Penguin
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Acronym for Access Control List.

Instead of having simple "User/Group/Other" permissions, the idea with ACL's is you have lists of users and groups that have permissions to some resource. For instance
user=PerryLorier,rwx user=MattBrown,rwx user=JohnMcPherson,rx group=WLUG,x other=none

would give PerryLorier,MattBrown read/write access to some executable, JohnMcPherson gets to read the executable, and everyone in the group WLUG would be able to read it. Linux 2.6 supports ACL's on some filesystems (such as ext2)