Saving Space mini-HOWTO
guido@ibogeo.df.unibo.itv1.0.1, 7 April 1999
This mini-HOWTO gives you directions for squeezing your Linux installation into the least possible space. It's particularly aimed at notebook users.
I've got a notebook I installed Linux on, beside Windows 95 that was pre--installed. I squeezed the Windows partition to 500 Mb, making space for a 240 Mb Linux one. Small though the latter may seem, I've managed to install a fairly complete Linux system on it, based on Red Hat 4.1 and some magic to save as much space as possible.
If you're in need for space, the indications you'll find in the following sections will free up a considerable chunk of hard disk. The only caveat I'm giving you is: don't blame me if something goes wrong! We'll be using a couple of programs that worked fine for me, but are inherently dangerous. You've been warned.
You need:
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that you find on
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/utils/compress;
this tool compresses better than gzip, but it's also a wee bit slower
and consumes a lot of memory;
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http://cdata.tvnet.hu/ml/upx.html and
http://wildsau.idv.uni-linz.ac.at/mfx/upx.html;
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ftp://sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/libs/compression. It's
called zlibc-X.X.tar.gz, where X.X is the latest version.
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There are other executable compressors. One is gzexe (forget it), while tcx was probably the best before upx became available; yet another is tzx, in theory better than tcx. The thing is, it screwed everything up when I tried it on a spare PC, though I'm not sure if I did something wrong. You had better stick with upx: it's reliable, efficient, and very handy.
There are kernel patches that provide transparent file system compression a la Stacker, but as of this writing none of them has yet a reputation for stability and reliability. For safety's sake, steer clear.
The kernel sources take up more than 20 Mb, and you may want to remove them. If so, I suggest that you compile a new kernel that is tailored to your machine once and for all, then get rid of the sources. Take care, though.
I don't recommend that you remove the kernel sources unless you are sure that your machine is properly configured. Besides, you need the kernel
If you do decide so, do not remove the include/linux tree unless you know you'll never compile applications on your machine.
Now, decide which applications you really need. Some may prove redundant: for instance, are you sure you can't live without emacs? You could use jed instead.
It's up to you to decide what you want to keep. Some general points:
kernel and all the applications for which there are no pre--built Linux binaries. It's also needed, of course, if you write your own C or Fortran (with f2c or g77) programs; consider your needs before removing it. Other compilers like lcc are fine, but not up to gcc level. I suggest that you keep it;
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you can't give it up, at least try to make do with as little as necessary: only the right X server, one simple window manager, only one xterm, no 100 dpi fonts, and so on;
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and sticking to plain TeX saves a lot of space; giving up X11 previewers like xdvi and ghostview is possible if you use dvitty, dvivga and some such. Eliminating the need for X11 dviware could even make X11 redundant;
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Let's start reducing the size of binaries. Move to /usr/bin and issue the command
machine:/usr/bin# strip *
which will do away with symbols embedded in binaries. Repeat this step in /usr/X11R6/bin/ and other directories containing executables you may have (don't forget to locate TeX's and gcc's binaries), but do not run it under /sbin, /bin, or /usr/sbin/ if you value your installation!
First, install upx and read its documentation. Then go to /usr/bin and run it with the command upx *; it will compress all executables, including suid ones (tcx wouldn't). Repeat this step in other directories as seen above.
Remember to compress the executables whenever you install a new package!
There are lots of other files that can be compressed once and for all. Let's start with /usr/doc/; move to this directory and issue the command
machine:/usr/doc# find . -type f -exec gzip -9 {} \; 2> /dev/null
Remember to compress the docs whenever you install a new package!
Repeat this step in the directory containing the documentation for TeX (on my system, /usr/lib/texmf/texmf/doc/. If you're really sure, remove these directories altogether.
Now, install zlibc and compile it. If your system is like mine, the compilation process will abort complaining about a missing (static) libc. Never mind; you'll find a file called uncompress.o that is what's needed. Move it to /usr/local/lib/ and add this line to your /etc/profile:
export LD_ELF_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/uncompress.o
Now, you can compress with gzip not only documentation, but also data files: the applications that use them will be able to use them nonetheless. In theory, the trick should work with most applications, but in practice your degree of success may vary. Mine was rather unimpressive.
This is what I got applying the above procedure to one of my machines. Before the treatment, df reported I used 398,798 1024--blocks:
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X11, X11 development, C and Fortran development, Tcl/Tk, networking tools, and a few other standard applications. df reported 244,668 used blocks;
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/usr/X11R6/bin, /usr/lib/texmf/bin/i586-linux, and /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-linux/2.7.2.1. 226,270 used blocks;
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/usr/lib/texmf/texmf/doc: 198,745 used blocks.
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To sum up, I started with 398,798 blocks and finished with 198,745. Think of the stuff you can shove in those 200,000 spared blocks! I would have saved even more if I had used bzip2 instead of gzip.
On average, if you are careful from the beginning and install only the necessary applications, compressing executables and documents will save you some 20 Mb. On a notebook, this can be a lifesaver.
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``Saving Space mini-HOWTO''was written by Guido Gonzato, REMOVE_MEguido@ibogeo.df.unibo.it.
This document is provided ``as is''. I put great effort into writing it as accurately as I could, but you use the information contained in it at your own risk. In no event shall I be liable for any damages resulting from the use of this work.
Feedback is welcome. For any requests, suggestions, flames, etc., feel free to contact me.
Enjoy Linux and life,
Guido =8-)
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