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CFDISK !!!CFDISK NAME SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION DOS 6.x WARNING COMMANDS OPTIONS EXIT STATUS SEE ALSO BUGS AUTHOR ---- !!NAME cfdisk - Curses based disk partition table manipulator for Linux !!SYNOPSIS __cfdisk [[ -agvz ] [[ -c__ ''cylinders'' __] [[ -h__ ''heads'' __] [[ -s__ ''sectors-per-track'' __] [[ -P__ ''opt'' __] [[__ ''device'' __]__ !!DESCRIPTION __cfdisk__ is a curses based program for partitioning any hard disk drive. Typical values of the ''device'' argument are: /dev/hda [[default] /dev/hdb /dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd In order to write the partition table __cfdisk__ needs something called the `geometry' of the disk: the number of `heads' and the number of `sectors per track'. Linux does not use any geometry, so if the disk will not be accessed by other operating systems, you can safely accept the defaults that __cfdisk__ chooses for you. The geometry used by __cfdisk__ is found as follows. First the partition table is examined, to see what geometry was used by the previous program that changed it. If the partition table is empty, or contains garbage, or does not point at a consistent geometry, the kernel is asked for advice. If nothing works 255 heads and 63 sectors/track is assumed. The geometry can be overridden on the command line or by use of the `g' command. When partitioning an empty large modern disk, picking 255 heads and 63 sectors/track is always a good idea. There is no need to set the number of cylinders, since __cfdisk__ knows the disk size. Next, __cfdisk__ tries to read the current partition table from the disk drive. If it is unable to figure out the partition table, an error is displayed and the program will exit. This might also be caused by incorrect geometry information, and can be overridden on the command line. Another way around this problem is with the __-z__ option. This will ignore the partition table on the disk. The main display is composed of four sections, from top to bottom: the header, the partitions, the command line and a warning line. The header contains the program name and version number followed by the disk drive and its geometry. The partitions section always displays the current partition table. The command line is the place where commands and text are entered. The available commands are usually displayed in brackets. The warning line is usually empty except when there is important information to be displayed. The current partition is highlighted with reverse video (or an arrow if the __-a__ option is given). All partition specific commands apply to the current partition. The format of the partition table in the partitions section is, from left to right: Name, Flags, Partition Type, Filesystem Type and Size. The name is the partition device name. The flags can be ''Boot'', which designates a bootable partition or ''NC'', which stands for ''cfdisk__ allows you to recover these __m__). ''Note:'' fdisk(8) and some early versions of DOS create all partitions with the number of sectors already maximized. For more information, see the maximize command below. The partition type can be one of ''Primary'' or ''Logical''. For unallocated space on the drive, the partition type can also be ''Pri/Log'', or empty (if the space is unusable). The filesystem type section displays the name of the filesystem used on the partition, if known. If it is unknown, then ''Unknown'' and the hex value of the filesystem type are displayed. A special case occurs when there are sections of the disk drive that cannot be used (because all of the primary partitions are used). When this is detected, the filesystem type is displayed as ''Unusable''. The size field displays the size of the partition in megabytes (by default). It can also display the size in sectors and cylinders (see the change units command below). If an asterisks (__*__) appears after the size, this means that the partition is not aligned on cylinder boundaries. !!DOS 6.x WARNING The DOS 6.x FORMAT command looks for some information in the first sector of the data area of the partition, and treats this information as more reliable than the information in the partition table. DOS FORMAT expects DOS FDISK to clear the first 512 bytes of the data area of a partition whenever a size change occurs. DOS FORMAT will look at this extra information even if the /U flag is given -- we consider this a bug in DOS FORMAT and DOS FDISK. The bottom line is that if you use cfdisk or fdisk to change the size of a DOS partition table entry, then you must also use __dd__ to zero the first 512 bytes of that partition before using DOS FORMAT to format the partition. For example, if you were using cfdisk to make a DOS partition table entry for /dev/hda1, then (after exiting fdisk or cfdisk and rebooting Linux so that the partition table information is valid) you would use the command __ __BE EXTREMELY CAREFUL__ if you use the __dd__ command, since a small typo can make all of the data on your disk useless. For best results, you should always use an OS-specific partition table program. For example, you should make DOS partitions with the DOS FDISK program and Linux partitions with the Linux fdisk or Linux cfdisk program. !!COMMANDS __cfdisk__ commands can be entered by pressing the desired key (pressing ''Enter'' after the command is not necessary). Here is a list of the available commands: __b__ Toggle bootable flag of the current partition. This allows you to select which primary partition is bootable on the drive. __d__ Delete the current partition. This will convert the current partition into free space and merge it with any free space immediately surrounding the current partition. A partition already marked as free space or marked as unusable cannot be deleted. __g__ Change the disk geometry (cylinders, heads, or sectors-per-track). __WARNING:__ This option should only be used by people who know what they are doing. A command line option is also available to change the disk geometry. While at the change disk geometry command line, you can choose to change cylinders (__c__), heads (__h__), and sectors per track (__s__). The default value will be printed at the prompt which you can accept by simply pressing the ''Enter'' key, or you can exit without changes by pressing the ''ESC'' key. If you want to change the default value, simply enter the desired value and press ''Enter''. The altered disk parameter values do not take effect until you return the main menu (by pressing ''Enter'' or ''ESC'' at the change disk geometry command line. If you change the geometry such that the disk appears larger, the extra sectors are added at the end of the disk as free space. If the disk appears smaller, the partitions that are beyond the new last sector are deleted and the last partition on the drive (or the free space at the end of the drive) is made to end at the new last sector. __h__ Print the help screen. __m__ Maximize disk usage of the current partition. This command will recover the the unused space between the partition table and the beginning of the partition, but at the cost of making the partition incompatible with DOS, OS/2 and possibly other operating systems. This option will toggle between maximal disk usage and DOS, OS/2, etc. compatible disk usage. The default when creating a partition is to create DOS, OS/2, etc. compatible partitions. __n__ Create new partition from free space. If the partition type is ''Primary'' or ''Logical'', a partition of that type will be created, but if the partition type is ''Pri/Log'', you will be prompted for the type you want to create. Be aware that (1) there are only four slots available for primary partitions and (2) since there can be only one extended partition, which contains all of the logical drives, all of the logical drives must be contiguous (with no intervening primary partition). __cfdisk__ next prompts you for the size of the partition you want to create. The default size, equal to the entire free space of the current partition, is display in megabytes. You can either press the ''Enter'' key to accept the default size or enter a different size at the prompt. __cfdisk__ accepts size entries in megabytes (__M__) [[default], kilobytes (__K__), cylinders (__C__) and sectors (__S__) by entering the number immediately followed by one of (__M__, __K__, __C__ or __S__). If the partition fills the free space available, the partition is created and you are returned to the main command line. Otherwise, the partition can be created at the beginning or the end of the free space, and __cfdisk__ will ask you to choose where to place the partition. After the partition is created, __cfdisk__ automatically adjusts the other partition's partition types if all of the primary partitions are used. __p__ Print the partition table to the screen or to a file. There are several different formats for the partition that you can choose from: __r__ Raw data format (exactly what would be written to disk) __s__ Partition table in sector order format __t__ Partition table in raw format The ''raw data format'' will print the sectors that would be written to disk if a __w__rite command is selected. First, the primary partition table is printed, followed by the partition tables associated with each logical partition. The data is printed in hex byte by byte with 16 bytes per line. The ''partition table in sector order format'' will print the partition table ordered by sector number. The fields, from left to right, are the number of the partition, the partition type, the first sector, the last sector, the offset from the first sector of the partition to the start of the data, the length of the partition, the filesystem type (with the hex value in parenthesis), and the flags (with the hex value in parenthesis). In addition to the primary and logical partitions, free and unusable space is printed and the extended partition is printed before the first logical partition. If a partition does not start or end on a cylinder boundary or if the partition length is not divisible by the cylinder size, an asterisks (__*__) is printed after the non-aligned sector number/count. This usually indicates that a partition was created by an operating system that either does not align partitions to cylinder boundaries or that used different disk geometry information. If you know the disk geometry of the other operating system, you could enter the geometry information with the change geometry command (__g__). For the first partition on the disk and for all logical partitions, if the offset from the beginning of the partition is not equal to the number of sectors per track (i.e., the data does not start on the first head), a number sign (__#__) is printed after the offset. For the remaining partitions, if the offset is not zero, a number sign will be printed after the offset. This corresponds to the ''NC'' flag in the partitions section of the main display. The ''partition table in raw format'' will print the partition table ordered by partition number. It will leave out all free and unusable space. The fields, from left to right, are the number of the partition, the flags (in hex), the starting head, sector and cylinder, the filesystem ID (in hex), the ending head, sector and cylinder, the starting sector in the partition and the number of sectors in the partition. The information in this table can be directly translated to the ''raw data format''. The partition table entries only have 10 bits available to represent the starting and ending cylinders. Thus, when the absolute starting (ending) sector number is on a cylinder greater than 1023, the maximal values for starting (ending) head, sector and cylinder are printed. This is the method used by OS/2, and thus fixes the problems associated with OS/2's fdisk rewriting the partition table when it is not in this format. Since Linux and OS/2 use absolute sector counts, the values in the starting and ending head, sector and cylinder are not used. __q__ Quit program. This will exit the program without writing any data to disk. __t__ Change the filesystem type. By default, new partitions are created as ''Linux'' partitions, but since __cfdisk__ can create partitions for other operating systems, change partition type allows you to enter the hex value of the filesystem you desire. A list of the know filesystem types is displayed. You can type in the filesystem type at the prompt or accept the default filesystem type [[''Linux'']. __u__ Change units of the partition size display. It will rotate through megabytes, sectors and cylinders. __W__ Write partition table to disk (must enter an upper case W). Since this might destroy data on the disk, you must either confirm or deny the write by entering `yes' or `no'. If you enter `yes', __cfdisk__ will write the partition table to disk and the tell the kernel to re-read the partition table from the disk. The re-reading of the partition table works is most cases, but I have seen it fail. Don't panic. It will be correct after you reboot the system. In all cases, I still recommend rebooting the system--just to be safe. ''Up Arrow'' ''Down Arrow'' Move cursor to the previous or next partition. If there are more partitions than can be displayed on a screen, you can display the next (previous) set of partitions by moving down (up) at the last (first) partition displayed on the screen. ''CTRL-L'' Redraws the screen. In case something goes wrong and you cannot read anything, you can refresh the screen from the main command line. __?__ Print the help screen. All of the commands can be entered with either upper or lower case letters (except for __W__rites). When in a sub-menu or at a prompt to enter a filename, you can hit the ''ESC'' key to return to the main command line. !!OPTIONS __-a__ Use an arrow cursor instead of reverse video for highlighting the current partition. __-g__ Do not use the geometry given by the disk driver, but try to guess a geometry from the partition table. __-v__ Print the version number and copyright. __-z__ Start with zeroed partition table. This option is useful when you want to repartition your entire disk. ''Note:'' this option does not zero the partition table on the disk; rather, it simply starts the program without reading the existing partition table. __-c__ ''cylinders'' __-h__ ''heads'' __-s__ ''sectors-per-track'' Override the number of cylinders, heads and sectors per track read from the BIOS. If your BIOS or adapter does not supply this information or if it supplies incorrect information, use these options to set the disk geometry values. __-P__ ''opt'' Prints the partition table in specified formats. ''opt'' can be one or more of ''p__rint command (above) for more information on the print formats. !!EXIT STATUS 0: No errors; 1: Invocation error; 2: I/O error; 3: cannot get geometry; 4: bad partition table on disk. !!SEE ALSO fdisk(8), parted(8), sfdisk(8) !!BUGS The current version does not support multiple disks. !!AUTHOR Kevin E. Martin (martin@cs.unc.edu) ----
4 pages link to
cfdisk(8)
:
Man8c
fdisk(8)
sfdisk(8)
Partition
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