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!!NAME cdrecord - record audio or data Compact Discs from a master !!SYNOPSIS __cdrecord__ [[ ''general options'' ] __dev=__ ''device'' [[ ''track options'' ] ''track1'' ... ''trackn'' !!DESCRIPTION __Cdrecord__ is used to record data or audio Compact Discs on an Orange Book CD-Recorder. The ''device'' refers to ''scsibus'' / ''target'' / ''lun'' of the CD-Recorder. Communication on ''SunOS'' is done with the SCSI general driver __scg.__ Other operating systems are using a library simulation of this driver. Possible syntax is: __dev=__ ''scsibus'' , ''target'' , ''lun'' or __dev=__ ''target'' , ''lun'' . In the latter case, the CD-Recorder has to be connected to the default SCSI bus of the machine. ''Scsibus'' , ''target '' and ''lun'' are integer numbers. Some operating systems or SCSI transport implementations may require to specify a filename in addition. In this case the correct syntax for the device is: __dev=__ ''devicename'' : ''scsibus'' , ''target'' , ''lun'' or __dev=__ ''devicename'' : ''target'' , ''lun'' . If the name of the device node that has been specified on such a system refers to exactly one SCSI device, a shorthand in the form __dev=__ ''devicename'' : ''@'' or __dev=__ ''devicename'' : ''@'' , ''lun'' may be used instead of __dev=__ ''devicename'' : ''scsibus'' , ''target'' , ''lun'' . To access remote SCSI devices, you need to prepend the SCSI device name by a remote device indicator. The remote device indicator is either __REMOTE:__ ''user@host:'' or __REMOTE:__ ''host:'' A valid remote SCSI device name may be: __REMOTE:__ ''user@host:'' to allow remote SCSI bus scanning or __REMOTE:__ ''user@host:1,0,0'' to access the SCSI device at ''host'' connected to SCSI bus # 1,target 0 lun 0. To make __cdrecord__ portable to all \s-2UNIX\s0 platforms, the syntax __dev=__ ''devicename'' : ''scsibus'' , ''target'' , ''lun'' is preferred as is hides OS specific knowledge about device names from the user. A specific OS must not necessarily support a way to specify a real device file name nor a way to specify ''scsibus'' , ''target'' , ''lun'' . ''Scsibus '' 0 is the default SCSI bus on the machine. Watch the boot messages for more information or look into __/var/log/messages __ for more information about the SCSI configuration of your machine. If you have problems to figure out what values for ''scsibus'' , ''target'' , ''lun'' should be used, try the __-scanbus__ option of __cdrecord__ described below. If a file /etc/default/cdrecord exists, the parameter to the __dev=__ option may also be a drive name label in said file (see FILES section). On __SVr4 __ compliant systems, __cdrecord __ uses the the real time class to get the highest scheduling priority that is possible (higher than all kernel processes). On systems with __POSIX real time scheduling__ cdrecord uses real time scheduling too, but may not be able to gain a priority that is higher than all kernel processes. In ''Track At Once '' mode, each ''track'' corresponds to a single file that contains the prepared data for that track. If the argument is ` __-__ ', standard input is used for that track. Only one track may be taken from ''stdin'' . !!GENERAL OPTIONS General options must be before any track file name or track option. ;__-version__ : Print version information and exit. ;__-v__ : Increment the level of general verbosity by one. This is used e.g. to display the progress of the writing process. ;__-V__ : Increment the verbose level in respect of SCSI command transport by one. This helps to debug problems during the writing process, that occur in the CD-Recorder. If you get incomprehensible error messages you should use this flag to get more detailed output. __-VV__ will show data buffer content in addition. Using __-V__ or __-VV__ slows down the process and may be the reason for a buffer underrun. ;__debug=__ ''#, '' __-d__ : Set the misc debug value to # (with debug=#) or increment the misc debug level by one (with -d). If you specify ''-dd,'' this equals to __debug=__ ''2.'' This may help to find problems while opening a driver for libscg as well as with sector sizes and sector types. Using __-debug__ slows down the process and may be the reason for a buffer underrun. ;__kdebug=__ #, __kd=__ # : Tell the __scg__ -driver to modify the kernel debug value while SCSI commands are running. ;__-silent__ , __-s__ : Do not print out a status report for failed SCSI commands. ;__-force__ : Force to continue on some errors. This option currently implements some tricks that will allow you to blank bad CD-RW disks. ;__-dummy__ : The CD-Recorder will go through all steps of the recording process, but the laser is turned off during this procedure. It is recommended to run several tests before actually writing to a Compact Disk, if the timing and load response of the system is not known. ;__-dao__ : Set __Disk At Once mode.__ This currently only works with MMC drives that support non raw __Session At Once__ mode. ;__-multi__ : Allow multi session CD's to be made. This flag needs to be present on all sessions of a multi session disk, except you want to create a session that will be the last session on the media. The fixation will be done in a way that allows the CD-Recorder to append additional sessions later. This is done by generation a TOC with a link to the next program area. The so generated media is not 100% compatible to manufactured CD's (except for CDplus). Use only for recording of multi session CD's. If this option is present, the default track type is __CD-ROM XA mode 2__ . The ''Sony '' drives have no hardware support for __CD-ROM XA mode 2__ . You have to specify the __-data __ option in order to create multi session disks on these drives. As long as cdrecord does not have a coder for converting data sectors to audio sectors, you need to force __CD-ROM__ sectors by including the __-data__ option if you like to record a multisession disk in DAO/SAO mode. Not all drives allow multisession CD's in DAO/SAO mode. ;__-msinfo__ : Retrieve multi session info in a form suitable for __mkisofs-1.10" __ or later. This option makes only sense with a CD that contains at least one closed session and is appendable (not finally closed yet). Some drives create error messages if you try to get the multi session info for a disk that is not suitable for this operation. ;__-toc__ : Retrieve and print out the table of content or PMA of a CD. With this option, __cdrecord__ will work with CD-R drives and with CD-ROM drives. ;__-atip__ : Retrieve and print out the ATIP (absolute Time in Pregroove) info of a CD recordable or CD rewritable media. With this option, __cdrecord__ will try to retrieve the ATIP info. If the actual drive does not support to read the ATIP info, it may be that only a reduced set of information records or even nothing is displayed. Only a limited number of MMC compliant drives support to read the ATIP info. If __cdrecord__ is able to retrieve the lead-in start time for the first session, it will try to decode and print the manufacturer info from the media. ;__-fix__ : The disk will only be fixated (i.e. a TOC for a CD-Reader will be written). This may be used, if for some reason the disk has been written but not fixated. This option currently does not work with old TEAC drives (CD-R50S and CD-R55S). ;__-nofix__ : Do not fixate the disk after writing the tracks. This may be used to create an audio disk in steps. An un-fixated disk can usually not be used on a non CD-writer type drive but there are audio CD players that will be able to play such a disk. ;__-waiti__ : Wait for input to become available on standard input before trying to open the SCSI driver. This allows __cdrecord__ to read it's input from a pipe even when writing additional sessions to a multi session disk. When writing another session to a multi session disk, __mkisofs __ needs to read the old session from the device before writing output. This cannot be done if __cdrecord __ opens the SCSI driver at the same time. ;__-load__ : Load the media and exit. This only works with a tray loading mechanism but seems to be useful when using the Kodak disk transporter. ;__-eject__ : Eject disk after doing the work. Some Devices (e.g. Philips) need to eject the medium before creating a new disk. Doing a -dummy test and immediately creating a real disk would not work on these devices. ;__speed=#__ : Set the speed factor of the writing process to #. # is an integer, representing a multiple of the audio speed. This is about 150 KB/s for CD-ROM and about 172 KB/s for CD-Audio. If no ''speed'' option is present, __cdrecord__ will try to get the speed value from the __CDR_SPEED__ environment. If your drive has problems with ''speed=2 '' or ''speed=4'' , you should try ''speed=0'' . ;__blank=__ ''type'' : Blank a CD-RW and exit or blank a CD-RW before writing. The blanking type may be one of: ;help : Display a list of possible blanking types. ;all : Blank the entire disk. This may take a long time. ;fast : Minimally blank the disk. This results in erasing the PMA, the TOC and the pregap. ;track : Blank a track. ;unreserve : Unreserve a reserved track. ;trtail : Blank the tail of a track. ;unclose : Unclose last session. ;session : Blank the last session. If used together with the __-force__ flag, this option may be used to blank CD-RW disks that otherwise cannot be blanked. Note that you may need to specify __blank=__ ''all'' because some drives will not continue with certain types of bad CD-RW disks. Note also that __cdecord__ does it's best if the __-force __ flag is used but it finally depends on the drive's firmware whether the blanking operation will succeed or not. ;__fs=__ # : Set the fifo (ring buffer) size to #. You may use the same method as in dd(1), sdd(1) or star(1). The number representing the size is taken in bytes unless otherwise specified. If a number is followed directly by the letter `b', `k', `m', `s' of `f', the size is multiplied by 512, 1024, 1024*1024, 2048 or 2352. If the size consists of numbers separated by `x' or `*', multiplication of the two numbers is performed. Thus ''fs=10x63k'' will specify a fifo size of 630\ kBytes. The size specified by the ''fs='' argument includes the shared memory that is needed for administration. This is at least one page of memory. If no ''fs'' = option is present, __cdrecord__ will try to get the fifo size value from the __CDR_FIFOSIZE__ environment. The default fifo size is currently 4 MB. The fifo is used to increase buffering for the real time writing process. It allows to run a pipe from __mkisofs__ directly into __cdrecord__ . If the fifo is active and a pipe from __mkisofs__ into __cdrecord__ is used to create a CD, __cdrecord__ will abort prior to do any modifications on the disk if __mkisofs __ dies before it starts writing. The recommended fifo size is between 4 and 32 MBytes. As a rule of thumb, the fifo size should be at least equal to the size of the internal buffer of the CD-Recorder and no more than half of the physical amount of RAM available in the machine. If the fifo size is big enough, the fifo statistics will print a fifo empty count of zero and the fifo min fill is not below 20%. It is not wise to use too much space for the fifo. If you need more than 8 MB to write a CD on an idle machine, your machine is either underpowered, has hardware problems or is mis-configured. The sun4c architecture (e.g. a Sparcstation-2) has only MMU page table entries for 16 MBytes per process. Using more than 14 MBytes for the fifo may cause the operating system in this case to spend much time to constantly reload the MMU tables. Newer machines from Sun do not have this MMU hardware problem. I have no information on PC-hardware reflecting this problem. If you have buffer underruns or similar problems and observe a zero ''fifo empty count'' , you have hardware problems. The fifo size in this case is sufficient. ;__dev=__ ''target'' : Sets the SCSI target for the CD-Recorder, see notes above. A typical device specification is __dev=__ ''6,0'' . If a filename must be provided together with the numerical target specification, the filename is implementation specific. The correct filename in this case can be found in the system specific manuals of the target operating system. On a ''FreeBSD'' system without ''CAM'' support, you need to use the control device (e.g. ''/dev/rcd0.ctl'' ). A correct device specification in this case may be __dev=__ ''/dev/rcd0.ctl:@'' . On Linux, drives connected to a parallel port adapter are mapped to a virtual SCSI bus. Different adapters are mapped to different targets on this virtual SCSI bus. If no ''dev'' option is present, __cdrecord__ will try to get the device from the __CDR_DEVICE__ environment. If the argument to the __dev=__ option does not contain the characters ',', '/', '@' or ':', it is interpreted as an label name that may be found in the file /etc/default/cdrecord (see FILES section). ;__timeout=__ ''#'' : Set the default SCSI command timeout value to ''#'' ''seconds.'' The default SCSI command timeout is the minimum timeout used for sending SCSI commands. If a SCSI command fails due to a timeout, you may try to raise the default SCSI command timeout above the timeout value of the failed command. If the command runs correctly with a raised command timeout, please report the better timeout value and the corresponding command to the author of the program. If no ''timeout '' option is present, a default timeout of 40 seconds is used. ;__driver=__ ''name'' : Allows to use a user supplied driver name for the device. To get a list of possible drivers use __driver=help__ . The reason for the existence of this option is to allow users to use __cdrecord__ with drives that are similar to supported drives but not known directly by __cdrecord__ . Use this option with extreme care. If a wrong driver is used for a device, the possibility of creating corrupted disks is high. The minimum problem related to a wrong driver is that the __-speed__ or __-dummy__ will not work. There are two special driver entries in the list: __cdr_simul__ and __dvd_simul__ . These driver entries are designed to make timing tests at any speed or timing tests for drives that do not support the __-dummy__ option. The simulation drivers implement a drive with a buffer size of 1MB that can be changed via the __CDR_SIMUL_BUFSIZE__ environment variable. The simulation driver correctly simulates even a buffer underrun condition. If the __-dummy __ option is present, the simulation is not aborted in case of a buffer underrun. ;__driveropts=__ ''option list'' : Set driver specific options. The options are specified a comma separated list. To get a list of valid options use __driveropts=__ ''help'' together with the ''-checkdrive'' option. Currently only the __burnproof __ option is implemented to support Buffer Underrun Proof writing with drives that use the Sanyo BURN-Proof technology. ;__-checkdrive__ : Checks if a driver for the current drive is present and exit. If the drive is a known drive, __cdrecord__ uses exit code 0. ;__-prcap__ : Print the drive capabilities for SCSI-3/mmc compliant drives as obtained from mode page 0x2A. Values marked with ''kB'' use 1000 bytes as kilo-byte, values marked with ''KB'' use 1024 bytes as Kilo-byte. ;__-inq__ : Do an inquiry for the drive, print the inquiry info and exit. ;__-scanbus__ : Scan all SCSI devices on all SCSI busses and print the inquiry strings. This option may be used to find SCSI address of the CD-Recorder on a system. The numbers printed out as labels are computed by: __bus * 100 + target__ ;__-reset__ : Try to reset the SCSI bus where the CD recorder is located. This works not on all operating systems. ;__-ignsize__ : Ignore the known size of the medium. This options should be used with extreme care, it exists only for debugging purposes don't use it for other reasons. It is not needed to write disks with more than the nominal capacity. ;__-useinfo__ : Use *.inf files to overwrite audio options. If this option is used, the pregap size information is read from the *.inf file that is associated with the file that contains the audio data for a track. ;__defpregap__ =# : Set the default pre-gap size for all tracks except track number 1. This option currently only makes sense with the TEAC drive when creating track-at-once disks without the 2 second silence before each track. This option may go away in future. ;__-packet__ : Set __Packet writing mode. __ This is an experimental interface. ;__pktsize__ =# : Set the paket size to #, forces fixed packet mode. This is an experimental interface. ;__-noclose__ : Do not close the current track, useful only when in packet writing mode. This is an experimental interface. ;__mcn=med_cat_nr__ : Set the __Media Catalog Number__ of the CD to ''med_cat_nr'' . !!TRACK OPTIONS Track options may be mixed with track file names. ;__isrc=ISRC_number__ : Set the __International Standard Recording Number__ for the next track to ''ISRC_number'' . ;__index=__ ''list'' : Sets an index list for the next track. In index list is a comma separated list of numbers that are counting from index 1. The first entry in this list must contain a 0, the following numbers must be an ascending list of numbers (counting in 1/75 seconds) that represent the start of the indices. An index list in the form: 0,7500,15000 sets index 1 to the start of the track, index 2 100 seconds from the start of the track and index 3 200 seconds from the start of the track. ;__-audio__ : If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in __CD-DA __ (similar to Red Book) audio format. The file with data for this tracks should contain stereo, 16-bit digital audio with 44100 samples/s. The byte order should be the following: MSB left, LSB left, MSB right, LSB right, MSB left and so on. The track should be a multiple of 2352 bytes. It is not possible to put the master image of an audio track on a raw disk because data will be read in multiple of 2352 bytes during the recording process. If a filename ends in ''.au'' or ''.wav'' the file is considered to be a structured audio data file. __Cdrecord__ assumes that the file in this case is a Sun audio file or a Microsoft .WAV file and extracts the audio data from the files by skipping over the non-audio header information. In all other cases, cdrecord will only work correctly if the audio data stream does not have any header. Because many structured audio files do not have an integral number of blocks (1/75th second) in length, it is often necessary to specify the __-pad__ option as well. __cdrecord__ recognizes that audio data in a .WAV file is stored in Intel (little-endian) byte order, and will automatically byte-swap the data if the CD recorder requires big-endian data. __Cdrecord__ will reject any audio file that does not match the Red Book requirements of 16-bit stereo samples in PCM coding at 44100 samples/second. Using other structured audio data formats as input to __cdrecord__ will usually work if the structure of the data is the structure described above (raw pcm data in big-endian byte order). However, if the data format includes a header, you will hear a click at the start of a track. ;'' '' : If neither ''-data '' nor ''-audio'' have been specified, __cdrecord__ defaults to ''-audio'' for all filenames that end in ''.au'' or ''.wav'' and to ''-data '' for all other files. ;__-swab__ : If this flag is present, audio data is assumed to be in byte-swapped (little-endian) order. Some types of CD-Writers e.g. Yamaha, Sony and the new SCSI-3/mmc drives require audio data to be presented in little-endian order, while other writers require audio data to be presented in the big-endian (network) byte order normally used by the SCSI protocol. __Cdrecord__ knows if a CD-Recorder needs audio data in big- or little-endian order, and corrects the byte order of the data stream to match the needs of the recorder. You only need the ''-swab '' flag if your data stream is in Intel (little-endian) byte order. Note that the verbose output of __cdrecord__ will show you if swapping is necessary to make the byte order of the input data fit the required byte order of the recorder. __Cdrecord__ will not show you if the ''-swab '' flag was actually present for a track. ;__-data__ : If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in __CD-ROM mode 1__ (Yellow Book) format. The data is a multiple of 2048 bytes. The file with track data should contain an __ISO-9660__ or __Rock__ Ridge filesystem image (see __mkisofs__ for more details). If the track data is an __ufs__ filesystem image, fragment size should be set to 2 KB or more to allow CR-drives with 2 KB sector size to to be used for reading. ;'' '' : -data is the default, if no other flag is present. ;'' '' : If neither ''-data '' nor ''-audio'' have been specified, __cdrecord__ defaults to ''-audio'' for all filenames that end in ''.au'' or ''.wav'' and to ''-data '' for all other files. ;__-mode2__ : If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in __CD-ROM mode 2__ format. The data is a multiple of 2048 bytes. ;__-xa1__ : If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in __CD-ROM XA mode 1__ format. The data is a multiple of 2048 bytes. ;__-xa2__ : If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in __CD-ROM XA mode 2__ format. The data is a multiple of 2048 bytes. ;__-cdi__ : If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in __CDI__ format. The data is a multiple of 2048 bytes. ;__-isosize__ : Use the __ISO-9660__ file system size as the size of the next track. This option is needed if you want to read the image of a track from a raw disk partition or on a master CD. In the first case the option __-isosize__ is needed to limit the size of the CD to the size of the ISO filesystem. In the second case the option __-isosize__ is needed to prevent __cdrecord__ from reading the two run out blocks that are appended by each CD-recorder in track at once mode. These two run out blocks cannot be read and would cause a buffer under run that would cause a defective copy. Do not use this option if __cdrecord__ reads the track data from ''stdin'' . This option currently cannot be used to determine the size of a file system if the multi session option is present. ;__-pad__ : If the track is a data track, 15 sectors of zeroed data will be added to the end of this and each subsequent data track. In this case, the __-pad __ option is superseded by the __padsize=__ option. It will remain however as a shorthand for __padsize=15s.__ If the ''-pad '' option refers to an audio track, __cdrecord __ will pad the audio data to be a multiple of 2352 bytes. The audio data padding is done with binary zeroes which is equal to absolute silence. __-pad __ remains valid until disabled by __-nopad__ . ;__padsize=__ # : Set the amount of data to be appended as padding to the next track to #. Opposed to the behavior of the __-pad__ option, the value for ''padsize='' is reset to zero for each new track. See __fs__ = option for possible arguments. Use this option if your CD-drive is not able to read the last sectors of a track or if you want to be able to read the CD on a __Linux __ system with the ISO-9660 filesystem read ahead bug. If an empty file is used for track data, this option may be used to create a disk that is entirely made of padding. ;__-nopad__ : Do not pad the following tracks - the default. ;__-shorttrack__ : Allow all subsequent tracks to violate the Read Book track length standard which requires a minimum track length of 4 seconds. This option is only useful when used in DAO mode. Not all drives support this feature. The drive must be accept the resulting CUE sheet. ;__-noshorttrack__ : Re-enforce the Red Book track length standard. Tracks must be at least 4 seconds. ;__pregap__ =# : Set the pre-gap size for the next track. This option currently only makes sense with the TEAC drive when creating track-at-once disks without the 2 second silence before each track. This option may go away in future. ;__-preemp__ : If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio tracks will indicate that the audio data has been sampled with 50/15 µsec preemphasis. The data, however is not modified during the process of transferring from file to disk. This option has no effect on data tracks. ;__-nopreemp__ : If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio tracks will indicate that the audio data has been mastered with linear data - this is the default. ;__tsize=#__ : If the master image for the next track has been stored on a raw disk, use this option to specify the valid amount of data on this disk. If the image of the next track is stored in a regular file, the size of that file is taken to determine the length of this track. If the track contains an ISO 9660 filesystem image use the ''-isosize'' option to determine the length of that filesystem image. In Disk at Once mode and with some drives that use the TEAC programming interface, even in Track at Once mode, __cdrecord__ needs to know the size of each track before starting to write the disk. Cdrecord now checks this and aborts before starting to write. If this happens you will need to run __mkisofs -print-size__ before and use the output as an argument to the __tsize__ = option of __cdrecord__ . See __fs__ = option for possible arguments. !!EXAMPLES For all examples below, it will be assumed that the CD-Recorder is connected to the primary SCSI bus of the machine. The SCSI target id is set to 2. To record a pure CD-ROM at double speed, using data from the file ''cdimage.raw'' : cdrecord -v speed=2 dev=2,0 cdimage.raw To create an image for a ISO 9660 filesystem with Rock Ridge extensions: mkisofs -R -o cdimage.raw /home/joerg/master/tree To check the resulting file before writing to CD on Solaris: mount -r -F fbk -o type=hsfs /dev/fbk0:cdimage.raw /mnt On Linux: mount cdimage.raw -r -t iso9660 -o loop /mnt Go on with: ls -lR /mnt umount /mnt If the overall speed of the system is sufficient and the structure of the filesystem is not too complex, cdrecord will run without creating an image of the ISO 9660 filesystem. Simply run the pipeline: mkisofs -R /master/tree | cdrecord -v fs=6m speed=2 dev=2,0 - The recommended minimum fifo size for running this pipeline is 4 MBytes. As the default fifo size is 4 MB, the __fs=__ option needs only be present if you want to use a different fifo size. If your system is loaded, you should run mkisofs in the real time class too. To raise the priority of __mkisofs__ replace the command mkisofs -R /master/tree by priocntl -e -c RT -p 59 mkisofs -R /master/tree on Solaris and by nice --18 mkisofs -R /master/tree on systems that don't have __UNIX International__ compliant realtime scheduling. Cdrecord runs at priority 59 on Solaris, you should run mkisofs at no more than priority 58. On other systems, you should run mkisofs at no less than nice --18. Creating a CD-ROM without file system image on disk has been tested on a Sparcstation-2 with a Yamaha CDR-400. It did work up to quad speed when the machine was not loaded. A faster machine may be able to handle quad speed also in the loaded case. To record a pure CD-DA (audio) at single speed, with each track contained in a file named ''track01.cdaudio'' , ''track02.cdaudio'' , etc: cdrecord -v speed=1 dev=2,0 -audio track*.cdaudio To check if it will be ok to use double speed for the example above. Use the dummy write option: cdrecord -v -dummy speed=2 dev=2,0 -audio track*.cdaudio To record a mixed-mode CD with an ISO 9660 filesystem from ''cdimage.raw'' on the first track, the other tracks being audio tracks from the files ''track01.cdaudio'' , ''track02.cdaudio'' , etc: cdrecord -v -dummy dev=2,0 cdimage.raw -audio track*.cdaudio To handle drives that need to know the size of a track before starting to write, first run mkisofs -R -q -print-size /master/tree and then run mkisofs -R /master/tree | cdrecord speed=2 dev=2,0 tsize=XXXs - where ''XXX'' is replaced by the output of the previous run of mkisofs. To copy an audio CD in the most accurate way, first run cdda2wav -v255 -D2,0 -B -Owav and then run cdrecord -v dev=2,0 -dao -useinfo *.wav !!ENVIRONMENT ;CDR_DEVICE : This may either hold a device identifier that is suitable to the open call of the SCSI transport library or a label in the file /etc/default/cdrecord. ;CDR_SPEED : Sets the default speed value for writing (see also __-speed__ option). ;CDR_FIFOSIZE : Sets the default size of the FIFO (see also __fs=#__ option). !!FILES ;/etc/default/cdrecord : Default values can be set for the following options in /etc/default/cdrecord. For example: CDR_FIFOSIZE=8m or CDR_SPEED=2 ;CDR_DEVICE : This may either hold a device identifier that is suitable to the open call of the SCSI transport library or a label in the file /etc/default/cdrecord that allows to identify a specific drive on the system. ;CDR_SPEED : Sets the default speed value for writing (see also __-speed__ option). ;CDR_FIFOSIZE : Sets the default size of the FIFO (see also __fs=#__ option). ;Any other label : is an identifier for a specific drive on the system. Such an identifier may not contain the characters ',', '/', '@' or ':'. Each line that follows a label contains a TAB separated list of items. Currently, three items are recognized: the SCSI ID of the drive, the default speed that should be used for this drive and the default FIFO size that should be used for this drive. The values for ''speed'' and ''fifosize'' may be set to -1 to tell cdrecord to use the global defaults. A typical line may look this way: teac1= 0,5,0 4 8m yamaha= 1,6,0 -1 -1 This tells __cdrecord__ that a drive named ''teac1'' is at scsibus 0, target 5, lun 0 and should be used with speed 4 and a FIFO size of 8 MB. A second drive may be found at scsibus 1, target 6, lun 0 and uses the default speed and the default FIFO size. !!SEE ALSO cdda2wav(1), readcd(1), scg(7), fbk(7), mkisofs(8). !!NOTES On Solaris you need to stop the volume management if you like to use the USCSI fallback SCSI transport code. Even things like __cdrecord -scanbus__ will not work if the volume management is running. Disks made in __Track At Once __ mode are not suitable as a master for direct mass production by CD manufacturers. You will need the __disk at once__ option to record such disks. Nevertheless the disks made in __Track At Once __ will normally be read in all CD players. Some old audio CD players however may produce a two second click between two audio tracks. The minimal size of a track is 4 seconds or 300 sectors. If you write smaller tracks, the CD-Recorder will add dummy blocks. This is not an error, even though the SCSI-error message looks this way. __Cdrecord__ has been tested on an upgraded Philips CDD-521 recorder at single and double speed on a !SparcStation 20/502 with no problems, slower computer systems should work also. The newer Philips/HP/Plasmon/Grundig drives as well as Yamaha CDR-100 and CDR-102 work also. The Plasmon RF-4100 work, but has not tested in multi session. A Philips CDD-521 that has not been upgraded will not work. The Sony CDU-924 has been tested, but does not support XA-mode2 in hardware. The sony therefore cannot create conforming multi session disks. The Ricoh RO-1420C works, but some people seem to have problems to use them with speed=2, try speed=0 in this case. The Yamaha CDR-400 and all new SCSI-3/mmc conforming drives are supported in single and multi-session. You should run several tests in all supported speeds of your drive with the __-dummy__ option turned on if you are using __cdrecord__ on an unknown system. Writing a CD is a realtime process. __NFS__ will not always deliver constantly the needed data rates. If you want to use __cdrecord __ with CD-images that are located on a __NFS__ mounted filesystem, be sure that the fifo size is big enough. I used __cdrecord __ with with medium load on a SS20/502 and even at quad speed on a Sparcstation-2 which was heavily loaded, but it is recommended to leave the system as lightly loaded as possible while writing a CD. If you want to make sure that buffer underrungs are not caused by your source disk, you may use the command cdrecord -dummy dev=2,0 padsize=600m /dev/null to create a disk that is entirely made of dummy data. __Cdrecord__ needs to run as root to get access to the __/dev/scg?__ device nodes and to be able to lock itself into memory. If you don't want to allow users to become root on your system, __cdrecord__ may safely be installed suid root. This allows all users or a group of users with no root privileges to use __cdrecord.__ __Cdrecord __ in this case checks, if the real user would have been able to read the specified files. To give all user access to use __cdrecord, __ enter: chown root /usr/local/bin/cdrecord chmod 4711 /usr/local/bin/cdrecord To give a restricted group of users access to cdrecord enter: chown root /usr/local/bin/cdrecord chgrp cdburners /usr/local/bin/cdrecord chmod 4710 /usr/local/bin/cdrecord and add a group ''cdburners'' on your system. Never give write permissions for non root users to the ''/dev/scg?'' devices unless you would allow anybody to read/write/format all your disks. You should not connect old drives that do not support disconnect/reconnect to either the SCSI bus that is connected to the CD-Recorder or the source disk. A Compact Disc can have no more than 99 tracks. When creating a disc with both audio and data tracks, the data should be on track 1 otherwise you should create a CDplus disk which is a multi session disk with the first session containing the audio tracks and the following session containing the data track. Many operating systems are not able to read more than a single data track, or need special software to do so. More information on the SCSI command set of a HP CD-Recorder can be found at http://www.hp.com/isgsupport/cdr/index.html If you have more information or SCSI command manuals for currently unsupported CD-Recorders please contact the author. The Philips CDD 521 CD-Recorder (even in the upgraded version) has several firmware bugs. Some of them will force you to power cycle the device or to reboot the machine. When using __cdrecord__ with the broken __Linux SCSI generic driver.__ You should note that __cdrecord__ uses a hack, that tries to emulate the functionality of the scg driver. Unfortunately, the sg driver on __Linux__ has several severe bugs: * It cannot see if a SCSI command could not be sent at all. * It cannot get the SCSI status byte. __Cdrecord__ for that reason cannot report failing SCSI commands in some situations. * It cannot get real DMA count of transfer. __Cdrecord__ cannot tell you if there is an DMA residual count. * It cannot get number of bytes valid in auto sense data. __Cdrecord__ cannot tell you if device transfers no sense data at all. * It fetches to few data in auto request sense (CCS/SCSI-2/SCSI-3 needs >= 18). The fifo percent output is computed just after a block of data has been written to the CD-Recorder. For this reason, there will never be 100% fifo fill, while the fifo is in streaming mode. !!DIAGNOSTICS You have 9 seconds to type ^C to abort __cdrecord__ after you see the message: Starting to write CD at speed %d in %s mode for %s session. A typical error message for a SCSI command looks like: cdrecord: I/O error. test unit ready: scsi sendcmd: no error CDB: 00 20 00 00 00 00 status: 0x2 (CHECK CONDITION) Sense Bytes: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0A 00 00 00 00 25 00 00 00 00 00 Sense Key: 0x5 Illegal Request, Segment 0 Sense Code: 0x25 Qual 0x00 (logical unit not supported) Fru 0x0 Sense flags: Blk 0 (not valid) cmd finished after 0.002s timeout 40s The first line gives information about the transport of the command. The text after the first colon gives the error text for the system call from the view of the kernel. It usually is: __I/O error__ unless other problems happen. The next words contain a short description for the SCSI command that fails. The rest of the line tells you if there were any problems for the transport of the command over the SCSI bus. __fatal error__ means that it was not possible to transport the command (i.e. no device present at the requested SCSI address). The second line prints the SCSI command descriptor block for the failed command. The third line gives information on the SCSI status code returned by the command, if the transport of the command succeeds. This is error information from the SCSI device. The fourth line is a hex dump of the auto request sense information for the command. The fifth line is the error text for the sense key if available, followed by the segment number that is only valid if the command was a ''copy'' command. If the error message is not directly related to the current command, the text ''deferred error'' is appended. The sixth line is the error text for the sense code and the sense qualifier if available. If the type of the device is known, the sense data is decoded from tables in ''scsierrs.c'' ''.'' The text is followed by the error value for a field replaceable unit. The seventh line prints the block number that is related to the failed command and text for several error flags. The block number may not be valid. The eight line reports the timeout set up for this commans and the time that the command realy needed to be finished. The following message is not an error: ..sp Track 01: Total bytes read/written: 2048/2048 (1 sectors). cdrecord: I/O error. flush cache: scsi sendcmd: no error CDB: 35 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 status: 0x2 (CHECK CONDITION) Sense Bytes: F0 00 05 80 00 00 27 0A 00 00 00 00 B5 00 00 00 00 00 Sense Key: 0x5 Illegal Request, Segment 0 Sense Code: 0xB5 Qual 0x00 (dummy data blocks added) Fru 0x0 Sense flags: Blk -2147483609 (valid) cmd finished after 0.002s timeout 40s It simply notifies, that a track that is smaller than the minimum size has been expanded to 300 sectors. !!BUGS __Cdrecord__ has even more options than __ls__ . __Cdrecord__ currently only warns if the input data will not fit on the disk. If you don't abort the command you will get unpredictable results. There should be an option to write index numbers for audio tracks. There should be a recover option to make disks usable, that have been written during a power failure. !!CREDITS ;Bill Swartz (Bill_Swartz@twolf.com) : For helping me with the TEAC driver support ;Aaron Newsome (aaron.d.newsome@wdc.com) : For letting me develop Sony support on his drive ;Eric Youngdale (eric@andante.jic.com) : For supplying mkisofs ;Gadi Oxman (gadio@netvision.net.il) : For tips on the ATAPI standard ;Finn Arne Gangstad (finnag@guardian.no) : For the first FIFO implementation. ;Dave Platt (dplatt@feghoot.ml.org) : For creating the experimental packet writing support, the first implementation of CD-RW blanking support, the first .wav file decoder and many nice discussions on cdrecord. ;Chris P. Ross (cross@eng.us.uu.net) : For the first implementation os a BSDI SCSI rtansport. ;Grant R. Guenther (grant@torque.net) : For creating the first parallel port transport implementation for Linux. ;Kenneth D. Merry (ken@kdm.org) : for providing the CAM port for FreeBSD together with Michael Smith (msmith@freebsd.org) !!MAILING LISTS If you want to actively take part on the development of cdrecord, you may join the cdwriting mailing list by sending mail to mailto:other-cdwrite-request@lists.debian.org and include the word ''subscribe'' in the body. The mail address of the list is: mailto:other-cdwrite@lists.debian.org You can search the mailing list archives or post questions to the lists here: http://www.nabble.com/Cdrecord-f719.html !!AUTHOR Jorg Schilling %%% Seestr. 110 %%% D-13353 Berlin %%% Germany %%% Additional information can be found on: http://www.fokus.gmd.de/usr/schilling/cdrecord.html If you have support questions, send them to: cdrecord-support@berlios.de or other-cdwrite@lists.debian.org, if you definitly found a bug, send a mail to: cdrecord-developers@berlios.de or schilling@fokus.gmd.de. To subscribe, use: http://lists.berlios.de/mailman/listinfo/cdrecord-developers or .B http://lists.berlios.de/mailman/listinfo/cdrecord-support
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cdrecord(1)
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CDWritingNotes
mkisofs(8)
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