version 1, including all changes.
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| Rev |
Author |
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Line |
| 1 |
perry |
1 |
as86 |
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!!!as86 |
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NAME |
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SYNOPSIS |
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DESCRIPTION |
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OPTIONS |
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AS86 SOURCE |
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Using GASP |
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SEE ALSO |
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BUGS |
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---- |
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!!NAME |
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as86 - Assembler for 8086..80386 processors |
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!!SYNOPSIS |
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__as86__ [[__-0123agjuw__] [[__-lm__[[__list__]] |
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[[__-n name__] [[__-o obj__] [[__-b__[[__bin__]] |
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[[__-s sym__] [[__-t textseg__] __src__ |
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__as86_encap prog.s prog.v__ [[__prefix___] [[__as86 |
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options__] |
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!!DESCRIPTION |
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__as86__ is an assembler for the 8086..80386 processors, |
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it's syntax is closer to the intel/microsoft form rather |
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than the more normal generic form of the unix system |
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assembler. |
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The __src__ file can be '-' to assemble the standard |
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input. |
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This assembler can be compiled to support the 6809 cpu and |
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may even work. |
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__as86_encap__ is a shell script to call as86 and convert |
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the created binary into a C file __prog.v__ to be |
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included in or linked with programs like boot block |
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installers. The __prefix___ argument is a prefix to be |
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added to all variables defined by the source, it defaults to |
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the name of the source file. The variables defined include |
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__prefix_start prefix_size__ and __prefix_data__ to |
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define and contain the code, plus integers containing the |
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values of all exported labels. Either or both the |
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__prog.s__ and __prog.v__ arguments can be '-' for |
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standard in/out. |
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!!OPTIONS |
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__-0__ |
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start with 16-bit code segment, warn for all instructions |
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__-1__ |
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start with 16-bit code segment, warn for all instructions |
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__-2__ |
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start with 16-bit code segment, warn for all instructions |
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__-3__ |
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start with 32-bit code segment, don't warn for any |
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instructions. (not even 486 or 586) |
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__-a__ |
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enable partial compatibility with Minix asld. This swaps the |
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interpretation of round brackets and square brackets as well |
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as making alterations to the code generation and syntax for |
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16bit jumps and calls. ( |
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__-g__ |
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only put global symbols in object or symbol |
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file |
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__-j__ |
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replace all short jumps with similar 16 or 32 bit jumps, the |
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16 bit conditional branches are encoded as a short |
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conditional and a long unconditional branch. |
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__-O__ |
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this causes the assembler to add extra passes to try to use |
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forward references to reduce the bytes needed for some |
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instructions. If the labels move on the last pass the |
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assembler will keep adding passes until the labels all |
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stabilise (to a maximum of 30 passes) It's probably not a |
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good idea to use this with hand written assembler use the |
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explicit __br bmi bcc__ style opcodes for 8086 code or |
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the __jmp near__ style for conditional i386 instructions |
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and make sure all variables are defined before they are |
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used. |
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__-l__ |
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produce list file, filename may follow |
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__-m__ |
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print macro expansions in listing |
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__-n__ |
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name of module follows (goes in object instead of source |
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name) |
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__-o__ |
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produce object file, filename follows |
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__-b__ |
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produce a raw binary file, filename may follow. This is a |
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'raw' binary file with no header, if there's no __-s__ |
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option the file starts at location 0. |
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__-s__ |
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produce an ASCII symbol file, filename follows. The format |
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of this table is designed to be easy to parse for |
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encapsulation and related activities in relation to binary |
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files created with the __-b__ option. If a binary file |
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doesn't start at location zero the first two items in the |
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table are the start and end addresses of the binary |
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file. |
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__-u__ |
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assume undefined symbols are imported-with-unspecified |
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segment. |
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__-w-__ |
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allow the assembler to print warning messages. |
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__-t n__ |
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move all text segment data in segment n+3. |
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!!AS86 SOURCE |
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Special characters |
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__*__ |
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Address of the start of the current line. |
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__; !__ |
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Either of these marks the start of a comment. In addition |
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any 'unexpected' character at the start of a line is assumed |
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to be a comment (but it's also displayed to the |
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terminal). |
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__$__ |
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Prefix for hexadecimal numbers, the 'C' syntax, eg 0x1234, |
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is also accepted. |
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__%__ |
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Prefix for binary numbers. |
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__#__ |
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Prefix for immediate operands. |
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__[[ ]__ |
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Specifies an indirect operand. |
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Unlike MASM the assembler has no type information on labels |
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just a segment and offset. This means that the way this |
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operator and the immediate prefix work are like traditional |
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assemblers. |
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Examples: |
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mov ax,bx |
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jmp bx |
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Direct register addressing, the jump copies BX into |
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PC. |
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mov ax,[[bx] |
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jmp [[bx] |
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Simple indirect register addressing, the jump moves the contents of the location specified by BX into the PC. |
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mov ax,#1234 |
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Immediate value, ax becomes 1234. |
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mov ax,1234 |
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mov ax,_hello |
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mov ax,[[_hello] |
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Absolute addressing, ax is set to contents of location 1234. Note the third option is not strictly consistant but is in place mainly for asld compatibility. |
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mov ax,_table[[bx] |
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mov ax,_table[[bx+si] |
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mov eax,_table[[ebx*4] |
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mov ax,[[bx+_table] |
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mov ax,[[bx+si+_table] |
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mov eax,[[ebx*4+_table] |
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Indexed addressing, both formats are ok, I think the first is more correct but I tend to used the second. :-) |
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Conditionals |
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__IF, ELSE, ELSEIF, ENDIF__ |
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Numeric condition |
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__IFC, ELSEIFC__ |
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String compare (str1,str2) |
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__FAIL .FAIL__ |
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Generate user error. |
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Segment related |
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__.TEXT .ROM .DATA .BSS__ |
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Set current segment. These can be preceded by the keyword |
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__.SECT__ |
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__LOC__ |
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Set numeric segment 0=TEXT, 3=DATA,ROM,BSS, 14=MAX. The |
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segment order set by the linker is now |
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0,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,1,2,3. Segment 0 and all segments |
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above 3 are assumed to be text segment. Note the 64k size |
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restrictions are not imposed for segments 3-14. |
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Label type definition |
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__EXPORT PUBLIC .DEFINE__ |
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Export label defined in this object |
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__ENTRY__ |
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Force linker to include the specified label in |
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a.out |
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__.GLOBL .GLOBAL__ |
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Define label as external and force import even if it isn't |
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used. |
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__EXTRN EXTERN IMPORT .EXTERN__ |
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Import list of externally defined labels |
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NB: It doesn't make sense to use imports for raw binary |
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files. |
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__.ENTER__ |
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Mark entry for old binary file (obs) |
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Data definition |
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__DB .DATA1 .BYTE FCB__ |
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List of 1 byte objects. |
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__DW .DATA2 .SHORT FDB .WORD__ |
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List of 2 byte objects. |
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__DD .DATA4 .LONG__ |
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List of 4 byte objects. |
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__.ASCII FCC__ |
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Ascii string copied to output. |
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__.ASCIZ__ |
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Ascii string copied to output with trailing __nul__ |
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byte. |
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Space definition |
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__.BLKB RMB .SPACE__ |
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Space is counted in bytes. |
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__.BLKW .ZEROW__ |
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Space is counted in words. (2 bytes each) |
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__COMM .COMM LCOMM .LCOMM__ |
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Common area data definition |
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Other useful pseudo operations. |
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__.ALIGN .EVEN__ |
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Alignment |
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__EQU__ |
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Define label |
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__SET__ |
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Define re-definable label |
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__ORG .ORG__ |
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Set assemble location |
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__BLOCK__ |
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Set assemble location and stack old one |
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__ENDB__ |
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433 |
Return to stacked assemble location |
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__GET INCLUDE__ |
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439 |
Insert new file (no quotes on name) |
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__USE16__ [[__cpu__] |
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Define default operand size as 16 bit, argument is cpu type |
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the code is expected to run on (86, 186, 286, 386, 486, 586) |
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447 |
instructions for cpus later than specified give a |
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warning. |
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__USE32__ [[__cpu__] |
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454 |
Define default operand size as 32 bit, argument is cpu type |
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455 |
the code is expected to run on (86, 186, 286, 386, 486, 586) |
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456 |
instructions for cpus later than specified give a warning. |
| |
|
457 |
If the cpu is not mentioned the assembler ensures it is |
| |
|
458 |
|
| |
|
459 |
|
| |
|
460 |
__END__ |
| |
|
461 |
|
| |
|
462 |
|
| |
|
463 |
End of compilation for this file. |
| |
|
464 |
|
| |
|
465 |
|
| |
|
466 |
__.WARN__ |
| |
|
467 |
|
| |
|
468 |
|
| |
|
469 |
Switch warnings |
| |
|
470 |
|
| |
|
471 |
|
| |
|
472 |
__.LIST__ |
| |
|
473 |
|
| |
|
474 |
|
| |
|
475 |
Listings on/off (1,-1) |
| |
|
476 |
|
| |
|
477 |
|
| |
|
478 |
__.MACLIST__ |
| |
|
479 |
|
| |
|
480 |
|
| |
|
481 |
Macro listings on/off (1,-1) |
| |
|
482 |
|
| |
|
483 |
|
| |
|
484 |
Macros, now working, the general form is like |
| |
|
485 |
this. |
| |
|
486 |
|
| |
|
487 |
|
| |
|
488 |
MACRO sax mov ax,#?1 MEND sax(1) |
| |
|
489 |
|
| |
|
490 |
|
| |
|
491 |
Unimplemented/unused. |
| |
|
492 |
|
| |
|
493 |
|
| |
|
494 |
IDENT |
| |
|
495 |
|
| |
|
496 |
|
| |
|
497 |
Define object identity string. |
| |
|
498 |
|
| |
|
499 |
|
| |
|
500 |
SETDP |
| |
|
501 |
|
| |
|
502 |
|
| |
|
503 |
Set DP value on 6809 |
| |
|
504 |
|
| |
|
505 |
|
| |
|
506 |
MAP |
| |
|
507 |
|
| |
|
508 |
|
| |
|
509 |
Set binary symbol table map number. |
| |
|
510 |
|
| |
|
511 |
|
| |
|
512 |
Registers |
| |
|
513 |
|
| |
|
514 |
|
| |
|
515 |
BP BX DI SI |
| |
|
516 |
EAX EBP EBX ECX EDI EDX ESI ESP |
| |
|
517 |
AX CX DX SP |
| |
|
518 |
AH AL BH BL CH CL DH DL |
| |
|
519 |
CS DS ES FS GS SS |
| |
|
520 |
CR0 CR2 CR3 DR0 DR1 DR2 DR3 DR6 DR7 |
| |
|
521 |
TR3 TR4 TR5 TR6 TR7 ST |
| |
|
522 |
|
| |
|
523 |
|
| |
|
524 |
Operand type specifiers |
| |
|
525 |
|
| |
|
526 |
|
| |
|
527 |
BYTE DWORD FWORD FAR PTR PWORD QWORD TBYTE WORD |
| |
|
528 |
NEAR |
| |
|
529 |
|
| |
|
530 |
|
| |
|
531 |
The 'near and 'far' do not allow multi-segment programming, |
| |
|
532 |
all 'far' operations are specified explicitly through the |
| |
|
533 |
use of the instructions: jmpi, jmpf, callf, retf, etc. The |
| |
|
534 |
'Near' operator can be used to force the use of 80386 16bit |
| |
|
535 |
conditional branches. The 'Dword' and 'word' operators can |
| |
|
536 |
control the size of operands on far jumps and |
| |
|
537 |
calls. |
| |
|
538 |
|
| |
|
539 |
|
| |
|
540 |
General instructions. |
| |
|
541 |
|
| |
|
542 |
|
| |
|
543 |
These are in general the same as the instructions found in |
| |
|
544 |
any 8086 assembler, the main exceptions being a few 'Bcc' |
| |
|
545 |
(BCC, BNE, BGE, etc) instructions which are shorthands for a |
| |
|
546 |
short branch plus a long jump and 'BR' which is the longest |
| |
|
547 |
unconditional jump (16 or 32 bit). |
| |
|
548 |
|
| |
|
549 |
|
| |
|
550 |
Long branches |
| |
|
551 |
|
| |
|
552 |
|
| |
|
553 |
BCC BCS BEQ BGE BGT BHI BHIS BLE BLO BLOS BLT BMI BNE BPC |
| |
|
554 |
BPL BPS BVC BVS BR |
| |
|
555 |
|
| |
|
556 |
|
| |
|
557 |
Intersegment |
| |
|
558 |
|
| |
|
559 |
|
| |
|
560 |
CALLI CALLF JMPI JMPF |
| |
|
561 |
|
| |
|
562 |
|
| |
|
563 |
Segment modifier instructions |
| |
|
564 |
|
| |
|
565 |
|
| |
|
566 |
ESEG FSEG GSEG SSEG |
| |
|
567 |
|
| |
|
568 |
|
| |
|
569 |
Byte operation instructions |
| |
|
570 |
|
| |
|
571 |
|
| |
|
572 |
ADCB ADDB ANDB CMPB DECB DIVB IDIVB IMULB INB INCB MOVB MULB |
| |
|
573 |
NEGB NOTB ORB OUTB RCLB RCRB ROLB RORB SALB SARB SHLB SHRB |
| |
|
574 |
SBBB SUBB TESTB XCHGB XORB |
| |
|
575 |
|
| |
|
576 |
|
| |
|
577 |
Standard instructions |
| |
|
578 |
|
| |
|
579 |
|
| |
|
580 |
AAA AAD AAM AAS ADC ADD AND ARPL BOUND BSF BSR BSWAP BT BTC |
| |
|
581 |
BTR BTS CALL CBW CDQ CLC CLD CLI CLTS CMC CMP CMPS CMPSB |
| |
|
582 |
CMPSD CMPSW CMPW CMPXCHG CSEG CWD CWDE DAA DAS DEC DIV DSEG |
| |
|
583 |
ENTER HLT IDIV IMUL IN INC INS INSB INSD INSW INT INTO INVD |
| |
|
584 |
INVLPG INW IRET IRETD J JA JAE JB JBE JC JCXE JCXZ JE JECXE |
| |
|
585 |
JECXZ JG JGE JL JLE JMP JNA JNAE JNB JNBE JNC JNE JNG JNGE |
| |
|
586 |
JNL JNLE JNO JNP JNS JNZ JO JP JPE JPO JS JZ LAHF LAR LDS |
| |
|
587 |
LEA LEAVE LES LFS LGDT LGS LIDT LLDT LMSW LOCK LODB LODS |
| |
|
588 |
LODSB LODSD LODSW LODW LOOP LOOPE LOOPNE LOOPNZ LOOPZ LSL |
| |
|
589 |
LSS LTR MOV MOVS MOVSB MOVSD MOVSW MOVSX MOVW MOVZX MUL NEG |
| |
|
590 |
NOP NOT OR OUT OUTS OUTSB OUTSD OUTSW OUTW POP POPA POPAD |
| |
|
591 |
POPF POPFD PUSH PUSHA PUSHAD PUSHF PUSHFD RCL RCR REP REPE |
| |
|
592 |
REPNE REPNZ REPZ RET RETF RETI ROL ROR SAHF SAL SAR SBB SCAB |
| |
|
593 |
SCAS SCASB SCASD SCASW SCAW SEG SETA SETAE SETB SETBE SETC |
| |
|
594 |
SETE SETG SETGE SETL SETLE SETNA SETNAE SETNB SETNBE SETNC |
| |
|
595 |
SETNE SETNG SETNGE SETNL SETNLE SETNO SETNP SETNS SETNZ SETO |
| |
|
596 |
SETP SETPE SETPO SETS SETZ SGDT SHL SHLD SHR SHRD SIDT SLDT |
| |
|
597 |
SMSW STC STD STI STOB STOS STOSB STOSD STOSW STOW STR SUB |
| |
|
598 |
TEST VERR VERW WAIT WBINVD XADD XCHG XLAT XLATB |
| |
|
599 |
XOR |
| |
|
600 |
|
| |
|
601 |
|
| |
|
602 |
Floating point |
| |
|
603 |
|
| |
|
604 |
|
| |
|
605 |
F2XM1 FABS FADD FADDP FBLD FBSTP FCHS FCLEX FCOM FCOMP |
| |
|
606 |
FCOMPP FCOS FDECSTP FDISI FDIV FDIVP FDIVR FDIVRP FENI FFREE |
| |
|
607 |
FIADD FICOM FICOMP FIDIV FIDIVR FILD FIMUL FINCSTP FINIT |
| |
|
608 |
FIST FISTP FISUB FISUBR FLD FLD1 FLDL2E FLDL2T FLDCW FLDENV |
| |
|
609 |
FLDLG2 FLDLN2 FLDPI FLDZ FMUL FMULP FNCLEX FNDISI FNENI |
| |
|
610 |
FNINIT FNOP FNSAVE FNSTCW FNSTENV FNSTSW FPATAN FPREM FPREM1 |
| |
|
611 |
FPTAN FRNDINT FRSTOR FSAVE FSCALE FSETPM FSIN FSINCOS FSQRT |
| |
|
612 |
FST FSTCW FSTENV FSTP FSTSW FSUB FSUBP FSUBR FSUBRP FTST |
| |
|
613 |
FUCOM FUCOMP FUCOMPP FWAIT FXAM FXCH FXTRACT FYL2X |
| |
|
614 |
FYL2XP1 |
| |
|
615 |
!!Using GASP |
| |
|
616 |
|
| |
|
617 |
|
| |
|
618 |
The Gnu assembler preprocessor provides some reasonable |
| |
|
619 |
implementations of user biased pseudo opcodes. |
| |
|
620 |
|
| |
|
621 |
|
| |
|
622 |
It can be invoked in a form similar to: |
| |
|
623 |
|
| |
|
624 |
|
| |
|
625 |
__gasp__ |
| |
|
626 |
|
| |
|
627 |
|
| |
|
628 |
[[__-a...__] __file.s__ [[__file2.s__] __| |
| |
|
629 |
as86__ [[__...__] __-__ [[__-o obj__] [[__-b |
| |
|
630 |
bin__] |
| |
|
631 |
|
| |
|
632 |
|
| |
|
633 |
Be aware though that Gasp generates an error for __.org__ |
| |
|
634 |
commands, if you're not using alternate syntax you can use |
| |
|
635 |
__org__ instead, otherwise use __block__ and |
| |
|
636 |
__endb__. The directive __export__ is translated into |
| |
|
637 |
__.global__, which forces an import, if you are making a |
| |
|
638 |
file using __-b__ use __public__ or __.define__ |
| |
|
639 |
instead. |
| |
|
640 |
|
| |
|
641 |
|
| |
|
642 |
The GASP list options have no support in as86. |
| |
|
643 |
!!SEE ALSO |
| |
|
644 |
|
| |
|
645 |
|
| |
|
646 |
as(1), ld86(1), bcc(1) |
| |
|
647 |
!!BUGS |
| |
|
648 |
|
| |
|
649 |
|
| |
|
650 |
The 6809 version does not support -0, -3, -a or |
| |
|
651 |
-j. |
| |
|
652 |
|
| |
|
653 |
|
| |
|
654 |
If this assembler is compiled with BCC this is classed as a |
| |
|
655 |
'small' compiler, so there is a maximum input line length of |
| |
|
656 |
256 characters and the instruction to cpu checking is not |
| |
|
657 |
included. |
| |
|
658 |
|
| |
|
659 |
|
| |
|
660 |
The checking for instructions that work on specific cpus is |
| |
|
661 |
probably not complete, the distinction between 80186 and |
| |
|
662 |
80286 is especially problematic. |
| |
|
663 |
|
| |
|
664 |
|
| |
|
665 |
The __.text__ and __.data__ pseudo operators are not |
| |
|
666 |
useful for raw binary files. |
| |
|
667 |
|
| |
|
668 |
|
| |
|
669 |
When using the __org__ directive the assembler can |
| |
|
670 |
generate object files that may break ld86(1). |
| |
|
671 |
---- |
