Creating SSI Clusters Using UML HOWTO
Brian.J.Watson@hp.com
Revision HistoryRevision 1.042002-05-29Revised by: bjwLDP reviewRevision 1.032002-05-23Revised by: bpmLDP reviewRevision 1.022002-05-13Revised by: bjwFixed minor typos and errorsRevision 1.002002-05-09Revised by: bjwInitial release
This is a description of how to create a Single System Image (SSI)
cluster of virtual User-Mode Linux (UML) machines. After explaining how to use the pre-built SSI/UML binaries, this document demonstrates what an SSI cluster can do. Then it shows more advanced users how to build their own SSI/UML kernels, ramdisks and root images. Following that, it provides an overview of how to move to a hardware-based SSI cluster. It concludes with a set of links and an invitation to contribute to the SSI Clustering project.
----; Table of Contents; 1. Introduction: ; 1.1. Overview of SSI Clustering; 1.2. Overview of UML; 1.3. Intended Audience; 1.4. System Requirements; 1.5. New Versions; 1.6. Feedback; 1.7. Copyright Information; 1.8. Disclaimer; 2. Getting Started: ; 2.1. Root Image; 2.2. UML Utilities; 2.3. SSI/UML Utilities; 2.4. Booting the Cluster; 2.5. Booting an Individual Node; 2.6. Crashing an Individual Node; 2.7. Shutting Down the Cluster; 3. Playing Around: ; 3.1. Process Movement, Inheriting Open Files and Devices; 3.2. Clusterwide PIDs, Distributed Process Relationships and Access, Clusterwide Job Control and Single Root; 3.3. Clusterwide FIFOs; 3.4. Clusterwide Device Naming and Access; 4. Building a Kernel and Ramdisk: ; 4.1. Getting SSI Source; 4.2. Getting the Base Kernel; 4.3. Applying SSI Kernel Code; 4.4. Building the Kernel; 4.5. Adding GFS Support to the Host; 4.6. Installing the Kernel; 4.7. Building GFS for UML; 4.8. Building the Ramdisk; 4.9. Booting the Cluster; 5. Building a Root Image: ; 5.1. Base Root Image; 5.2. GFS Root Image; 5.3. Getting Cluster Tools Source; 5.4. Building and Installing Cluster Tools; 5.5. Installing Kernel Modules; 5.6. Configuring the Root; 5.7. Unmounting the Root Image; 5.8. Distributions Other Than Red Hat; 6. Moving to a Hardware-Based Cluster: ; 6.1. Requirements; 6.2. Resources; 7. Further Information: ; 7.1. SSI Clusters; 7.2. CI Clusters; 7.3. GFS; 7.4. UML; 7.5. Other Clustering Projects; 8. Contributing: ; 8.1. Testing; 8.2. Documentation; 8.3. Debugging; 8.4. Adding New Features; 9. Concluding Remarks
An SSI cluster is a collection of computers that work together as if
they are a single highly-available supercomputer. There are at least three reasons to create an SSI cluster of virtual UML machines.
*
Allow new users to easily experiment with SSI clustering,
before investing time and hardware resources into creating a hardware-based cluster.
* *
Provide a friendly testing and debugging environment
for SSI developers.
* *
Let developers test hundred-node clusters with only
ten or so physical machines.
*
The raison d'être of the
SSI Clustering project is to provide a full, highly available SSI environment for Linux. Goals for this project include availability, scalability and manageability, using standard servers. Technology pieces include: membership, single root and single init, single process space and process migration, load leveling, single IPC, device and networking space, and single management space.
The SSI project was seeded with HP's !NonStop? Clusters for
It also leverages other open source technologies, such as Cluster Infrastructure (CI), Global File System (GFS), keepalive/spawndaemon, Linux Virtual Server (LVS), and the Mosix load-leveler, to create the best general-purpose clustering environment on Linux.
The CI project is developing a common infrastructure
for Linux clustering by extending the Cluster Membership Subsystem (CLMS) and Internode Communication Subsystem (ICS) from HP's
GFS is a parallel physical file system for Linux. It allows multiple
computers to simultaneously share a single drive. The SSI Clustering project uses GFS for its single, shared root. GFS was originally developed and open-sourced by Sistina Software. Later they decided to close the GFS source, which prompted the creation of the OpenGFS project to maintain a version of GFS that is still under the GPL.
keepalive is a process monitoring
and restart daemon that was ported from HP's Non-Stop Clusters for !UnixWare? (NSC). It offers significantly more flexibility than the respawn feature of init.
spawndaemon provides a command-line
interface for keepalive. It's used to control which processes keepalive monitors, along with various other parameters related to monitoring and restart.
Keepalive/spawndaemon is currently incompatible with the GFS shared
root. keepalive makes use of shared writable memory mapped files, which OpenGFS does not yet support. It's only mentioned for the sake of completeness.
LVS
allows you to build highly scalable and highly available network services over a set of cluster nodes. LVS offers various ways to load-balance connections (e.g., round-robin, least connection, etc.) across the cluster. The whole cluster is known to the outside world by a single IP address.
The SSI project will become more tightly integrated with LVS in the
future. An advantage will be greatly reduced administrative overhead, because SSI kernels have the information necessary to automate most LVS configuration. Another advantage will be that the SSI environment allows much tighter coordination among server nodes.
LVS support is turned off in the current binary release of SSI/UML.
To experiment with it you must build your own kernel as described in Section 4.
The Mosix
load-leveler provides automatic load-balancing within a cluster. Using the Mosix algorithms, the load of each node is calculated and compared to the loads of the other nodes in the cluster. If it's determined that a node is overloaded, the load-leveler chooses a process to migrate to the best underloaded node.
Only the load-leveling algorithms have been taken from Mosix. The
SSI Clustering project is using its own process migration model, membership mechanism and information sharing scheme.
The Mosix load-leveler is turned off in the current binary release
of SSI/UML. To experiment with it you must build your own kernel as described in Section 4.
User-Mode Linux (UML)
allows you to run one or more virtual Linux machines on a host Linux system. It includes virtual block, network, and serial devices to provide an environment that is almost as full-featured as a hardware-based machine.
The following are various cluster types found in use today. If you
use or intend to use one of these cluster types, you may want to consider SSI clustering as an alternative or addition.
*
High performance (HP) clusters, typified by Beowulf clusters,
are constructed to run parallel programs (weather simulations, data mining, etc.).
* *
Load-leveling clusters, typified by Mosix, are constructed
to allow a user on one node to spread his workload transparently across all nodes in the cluster. This can be very useful for compute intensive, long running jobs that aren't massively parallel.
* *
Web-service clusters, typified by the Linux Virtual
Server (LVS) project and Piranha, do a different kind of load leveling. Incoming web service requests are load-leveled by a front end system across a set of standard servers.
* *
Storage clusters, typified by Sistina's
GFS and the OpenGFS project, consist of nodes which supply parallel, coherent, and highly available access to filesystem data.
* *
Database clusters, typified by Oracle 9I RAC (formerly Oracle Parallel Server),
consist of nodes which supply parallel, coherent, and HA access to a database.
* *
High Availability clusters, typified by Lifekeeper, !FailSafe? and Heartbeat, are also often known as failover
clusters. Resources, most importantly applications and nodes, are monitored. When a failure is detected, scripts are used to fail over IP addresses, disks, and filesystems, as well as restarting applications.
*
For more information about how SSI clustering compares to the
cluster types above, read Bruce Walker's Introduction to Single System Image Clustering.
To create an SSI cluster of virtual UML machines,
you need an Intel x86-based computer running any Linux distribution with a 2.2.15 or later kernel. About two gigabytes of available hard drive space are needed for each node's swap space, the original disk image, and its working copy.
A reasonably fast processor and sufficient memory are necessary
to ensure good performance while running several virtual machines. The systems I've used so far have not performed well.
One was a 400 MHz PII with 192 MB of memory running Sawfish as its
window manager. Bringing up a three node cluster was quite slow and sometimes failed, maybe due to problems with memory pressure in either UML or the UML port of SSI.
Another was a two-way 200 MHz Pentium Pro with 192 MB of memory
that used a second machine as its X server. A three node cluster booted quicker and failed less often, but performance was still less than satisfactory.
More testing is needed to know what the appropriate system requirements
are. User feedback would be most useful, and can be sent to `ssic-linux-devel@lists.sf.netb.
The latest version of this HOWTO will always be made available on
the SSI project website, in a variety of formats:
*
HTML
* *
* *
SGML
source
*
Feedback is most certainly welcome for this document. Please
send your additions, comments and criticisms to the following email address: `ssic-linux-devel@lists.sf.netb.
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Use the concepts, examples and other content at your own risk. As this is a new edition of this document, there may be errors and inaccuracies, that may of course be damaging to your system. Proceed with caution, and although this is highly unlikely, the author(s) do not take any responsibility for that.
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You are strongly recommended to make a backup of your system
before major installations, and back up at regular intervals.
This section is a quick start guide for installing and running an SSI
cluster of virtual UML machines. The most time-consuming part of this procedure is downloading the root image.
First you need to download a SSI-ready root image. The compressed image
weighs in at over 150MB, which will take more than six hours to download over a 56K modem, or about 45 minutes over a 500K broadband connection.
The image is based on Red Hat 7.2. This means the virtual SSI cluster
will be running Red Hat, but it does not matter which distribution you run on the host system. A more advanced user can make a new root image based on another distribution. This is described in Section 5.
After downloading the root image, extract and install it.
host$ tar jxvf /ssiuml-root-rh72-0.6.5-1.tar.bz2 host$ su host# cd ssiuml-root-rh72 host# make install host# Ctrl-D
Download the UML utilities. Extract, build, and install them.
host$ tar jxvf /uml_utilities_20020428.tar.bz2 host$ su host# cd tools host# make install host# Ctrl-D
Download the SSI/UML utilities. Extract, build, and install them.
host$ tar jxvf /ssiuml-utils-0.6.5-1.tar.bz2 host$ su host# cd ssiuml-utils host# make install host# Ctrl-D
Assuming X Windows is running or the DISPLAY
variable is set to an available X server, start a two node cluster with
host$ ssi-start 2
This command boots nodes 1 and 2. It displays each console
in a new xterm. The nodes run through their early kernel initialization, then seek each other out and form an SSI cluster before booting the rest of the way. If you're anxious to see what an SSI cluster can do, skip ahead to Section 3.
You'll probably notice that two other consoles are started. One is the
lock server node, which is an artefact of how the GFS shared root is implemented at this time. The console is not a node in the cluster, and it won't give you a login prompt. For more information about the lock server, see Section 7.3. The other console is for the UML virtual networking switch daemon. It won't give you a prompt, either.
Note that only one SSI/UML cluster can be running at a time, although
it can be run as a non-root user.
The argument to ssi-start is the number of nodes
that should be in the cluster. It must be a number between 1 and 15. If this argument is omitted, it defaults to 3. The fifteen node limit is arbitrary, and can be easily increased in future releases.
To substitute your own SSI/UML files for the ones
in /usr/local/lib and /usr/local/bin, provide your pathnames in /.ssiuml/ssiuml.conf. Values to override are KERNEL, ROOT, CIDEV, INITRD, and INITRD_MEMEXP. This feature is only needed by an advanced user.
Add nodes 3 and 5 to the cluster with
host$ ssi-add 3 5
The arguments taken by ssi-add are an arbitrary
list of node numbers. The node numbers must be between 1 and 15. At least one node number must be provided. For any node that is already up, ssi-add ignores it and moves on to the next argument in the list.
Simulate a crash of node 3 with
host$ ssi-rm 3
Note that this command does not inform the other nodes about the crash.
They must discover it through the cluster's node monitoring mechanism.
The arguments taken by ssi-rm are an arbitrary
list of node numbers. At least one node number must be provided.
You can take down the entire cluster at once with
host$ ssi-stop
If ssi-stop hangs, interrupt it and shoot all the
linux-ssi processes before trying again.
host$ killall -9 linux-ssi host$ ssi-stop
Eventually, it should be possible to take down the cluster by running
shutdown as root on any one of its consoles. This does not work just yet.
Bring up a three node cluster with ssi-start.
Log in to all three consoles as root. The initial password is root, but you'll be forced to change it the first time you log in.
The following demos should familiarize you with what an SSI
cluster can do.
Start dbdemo on node 1.
node1# cd /dbdemo node1# ./dbdemo alphabet
The dbdemo program "processes" records from the file
given as an argument. In this case, it's alphabet, which contains the ICAO alphabet used by aviators. For each record, dbdemo writes the data to its terminal device and spins in a busy loop for a second to simulate an intensive calculation.
The dbdemo program is also listening on its terminal
device for certain command keys.
Table 1. Command Keys for dbdemo
move to that node and continue with the next record Enter periodically moves to a random node until you press a key q quit
Move dbdemo to different nodes. Note that it continues
to send output to the console where it was started, and that it continues to respond to keypresses from that console. This demonstrates that although the process is running on another node, it can remotely read and write the device it had open.
Also note that when a process moves, it preserves its file offsets.
After moving, dbdemo continues processing records from alphabet as if nothing had happened.
To confirm that the process moved to a new node, get its PID and use
where_pid. You can do this on any node.
node3# ps -ef | grep dbdemo node3# where_pid `pidb 2
If you like, you can download the source for dbdemo.
It's also available as a tarball in the /root/dbdemo directory.
and Access, Clusterwide Job Control and Single Root
From node 1's console, start up vi on node 2.
The onnode command uses the SSI kernel's rexec system call to remotely execute vi.
node1# onnode 2 vi /tmp/newfile
Confirm that it's on node 2 with where_pid.
You need to get its PID first.
node3# ps -ef | grep vi node3# where_pid `pidb 2
Type some text and save your work.
On node 3, cat the file to see the contents. This demonstrates the single root file system.
node3# cat /tmp/newfile some text
From node 3, kill the vi session running on node 2.
You should see control of node 1's console given back to the shell.
node3# kill `pidb
Make a FIFO on the shared root.
node1# mkfifo /fifo
echo something into the FIFO on node 1.
node1# echo something b/fifo
cat the FIFO on node 2.
node2# cat /fifo something
This demostrates that FIFOs are clusterwide and remotely accessible.
On node 3, write "Hello World" to the console of node 1.
node3# echo "Hello World" b/devfs/node1/console
This shows that devices can be remotely accessed from anywhere in the
cluster. Eventually, the node-specific subdirectories of /devfs will be merged together into a single device tree that can be mounted on /dev without confusing non-cluster aware applications.
Building your own kernel and ramdisk is necessary if you want to
*
customize the kernel configuration,
* *
keep up with the absolute latest SSI code available through CVS,
* *
or test your SSI bugfix or kernel enhancement with UML.
*
Otherwise, feel free to skip this section.
SSI source code is available as official release tarballs and through CVS.
The CVS repository contains the latest, bleeding-edge code. It can be less stable than the official release, but it has features and bugfixes that the release does not have.
The latest SSI release can be found at the top of this release list. At the time of this writing, the latest
release is 0.6.5.
Download the latest release. Extract it.
host$ tar jxvf /ssi-linux-2.4.16-v0.6.5.tar.bz2
Determine the corresponding kernel version number from the release name.
It appears before the SSI version number. For the 0.6.5 release, the corresponding kernel version is 2.4.16.
Follow these instructions to do a CVS checkout of the latest SSI code.
The modulename is ssic-linux.
You also need to check out the latest CI code. Follow these
instructions to do that. The modulename is ci-linux.
To do a developer checkout, you must be a CI or SSI developer.
If you are interested in becoming a developer, read Section 8.3 and Section 8.4.
Determine the corresponding kernel version with
host$ head -4 ssic-linux/ssi-kernel/Makefile VERSION = 2 PATCHLEVEL = 4 SUBLEVEL = 16 EXTRAVERSION =
In this case, the corresponding kernel version is 2.4.16. If you're
paranoid, you might want to make sure the corresponding kernel version for CI is the same.
host$ head -4 ci-linux/ci-kernel/Makefile VERSION = 2 PATCHLEVEL = 4 SUBLEVEL = 16 EXTRAVERSION =
They will only differ when I'm merging them up to a new kernel version.
There is a window between checking in the new CI code and the new SSI code. I'll do my best to minimize that window. If you happen to see it, wait a few hours, then update your sandboxes.
host$ cd ssic-linux host$ cvs up -d host$ cd ../ci-linux host$ cvs up -d host$ cd ..
Download the appropriate kernel source. Get the version you
determined in Section 4.1. Kernel source can be found on this U.S. server or any one of these mirrors around the world.
Extract the source. This will take a little time.
host$ tar jxvf /linux-2.4.16.tar.bz2
or
host$ tar zxvf /linux-2.4.16.tar.gz
Follow the appropriate instructions, based on whether you downloaded
an official SSI release or did a CVS checkout.
Apply the patch in the SSI source tree.
host$ cd linux host$ patch -p1 `../ssi-linux-2.4.16-v0.6.5/ssi-linux-2.4.16-v0.6.5.patch
Apply the UML patch from either the CI or SSI sandbox. It will fail
on patching Makefile. Don't worry about this.
host$ cd linux host$ patch -p1 `../ssic-linux/3rd-party/uml-patch-2.4.18-22
Copy CI and SSI code into place.
host$ cp -alf ../ssic-linux/ssi-kernel/. . host$ cp -alf ../ci-linux/ci-kernel/. .
Apply the GFS patch from the SSI sandbox.
host$ patch -p1 `../ssic-linux/3rd-party/opengfs-ssi.patch
Apply any other patch from
ssic-linux/3rd-party at your discretion. They haven't been tested much or at all in the UML environment. The KDB patch is rather useless in this environment.
Configure the kernel with the provided configuration
file. The following commands assume you are still in the kernel source directory.
host$ cp config.uml .config host$ make oldconfig ARCH=um
Build the kernel image and modules.
host$ make dep linux modules ARCH=um
To install the kernel you must be able to loopback mount the
GFS root image. You need to do a few things to the host system to make that possible.
Download any version of OpenGFS after
0.0.92, or check out the latest source from CVS.
Apply the appropriate kernel patches from the
kernel_patches directory to your kernel source tree. Make sure you enable the /dev filesystem, but do not have it automatically mount at boot. (When you configure the kernel select 'File systems -b /dev filesystem support' and unselect 'File systems -b /dev filesystem support -b Automatically mount at boot'.) Build the kernel as usual, install it, rewrite your boot block and reboot.
Configure, build and install the GFS modules and utilities.
host$ cd opengfs host$ ./autogen.sh --with-linux_srcdir=host_kernel_source_tree host$ make host$ su host# make install
Configure two aliases for one of the host's network devices. The first
alias should be 192.168.50.1, and the other should be 192.168.50.101. Both should have a netmask of 255.255.255.0.
host# ifconfig eth0:0 192.168.50.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 host# ifconfig eth0:1 192.168.50.101 netmask 255.255.255.0
cat the contents of
/proc/partitions. Select two device names that you're not using for anything else, and make two loopback devices with their names. For example:
host# mknod /dev/ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part1 b 7 1 host# mknod /dev/ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part2 b 7 2
Finally, load the necessary GFS modules and start the lock server daemon.
host# modprobe gfs host# modprobe memexp host# memexpd host# Ctrl-D
Your host system now has GFS support.
Loopback mount the shared root.
host$ su host# losetup /dev/loop1 root_cidev host# losetup /dev/loop2 root_fs host# passemble host# mount -t gfs -o hostdata=192.168.50.1 /dev/pool/pool0 /mnt
Install the modules into the root image.
host# make modules_install ARCH=um INSTALL_MOD_PATH=/mnt host# Ctrl-D
You have to repeat some of the steps you did in Section 4.5.
Extract another copy of the OpenGFS source. Call it opengfs-uml. Add the following line to make/modules.mk.in.
KSRC := /root/linux-ssi
INCL_FLAGS := -I. -I.. -I$(GFS_ROOT)/src/include -I$(KSRC)/include \
$(EXTRA_INCL) DEF_FLAGS := -DKERNEL -DMODULE $(EXTRA_FLAGS) OPT_FLAGS := -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer
Configure, build and install the GFS modules and utilities for UML.
host$ cd opengfs-uml host$ ./autogen.sh --with-linux_srcdir=UML_kernel_source_tree host$ make host$ su host# make install DESTDIR=/mnt
Change root into the loopback mounted root image, and use the
--uml argument to cluster_mkinitrd to build a ramdisk.
host# /usr/sbin/chroot /mnt host# cluster_mkinitrd --uml initrd-ssi.img 2.4.16-21um
Move the new ramdisk out of the root image, and assign ownership
to the appropriate user. Wrap things up.
host# mv /mnt/initrd-ssi.img ''username host# chown username ''username/initrd-ssi.img host# umount /mnt host# passemble -r all host# losetup -d /dev/loop1 host# losetup -d /dev/loop2 host# Ctrl-D host$ cd ..
Pass the new kernel and ramdisk images into ssi-start
with the appropriate pathnames for KERNEL and INITRD in /.ssiuml/ssiuml.conf. An example for KERNEL would be /linux/linux. An example for INITRD would be /initrd-ssi.img.
Stop the currently running cluster and start again.
host$ ssi-stop host$ ssi-start
You should see a three-node cluster booting with your new kernel.
Feel free to take it through the exercises in Section 3 to make sure it's working correctly.
Building your own root image is necessary if you want to use a
distribution other than Red Hat 7.2. Otherwise, feel free to skip this section.
These instructions describe how to build a Red Hat 7.2 image.
At the end of this section is a brief discussion of how other distributions might differ. Building a root image for another distribution is left as an exercise for the reader.
Download the Red Hat 7.2 root image from the User-Mode Linux (UML) project.
As with the root image you downloaded in Section 2.1, it is over 150MB.
Extract the image.
host$ bunzip2 -c root_fs.rh72.pristine.bz2 broot_fs.ext2
Loopback mount the image.
host$ su host# mkdir /mnt.ext2 host# mount root_fs.ext2 /mnt.ext2 -o loop,ro
Make a blank GFS root image. You also need to create an
accompanying lock table image. Be sure you've added support for GFS to your host system by following the instructions in Section 4.5.
host# dd of=root_cidev bs=1024 seek=4096 count=0 host# dd of=root_fs bs=1024 seek=2097152 count=0 host# chmod a+w root_cidev root_fs host# losetup /dev/loop1 root_cidev host# losetup /dev/loop2 root_fs
Enter the following pool information into a file
named pool0cidev.cf.
poolname pool0cidev subpools 1 subpool 0 0 1 gfs_data pooldevice 0 0 /dev/loop1 0
Enter the following pool information into a file
named pool0.cf.
poolname pool0 subpools 1 subpool 0 0 1 gfs_data pooldevice 0 0 /dev/loop2 0
Write the pool information to the loopback devices.
host# ptool pool0cidev.cf host# ptool pool0.cf
Create the pool devices.
host# passemble
Enter the following lock table into a file named
gfscf.cf.
datadev: /dev/pool/pool0 cidev: /dev/pool/pool0cidev lockdev: 192.168.50.101:15697 cbport: 3001 timeout: 30 STOMITH: NUN name:none node: 192.168.50.1 1 SM: none node: 192.168.50.2 2 SM: none node: 192.168.50.3 3 SM: none node: 192.168.50.4 4 SM: none node: 192.168.50.5 5 SM: none node: 192.168.50.6 6 SM: none node: 192.168.50.7 7 SM: none node: 192.168.50.8 8 SM: none node: 192.168.50.9 9 SM: none node: 192.168.50.10 10 SM: none node: 192.168.50.11 11 SM: none node: 192.168.50.12 12 SM: none node: 192.168.50.13 13 SM: none node: 192.168.50.14 14 SM: none node: 192.168.50.15 15 SM: none
Write the lock table to the cidev pool device.
host# gfsconf -c gfscf.cf
Format the root disk image.
host# mkfs_gfs -p memexp -t /dev/pool/pool0cidev -j 15 -J 32 -i /dev/pool/pool0
Mount the root image.
host# mount -t gfs -o hostdata=192.168.50.1 /dev/pool/pool0 /mnt
Copy the ext2 root to the GFS image.
host# cp -a /mnt.ext2/. /mnt
Clean up.
host# umount /mnt.ext2 host# rmdir /mnt.ext2 host# Ctrl-D host$ rm root_fs.ext2
Cluster Tools source code is available as official release tarballs and
through CVS. The CVS repository contains the latest, bleeding-edge code. It can be less stable than the official release, but it has features and bugfixes that the release does not have.
The latest release can be found at the top of
the Cluster-Tools section of this release list. At the time of this writing, the latest release is 0.6.5.
Download the latest release. Extract it.
host$ tar jxvf /cluster-tools-0.6.5.tar.bz2
Follow these instructions to do a CVS checkout of the latest Cluster Tools
code. The modulename is cluster-tools.
To do a developer checkout, you must be a CI developer.
If you are interested in becoming a developer, read Section 8.3 and Section 8.4.
host$ su host# cd cluster-tools host# make install_ssi_redhat UML_ROOT=/mnt
If you built a kernel, as described in Section 4,
then follow the instructions in Section 4.4 and Section 4.7 to install kernel and GFS modules onto your new root.
Otherwise, mount the old root image and copy the modules directory from
/mnt/lib/modules. Then remount the new root image and copy the modules into it.
Remake the ubd devices. At some point, the UML team switched the device
numbering scheme from 98,1 for dev/ubd/1, 98,2 for dev/ubd/2, etc. Now they use 98,16 for dev/ubd/1, 98,32 for dev/ubd/2, etc.
Comment and uncomment the appropriate lines in
/mnt/etc/inittab.ssi. Search for the phrase 'For UML' to see which lines to change. Basically, you should disable the DHCP daemon, and change the getty to use tty0 rather than tty1.
You may want to strip down the operating system so that it boots quicker.
For the prepackaged root image, I removed the following files.
/etc/rc3.d/S25netfs /etc/rc3.d/S50snmpd /etc/rc3.d/S55named /etc/rc3.d/S55sshd /etc/rc3.d/S56xinetd /etc/rc3.d/S80sendmail /etc/rc3.d/S85gpm /etc/rc3.d/S85httpd /etc/rc3.d/S90crond /etc/rc3.d/S90squid /etc/rc3.d/S90xfs /etc/rc3.d/S91smb /etc/rc3.d/S95innd
You might also want to copy dbdemo and its associated
alphabet file into /root/dbdemo. This lets you run the demo described in Section 3.1.
host# umount /mnt host# passemble -r all host# losetup -d /dev/loop1 host# losetup -d /dev/loop2
Cluster Tools has make rules for Caldera and
Debian, in addition to Red Hat. Respectively, the rules are install_ssi_caldera and install_ssi_debian.
The main difference between the distributions is the
/etc/inittab.ssi installed. It is the inittab used by the clusterized init.ssi program. It is based on the distribution's /etc/inittab, but has some cluster-specific enhancements that are recognized by init.ssi.
There is also some logic in the /etc/rc.d/rc.nodeup
script to detect which distribution it's on. This script is run whenever a node joins the cluster, and it needs to do different things for different distributions.
Finally, there are some modifications to the networking scripts to
prevent them from tromping on the cluster interconnect configuration. They're a short-term hack, and they've only been implemented for Red Hat so far. The modified files are /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 and /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions.
If you plan to use SSI clustering in a production system, you probably
want to move to a hardware-based cluster. That way you can take advantage of the high-availability and scalability that a hardware-based SSI cluster can offer.
Hardware-based SSI clusters have significantly higher availability. If
a UML host kernel panics, or the host machine has a hardware failure, its UML-based SSI cluster goes down. On the other hand, if one of the SSI kernels panic, or one of the hardware-based nodes has a failure, the cluster continues to run. Centralized kernel services can failover to a new node, and critical user-mode programs can be restarted by the application monitoring and restart daemon.
Hardware-based SSI clusters also have significantly higher scalability.
Each node has one or more CPUs that truly work in parallel, whereas a UML-based cluster merely simulates having multiple nodes by time-sharing on the host machine's CPUs. Adding nodes to a hardware-based cluster increases the volume of work it can handle, but adding nodes to a UML-based cluster bogs it down with more processes to run on the same number of CPUs.
You can build hardware-based SSI clusters with x86 or Alpha machines.
More architectures, such as IA64, may be added in the future. Note that an SSI cluster must be homogeneous. You cannot mix architectures in the same cluster.
The cluster interconnect must support TCP/IP networking. 100 Mbps
ethernet is acceptable. For security reasons, it should be a private network. Each node should have a second network interface for external traffic.
Right now, the most expensive requirement of an SSI cluster is the
shared drive, required for the shared GFS root. This will no longer be a requirement when CFS, which is described below, is available. The typical configuration for the shared drive is a hardware RAID disk cabinet attached to all nodes with a Fibre Channel SAN. For a two-node cluster, it is also possible to use shared SCSI, but it is not directly supported by the current cluster management tools.
The GFS shared root also requires one Linux machine outside of the
cluster to be the lock server. It need not be the same architecture as the nodes in the cluster. It just has to run memexpd, a user-mode daemon. Eventually, GFS will work with a Distributed Lock Manager (DLM). This would eliminate the need for the external lock server, which is a single point of failure. It could also free up the machine to be another node in your cluster.
In the near future, the Cluster File System (CFS) will be an option
for the shared root. It is a stateful NFS that uses a token mechanism to provide tight coherency guarantees. With CFS, the shared root can be stored on the internal disk of one of the nodes. The on-disk format can be any journalling file system, such as ext3 or ReiserFS.
The initial version of CFS will not provide high availability.
Future versions of CFS will allow the root to be mirrored across the internal disks of two nodes. A technology such as the Distributed Replicated Block Device (DRBD) would be used for this. This is a low-cost solution for the shared root, although it has a performance penalty.
Future versions will also allow the root to be stored on a
disk shared by two or more nodes, but not necessarily shared by all nodes. If the CFS server node crashes, its responsibilities would failover to another node attached to the shared disk.
Start with the installation instructions for SSI.
If you'd like to install SSI from CVS code, follow these instructions to checkout modulename
ssic-linux, and these instructions to checkout modulenames ci-linux and cluster-tools. Read the INSTALL and INSTALL.cvs files in both the ci-linux and ssic-linux sandboxes. Also look at the README file in the cluster-tools sandbox.
For more information, read Section 7.
Here are some links to information on SSI clusters, CI clusters, GFS,
UML, and other clustering projects.
Start with the SSI project
homepage. In particular, the documentation may be of interest. The !SourceForge? project summary page also has some useful information.
If you have a question or concern, post it to the
`ssic-linux-devel@lists.sf.netb mailing list. If you'd like to subscribe, you can do so through this web form.
If you are working from a CVS sandbox, you may also want to sign up
for the ssic-linux-checkins mailing list to receive checkin notices. You can do that through this web form.
Start with the CI project
homepage. In particular, the documentation may be of interest. The !SourceForge? project summary page also has some useful information.
If you have a question or concern, post it to the
`ci-linux-devel@lists.sf.netb mailing list. If you'd like to subscribe, you can do so through this web form.
If you are working from a CVS sandbox, you may also want to sign up
for the ci-linux-checkins mailing list to receive checkin notices. You can do that through this web form.
SSI clustering currently depends on the Global File System (GFS) to
provide a single root. The open-source version of GFS is maintained by the OpenGFS project. They also have a !SourceForge? project summary page.
Right now, GFS requires either a DMEP-equipped shared drive or a lock
server outside the cluster. The lock server is the only software solution for coordinating disk access, and it is not truly HA. There are plans to make OpenGFS support IBM's Distributed Lock Manager (DLM), which would distribute the lock server's responsibilities across all the nodes in the cluster. If any node fails, the locks it managed would failover to other nodes. This would be a true HA software solution for coordinating disk access.
If you have a question or concern, post it to the
`opengfs-users@lists.sf.netb mailing list. If you'd like to subscribe, you can do so through this web form.
The User-Mode Linux (UML) project has a homepage and a !SourceForge? project summary page.
If you have a question or concern, post it to the
`user-mode-linux-user@lists.sf.netb mailing list. If you'd like to subscribe, you can do so through this web form.
Other clustering projects include
Mosix, Linux Virtual Server, Beowulf, HA Linux and
If you'd like to contribute to the SSI project, you can do so by
testing it, writing documentation, fixing bugs, or working on new features.
While using the SSI clustering software, you may run into bugs or
features that don't work as well as they should. If so, browse the SSI and CI bug databases to see if someone has seen the same problem. If not, either post a bug yourself or post a message to `ssic-linux-devel@lists.sf.netb to discuss the issue further.
It is important to be as specific as you can in your bug report or
posting. Simply saying that the SSI kernel doesn't boot or that it panics is not enough information to diagnose your problem.
There is already some documentation for SSI and CI, but more would certainly be welcome. If you'd like
to write instructions for users or internals documentation for developers, post a message to `ssic-linux-devel@lists.sf.netb to express your interest.
Debugging is a great way to get your feet wet as a developer.
Browse the SSI and CI bug databases to see what problems need to be fixed. If a bug looks interesting, but is assigned to a developer, contact them to see if they are actually working on it.
After fixing the problem, send your patch to
`ssic-linux-devel@lists.sf.netb or `ci-linux-devel@lists.sf.netb. If it looks good, a developer will check it into the repository. After submitting a few patches, you'll probably be invited to become a developer yourself. Then you'll be able to checkin your own work.
After fixing a bug or two, you may be inclined to work on enhancing or
adding an SSI feature. You can look over the SSI and CI project lists for ideas, or you can suggest something of your own. Before you start working on a feature, discuss it first on `ssic-linux-devel@lists.sf.netb or `ci-linux-devel@lists.sf.netb.
Hopefully, you find SSI clustering technology to be useful for your
application that demands availability, scalability, and manageability at the same time.
If you have any questions or comments, don't hesitate to post them
to `ssic-linux-devel@lists.sf.netb.
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