The Tascam US-122 (and apparently others) is a USB Audio/MIDI interface device which lets you plug things like guitars and condenser mics into your computer via a USB interface. An ALSA driver exists for it (snd-usb-usx2y), but I have not yet had any success with getting it working yet.
This page exists so that I am reminded to wiki the process by which I make it work. If you have previously made one of these work with Linux, please tell me how!
One page links to TascamAudioInterface: