2461
2462
2463 Choose a point in the image window and press button 1 and
2464 hold. Next, move the pointer to another location in the
2465 image. As you move, a line connects the initial location and
2466 the pointer. When you release the button, the image is
2467 updated with the primitive you just drew. For polygons, the
2468 image is updated when you press and release the button
2469 without moving the pointer.
2470
2471
2472 To cancel image drawing, move the pointer back to the
2473 starting point of the line and release the
2474 button.
2475 !!REGION OF INTEREST
2476
2477
2478 To begin, press choose Region of Interest of the Pixel
2479 Transform sub-menu from the Command widget. Alternatively,
2480 press R in the image window.
2481
2482
2483 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
2484 the image window. You are now in region of interest mode. In
2485 region of interest mode, the Command widget has these
2486 options:
2487
2488
2489 __Help__
2490
2491
2492 __Dismiss__
2493
2494
2495 To define a region of interest, press button 1 and drag. The
2496 region of interest is defined by a highlighted rectangle
2497 that expands or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once
2498 you are satisfied with the region of interest, release the
2499 button. You are now in apply mode. In apply mode the Command
2500 widget has these options:
2501
2502
2503 __File__
2504
2505
2506 Save...
2507
2508
2509 Print...
2510
2511
2512 __Edit__
2513
2514
2515 Undo
2516
2517
2518 Redo
2519
2520
2521 __Transform__
2522
2523
2524 Flip
2525
2526
2527 Flop
2528
2529
2530 Rotate Right
2531
2532
2533 Rotate Left
2534
2535
2536 __Enhance__
2537
2538
2539 Hue...
2540
2541
2542 Saturation...
2543
2544
2545 Brightness...
2546
2547
2548 Gamma...
2549
2550
2551 Spiff
2552
2553
2554 Dull
2555
2556
2557 Equalize
2558
2559
2560 Normalize
2561
2562
2563 Negate
2564
2565
2566 GRAYscale
2567
2568
2569 Quantize...
2570
2571
2572 __Effects__
2573
2574
2575 Despeckle
2576
2577
2578 Emboss
2579
2580
2581 Reduce Noise
2582
2583
2584 Add Noise
2585
2586
2587 Sharpen...
2588
2589
2590 Blur...
2591
2592
2593 Threshold...
2594
2595
2596 Edge Detect...
2597
2598
2599 Spread...
2600
2601
2602 Shade...
2603
2604
2605 Raise...
2606
2607
2608 Segment...
2609
2610
2611 __F/X__
2612
2613
2614 Solarize...
2615
2616
2617 Swirl...
2618
2619
2620 Implode...
2621
2622
2623 Wave...
2624
2625
2626 Oil Paint
2627
2628
2629 Charcoal Draw...
2630
2631
2632 __Miscellany__
2633
2634
2635 Image Info
2636
2637
2638 Zoom Image
2639
2640
2641 Show Preview...
2642
2643
2644 Show Histogram
2645
2646
2647 Show Matte
2648
2649
2650 __Help__
2651
2652
2653 __Dismiss__
2654
2655
2656 You can make adjustments to the region of interest by moving
2657 the pointer to one of the rectangle corners, pressing a
2658 button, and dragging. Finally, choose an image processing
2659 technique from the Command widget. You can choose more than
2660 one image processing technique to apply to an area.
2661 Alternatively, you can move the region of interest before
2662 applying another image processing technique. To exit, press
2663 Dismiss.
2664 !!IMAGE PANNING
2665
2666
2667 When an image exceeds the width or height of the X server
2668 screen, display maps a small panning icon. The rectangle
2669 within the panning icon shows the area that is currently
2670 displayed in the the image window. To pan about the image,
2671 press any button and drag the pointer within the panning
2672 icon. The pan rectangle moves with the pointer and the image
2673 window is updated to reflect the location of the rectangle
2674 within the panning icon. When you have selected the area of
2675 the image you wish to view, release the button.
2676
2677
2678 Use the arrow keys to pan the image one pixel up, down,
2679 left, or right within the image window.
2680
2681
2682 The panning icon is withdrawn if the image becomes smaller
2683 than the dimensions of the X server screen.
2684 !!USER PREFERENCES
2685
2686
2687 Preferences affect the default behavior of
2688 __display(1)__. The preferences are either true or false
2689 and are stored in your home directory as
2690 .displayrc:
2691
2692
2693 __display image centered on a
2694 backdrop____
2695
2696
2697 This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is
2698 useful for hiding other X window activity while viewing the
2699 image. The color of the backdrop is specified as the
2700 background color. Refer to X Resources for
2701 details.
2702
2703
2704 __confirm on program exit____
2705
2706
2707 Ask for a confirmation before exiting the __display(1)__
2708 program.
2709
2710
2711 __correct image for display gamma____
2712
2713
2714 If the image has a known gamma, the gamma is corrected to
2715 match that of the X server (see the X Resource
2716 __displayGamma__).
2717
2718
2719 __apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to
2720 image____
2721
2722
2723 The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity
2724 resolution for spatial resolution by averaging the
2725 intensities of several neighboring pixels. Images which
2726 suffer from severe contouring when reducing colors can be
2727 improved with this preference.
2728
2729
2730 __use a shared colormap for colormapped X
2731 visuals____
2732
2733
2734 This option only applies when the default X server visual is
2 perry 2735 ''!PseudoColor'' or ''GRAYScale''. Refer to
1 perry 2736 __-visual__ for more details. By default, a shared
2737 colormap is allocated. The image shares colors with other X
2738 clients. Some image colors could be approximated, therefore
2739 your image may look very different than intended. Otherwise
2740 the image colors appear exactly as they are defined.
2741 However, other clients may go technicolor when the image
2742 colormap is installed.
2743
2744
2745 __display images as an X server
2746 pixmap____
2747
2748
2749 Images are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this
2750 resource to True to utilize a server Pixmap instead. This
2751 option is useful if your image exceeds the dimensions of
2752 your server screen and you intend to pan the image. Panning
2753 is much faster with Pixmaps than with a XImage. Pixmaps are
2754 considered a precious resource, use them with
2755 discretion.
2756 !!ENVIRONMENT
2757
2758
2759 __DISPLAY__
2760
2761
2762 To get the default host, display number, and
2763 screen.
2764 !!ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
2765
2766
2767 The __MIT X Consortium__ for making network transparent
2768 graphics a reality.
2769
2770
2771 ''Peder Langlo'', __Hewlett Packard__, Norway, made
2772 hundreds of suggestions and bug reports. Without Peder,
2 perry 2773 __!ImageMagick__ would not be nearly as useful as it is
1 perry 2774 today.
2775
2776
2777 ''Rod Bogart'' and ''John W. Peterson'', __University
2778 of Utah__. Image compositing is loosely based on rlecomp
2779 of the Utah Raster Toolkit.
2780
2781
2782 ''Michael Halle'', __Spatial Imaging Group at MIT__,
2783 for the initial implementation of Alan Paeth's image
2784 rotation algorithm.
2785
2786
2 perry 2787 ''David Pensak'', __!ImageMagick Studio__, for
1 perry 2788 providing a computing environment that made this program
2789 possible.
2790
2791
2792 ''Paul Raveling'', __USC Information Sciences
2793 Institute__. The spatial subdivision color reduction
2794 algorithm is based on his Img software.
2795 !!SEE ALSO
2796
2797
2798 animate(1), composite(1), conjure(1), convert(1),
2 perry 2799 identify(1), !ImageMagick(1), import(1), mogrify(1),
1 perry 2800 montage(1)
2801 !!COPYRIGHT
2802
2803
2 perry 2804 __Copyright (C) 2002 !ImageMagick Studio__
1 perry 2805
2806
2807 __Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
2808 person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
2809 documentation files (
2810 __
2811
2812
2813 __The above copyright notice and this permission notice
2814 shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of
2 perry 2815 !ImageMagick.__
1 perry 2816
2817
2818 __The software is provided
2819 __
2820
2821
2822 __Except as contained in this notice, the name of the
2 perry 2823 !ImageMagick Studio LLC shall not be used in advertising or
1 perry 2824 otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in
2 perry 2825 !ImageMagick without prior written authorization from the
2826 !ImageMagick Studio.__
1 perry 2827 !!AUTHORS
2828
2829
2 perry 2830 ''John Cristy, !ImageMagick Studio LLC, Glenn
2831 Randers-Pehrson, !ImageMagick Studio LLC.''
1 perry 2832 ----
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